CN116275509A - Laser welding method - Google Patents
Laser welding method Download PDFInfo
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- CN116275509A CN116275509A CN202310541696.8A CN202310541696A CN116275509A CN 116275509 A CN116275509 A CN 116275509A CN 202310541696 A CN202310541696 A CN 202310541696A CN 116275509 A CN116275509 A CN 116275509A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/50—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for welded joints
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
- B23K26/21—Bonding by welding
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/26—Methods of annealing
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Abstract
The invention discloses a laser welding method, which has the technical scheme that a part to be welded is preheated by a preheating laser beam with a circular Gaussian light spot, the part to be welded is welded by a welding laser beam with the circular Gaussian light spot, the part to be welded is annealed by an annealing laser beam with a linear rectangular light spot, and the annealing laser beam with uniformly distributed energy is more beneficial to controlling the temperature gradient. In addition, the temperature of the welding seam is real-time measurable, the laser power and the center-to-center distance of light spots of the preheating laser beam, the welding laser beam and the annealing laser beam are real-time controllable, the structure and the chemical uniformity formed after laser melting are very high, the grain structure is fine, the welding quality of the welding seam is obviously improved, the residual stress after welding is effectively reduced, the mechanical property of the alloy is greatly improved, and the service life of a welding part is prolonged.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of laser welding, in particular to a laser welding method.
Background
Gears are indispensable components of transmission machines, and gear cases are also indispensable components in transmission systems of machines such as automobiles and construction machines as a carrier mechanism for gears. The traditional gear box body is a casting formed by casting, but the casting forming is only suitable for manufacturing single products, is not suitable for manufacturing gear box bodies with multiple sizes and multiple types, and because the gear box body is easy to have the problems of loose structure, thick grains and the like due to a plurality of metal liquid forming procedures, the mechanical property and the machining cutting property of the transmission machine are directly influenced, so that the laser welding is generally adopted for forming the gear box body in order to meet the requirements of high precision, high durability and the like of the gear box.
Laser welding is one of the most mature technologies applied in laser processing, laser with high energy density is generated by pumping a laser, and irradiates on a base metal through a laser welding head, heat is gathered and conducted, so that the base metal is quickly melted and solidified to form a welding line, and the whole welding process is completed. The microscopic mechanism of laser welding is that in the extremely small range of laser beam and nearby, the laser energy density is extremely high, so that the base metal is vaporized, metal vapor is generated, and the oscillation of the keyhole accelerates the fluidity of the molten pool. Compared with the traditional welding technology, the laser welding has the advantages of small heat input, large depth-to-width ratio, small heat affected zone, small deformation, attractive welding seam and the like. However, the laser welding is easy to generate larger thermal stress and also easy to generate defects such as cracks, air holes and the like due to the rapid heating and quenching actions of the laser beam with high energy density.
The gear box body is suitable for the laser welding technology, the side plates, the top plate, the bottom plate and the middle division face plates of the gear box body are fixedly connected in a laser welding mode after being spliced, compared with the traditional casting molding mode, the processing mode that the gear box body is formed by fixedly carrying out laser welding after the side plates, the top plate, the bottom plate and the middle division face plates are spliced is achieved, the molding quality of the gear box body is obviously improved, but the gear box body is required to have the requirements of high transmission precision, high durability and the like, namely the spliced welding seam is required to have the characteristics of small grains, small thermal stress, no cracks and the like, and the gear box body still has the defects of larger residual stress, easiness in generating cracks, insufficient grain structure and the like after laser welding.
At present, how to further improve the welding quality of metal casting welding products such as gear cases with high precision and high durability is the key direction of current research.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects existing in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a laser welding method, which is used for preheating, welding and annealing a part to be welded through a laser beam, and detecting the temperature of a welding line in real time at the same time so as to adjust the laser power and the center distance of light spots of the preheating laser beam, the welding laser beam and the annealing laser beam, wherein the structure and the chemical uniformity formed after laser melting are very high, the grain structure is tiny, the welding quality of the welding line is obviously improved, the residual stress after welding is effectively reduced, the mechanical property of alloy is greatly improved, and the service life of a welding part is prolonged.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: the laser welding method comprises the steps of sequentially and linearly arranging light spots of a preheating laser beam, a welding laser beam and a first annealing laser beam, advancing along a welding direction, and sequentially carrying out preheating, welding and annealing treatment on a part to be welded; an infrared temperature measuring system is arranged to detect the surface temperature of the annealed welding seam in real time.
Setting a preset temperature, and if the surface temperature of the welding seam is higher than the preset temperature, prolonging the center-to-center distance between the light spots of the preheating laser beam and the welding laser beam or prolonging the center-to-center distance between the light spots of the welding laser beam and the first annealing laser beam; if the surface temperature of the welding seam is lower than the preset temperature, shortening the center-to-center distance between the light spots of the preheating laser beam and the welding laser beam or shortening the center-to-center distance between the light spots of the welding laser beam and the first annealing laser beam.
The invention is further provided with: the distance between the spot centers of the preheating laser beam and the welding laser beam is 40-50mm, and the distance between the spot centers of the welding laser beam and the first annealing laser beam is 60-80mm.
The invention is further provided with: and a second annealing laser beam, wherein the spots of the preheating laser beam, the welding laser beam, the first annealing laser beam and the second annealing laser beam are sequentially and linearly arranged.
The invention is further provided with: the first annealing laser beam and the second annealing laser beam are obtained by single-beam laser beam splitting, and the energy ratio between the first annealing laser beam and the second annealing laser beam is adjustable.
The invention is further provided with: the energy ratio between the first annealing laser beam and the second annealing laser beam is 1:1-2:1.
the invention is further provided with: the center-to-center distance between the spot of the preheating laser beam and the spot of the welding laser beam is 40-50mm, the center-to-center distance between the spot of the welding laser beam and the spot of the first annealing laser beam is 80-100mm, and the center-to-center distance between the spot of the first annealing laser beam and the spot of the second annealing laser beam is 40-50mm.
The invention is further provided with: the light spot of the preheating laser beam and the light spot of the welding laser beam are Gaussian circular light spots, the light spot of the first annealing laser beam is a rectangular light spot, and two sides of the rectangular light spot are parallel to the welding direction.
The invention is further provided with: the diameter of the Gaussian circular light spot is 2-3mm; the long side of the rectangular light spot is 2-3mm, and the short side is 500-800 μm.
The invention is further provided with: the power of the preheating laser beam, the welding laser beam and the first annealing laser beam is adjustable, the power of the preheating laser beam is 600-800W, the power of the welding laser beam is 1700-2000W, and the power of the first annealing laser beam is 500-700W.
The invention is further provided with: the distance between the spot centers of the preheating laser beam and the welding laser beam is 40-50mm, and the distance between the spot centers of the welding laser beam and the first annealing laser beam is 60-80mm.
The invention is further provided with: the defocusing amount of the preheating laser beam, the welding laser beam and the first annealing laser beam is 0-0.5mm; the scanning speeds of the welding laser beam, the preheating laser beam and the first annealing laser beam are 1000-1200mm/min.
In summary, compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the invention adopts the preheating laser beam with the circular Gaussian light spot to preheat the part to be welded, adopts the welding laser beam with the circular Gaussian light spot to weld the part to be welded, adopts the linear rectangular light spot annealing laser beam to anneal the part to be welded, and the annealing laser beam with the uniformly distributed energy is more beneficial to controlling the temperature gradient. In addition, the temperature of the welding seam is real-time measurable, the laser power and the center-to-center distance of light spots of the preheating laser beam, the welding laser beam and the annealing laser beam are real-time controllable, the structure and the chemical uniformity formed after laser melting are very high, the grain structure is fine, the welding quality of the welding seam is obviously improved, the residual stress after welding is effectively reduced, the mechanical property of the alloy is greatly improved, and the service life of a welding part is prolonged.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of example 1;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the shape of each spot in example 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of example 2;
fig. 4 is a schematic view of each spot shape in example 2.
In the figure: 1. preheating a laser; 2. a welding laser; 3. annealing the laser; 4. an infrared temperature measurement system; 5. a control system; 6. a reflection system; 7. a spectroscopic system; 8. a first shaping system; 9. a second shaping system; 10. a portion to be welded; 11. preheating the light spots; 12. welding light spots; 13. annealing the light spots; 131. a first annealing spot; 132. and a second annealing light spot.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are not all embodiments of the present invention, and all other embodiments obtained by a person skilled in the art without making any inventive effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1-2, which are basic schematic diagrams of embodiment 1 of the present invention, in a laser welding method, spots of a preheating laser beam, a welding laser beam, and a first annealing laser beam are sequentially arranged linearly and travel in a welding direction. The preheating laser beam preheats the upper part to be welded 10 and the lower part to be welded 10 before welding; the welding laser beam welds the upper portion to be welded 10 and the lower portion to be welded 10; the first annealing laser beam performs slow cooling after welding on the upper part to be welded 10 and the lower part to be welded 10. The embodiment also provides an infrared temperature measuring system 4 for detecting the surface temperature of the annealed welding line in real time.
In this embodiment, the preheating laser beam is output by the preheating laser 1, the welding laser beam is output by the welding laser 2, the first annealing laser beam is output by the annealing laser 3, the preheating laser 1, the welding laser beam, the annealing laser 3 and the infrared temperature measuring system 4 all perform real-time interaction data with a control system 5, and the control system 5 further controls the laser power of the preheating laser beam, the welding laser beam and the first annealing laser beam and the spot center distances of the three according to the temperature fed back by the infrared temperature measuring system 4.
Specifically, according to the weld surface temperature obtained by the infrared temperature measurement system 4, if the weld surface temperature is higher than a preset temperature, reducing the laser power of the preheating laser 1, the welding laser beam and the annealing laser 3; if the weld surface temperature is lower than the preset temperature, the laser power of the preheating laser 1, the welding laser beam and the annealing laser 3 is increased.
Specifically, in this embodiment, the preheating laser beam, the welding laser beam, and the first annealing laser beam respectively undergo optical path change through the three reflection systems 6, so as to achieve linear arrangement of three light spots. The three reflecting systems 6 can be changed in position by a displacement device, so as to adjust the center-to-center distances of spots of the preheating laser beam, the welding laser beam and the first annealing laser beam, the displacement device is not shown in the drawing, and the control system 5 and the displacement device adjust the positions of the three reflecting systems 6. The moving directions of the three reflecting systems 6 are parallel to the straight lines where the spots of the preheating laser beam, the welding laser beam and the first annealing laser beam are located.
In this embodiment, the preheating laser beam power is 600-800W, the welding laser beam power is 1700-2000W, and the first annealing laser beam power is 500-700W. The preheating laser beam preheats the upper part to be welded 10 and the lower part to be welded 10, so that on one hand, the welding efficiency is improved, and on the other hand, the workpiece temperature is increased due to the preheating, and the welding absorptivity is also improved. Because the high-energy density laser beam is rapidly heated and quenched in the welding stage, the weld joint is easy to generate larger thermal stress, and therefore, the annealing laser beam is used for continuously heating the weld joint, and rapid cooling of the weld joint is avoided. In the whole welding process, the instantaneous heat required in the welding stage is the most, so the power of the welding laser beam is the highest, namely 1700-2000W.
Specifically, the defocus amount of the preheating laser beam, the welding laser beam and the first annealing laser beam is 0-0.5mm; as the preheating step is added, the scanning speed of the welding laser beam, the preheating laser beam and the first annealing laser beam can reach 1000-1200mm/min, and the welding speed is obviously improved.
For the adjustment of the center-to-center distance of the light spots, a preset temperature needs to be set through the control system 5, and if the surface temperature of the welding seam is higher than the preset temperature, the control system 5 prolongs the center-to-center distance of the light spots of the preheating laser beam and the welding laser beam or prolongs the center-to-center distance of the light spots of the welding laser beam and the first annealing laser beam; if the surface temperature of the weld is lower than the preset temperature, the control system 5 shortens the center-to-center distance between the spots of the preheating laser beam and the welding laser beam, or shortens the center-to-center distance between the spots of the welding laser beam and the first annealing laser beam. Through the adjustment of the center distance of the light spots, the preheating effect and the annealing effect can be further optimized and improved on the basis of the adjustment of the power of the laser, and meanwhile, the possibility of overheating and burning-through is further reduced.
Specifically, the center-to-center distance between the spot of the preheating laser beam and the spot of the welding laser beam is 40-50mm, and the center-to-center distance between the spot of the welding laser beam and the spot of the first annealing laser beam is 60-80mm.
The present embodiment also defines spot shapes of the preheating laser beam, the welding laser beam, and the first annealing laser beam. Specifically, the preheating laser beam and the welding laser beam are shaped by two first shaping systems 8 respectively, and Gaussian circular light spots are formed on the part to be welded 10; the first annealing laser beam is shaped by a second shaping system 9 to form a rectangular spot at the portion to be welded 10. The powder is preheated by the preheating laser beam with Gaussian circular light spots, so that the heat quantity of the Gaussian laser beam is high, and the preheating efficiency can be improved; in the welding process, gaussian circular light spots are adopted for welding, and the Gaussian circular light spots with a certain overlapping rate of 70-80% obviously increase the flatness of the welding seam; after welding is finished, rectangular light spots are adopted for annealing, linear laser beams with uniformly distributed energy can perform uniform heat treatment on the surface of the welding seam, the temperature gradient is more favorably controlled, the slow cooling is met, the defects of cracks, high residual stress and the like caused by rapid cooling of the welding seam are avoided, and the welding quality is effectively improved.
Specifically, the diameter of the Gaussian circular light spot is 2-3mm; the long side of the rectangular light spot is 2-3mm, the short side is 500-800 mu m, and the short side of the rectangular light spot is parallel to the welding direction.
In summary, in this embodiment, the portion to be welded 10 is preheated by using the preheating laser beam with the circular gaussian spot, the portion to be welded 10 is welded by using the welding laser beam with the circular gaussian spot, the portion to be welded 10 is annealed by using the annealing laser beam with the linear rectangular gaussian spot, and the annealing laser beam with uniformly distributed energy is more beneficial to control the temperature gradient. In addition, the temperature of the welding seam is real-time measurable, the laser power and the center-to-center distance of light spots of the preheating laser beam, the welding laser beam and the annealing laser beam are real-time controllable, the structure and the chemical uniformity formed after laser melting are very high, the grain structure is fine, the welding quality of the welding seam is obviously improved, the residual stress after welding is effectively reduced, the mechanical property of the alloy is greatly improved, and the service life of a welding piece is prolonged.
Example 2
As shown in fig. 3-4, which are basic schematic diagrams of embodiment 2, the beam output by the annealing laser 3 is split into a first annealing laser beam and a second annealing laser beam by the beam splitting system 7 on the basis of embodiment 1, and the first annealing laser beam forms a rectangular first annealing spot 131 on the portion to be welded 10 after passing through a second shaping system 9; after being reflected by one reflection system 6, the second annealing laser beam forms a rectangular second annealing spot 132 on the portion to be welded 10 by the other second shaping system 9. The preheating light spot 11, the welding light spot 12, the first annealing light spot 131 and the second annealing light spot 132 are sequentially linearly arranged.
In this embodiment, the defocus amount of the second annealing laser beam is 0-0.5mm, and the scanning speed can reach 1000-1200mm/min.
In this embodiment, the positions of the light splitting system 7 and the three reflecting systems 6 are changed by a displacement device, so as to adjust the center-to-center distance between the four light spots, which is not shown in the figure, and the control system 5 adjusts the positions of the three reflecting systems 6 and the light splitting system 7 in real time by the displacement device according to the signal fed back by the infrared temperature measuring system 4, so as to change the distance between the four light spots.
The center-to-center distance between the preheating light spot 11 and the welding light spot 12 is 40-50mm, the center-to-center distance between the welding light spot 12 and the first annealing light spot 131 is 80-100mm, and the distance between the first annealing light spot 131 and the second annealing light spot 132 is 40-50mm.
An energy adjusting device is arranged in the beam splitting system 7, and the energy adjusting device distributes and adjusts the energy ratio of the first annealing laser beam and the second annealing laser beam. The energy ratio between the first annealing laser beam and the second annealing laser beam is 1:1-2:1. in this embodiment, two first annealing laser beams and two second annealing laser beams with adjustable energy ratios are further arranged, the first annealing light spot 131 and the second annealing light spot 132 are linear rectangular light spots, and after the first annealing laser beams heat and slowly cool the welded layer on the basis of satisfying the heat treatment of homogenizing the welded seam surface, the second annealing laser beams slowly cool again, so that residual stress is further effectively reduced. The beam splitting system 7 is in communication connection with the control system, and the control system adjusts the output angles of the first annealing laser beam and the second annealing laser beam and the energy ratio of the first annealing laser beam and the second annealing laser beam in real time.
Specifically, the energy modulation device in this embodiment is a polarizer element.
After the energy ratio of the annealing laser beams is adjusted by the polarizer element, the annealing laser beams are split into a first annealing laser beam vertically downward and a second annealing laser beam horizontally inputted into the reflection system 6 by a beam splitting lens provided in the beam splitting system 7.
The above description is only of the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, but various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A laser welding method, characterized in that:
the light spots of the preheating laser beam, the welding laser beam and the first annealing laser beam are sequentially and linearly arranged and travel along the welding direction, and the part to be welded is sequentially preheated, welded and annealed; an infrared temperature measuring system is arranged, and the surface temperature of the annealed welding seam is detected in real time;
setting a preset temperature, and if the surface temperature of the welding seam is higher than the preset temperature, prolonging the center-to-center distance between the light spots of the preheating laser beam and the welding laser beam or prolonging the center-to-center distance between the light spots of the welding laser beam and the first annealing laser beam; if the surface temperature of the welding seam is lower than the preset temperature, shortening the center-to-center distance between the light spots of the preheating laser beam and the welding laser beam or shortening the center-to-center distance between the light spots of the welding laser beam and the first annealing laser beam.
2. A laser welding method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the distance between the spot centers of the preheating laser beam and the welding laser beam is 40-50mm, and the distance between the spot centers of the welding laser beam and the first annealing laser beam is 60-80mm.
3. A laser welding method according to claim 1, characterized in that: and a second annealing laser beam, wherein the spots of the preheating laser beam, the welding laser beam, the first annealing laser beam and the second annealing laser beam are sequentially and linearly arranged.
4. A laser welding method according to claim 3, characterized in that: the first annealing laser beam and the second annealing laser beam are obtained by single-beam laser beam splitting, and the energy ratio between the first annealing laser beam and the second annealing laser beam is adjustable.
5. A laser welding method according to claim 4, wherein: the energy ratio between the first annealing laser beam and the second annealing laser beam is 1:1-2:1.
6. a laser welding method according to claim 3, characterized in that: the center-to-center distance between the spot of the preheating laser beam and the spot of the welding laser beam is 40-50mm, the center-to-center distance between the spot of the welding laser beam and the spot of the first annealing laser beam is 80-100mm, and the center-to-center distance between the spot of the first annealing laser beam and the spot of the second annealing laser beam is 40-50mm.
7. A laser welding method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the light spot of the preheating laser beam and the light spot of the welding laser beam are Gaussian circular light spots, the light spot of the first annealing laser beam is a rectangular light spot, and two sides of the rectangular light spot are parallel to the welding direction.
8. A laser welding method according to claim 7, wherein: the diameter of the Gaussian circular light spot is 2-3mm; the long side of the rectangular light spot is 2-3mm, and the short side is 500-800 μm.
9. A laser welding method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the power of the preheating laser beam, the welding laser beam and the first annealing laser beam is adjustable, the power of the preheating laser beam is 600-800W, the power of the welding laser beam is 1700-2000W, and the power of the first annealing laser beam is 500-700W.
10. A laser welding method according to claim 8, wherein: the defocusing amount of the preheating laser beam, the welding laser beam and the first annealing laser beam is 0-0.5mm; the scanning speeds of the welding laser beam, the preheating laser beam and the first annealing laser beam are 1000-1200mm/min.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN117961292A (en) * | 2024-02-28 | 2024-05-03 | 苏州大学 | Method and device for preparing multi-stage heterostructure of welding seam by cooperation of double laser beams |
| CN119857910A (en) * | 2025-03-25 | 2025-04-22 | 中国机械总院集团宁波智能机床研究院有限公司 | Welding and heat treatment integrated device for water bucket and runner of impulse turbine |
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| CN116024565A (en) * | 2022-12-05 | 2023-04-28 | 苏州科技大学 | Laser cladding repair equipment for gear tooth surface fatigue crack |
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| CN117961292A (en) * | 2024-02-28 | 2024-05-03 | 苏州大学 | Method and device for preparing multi-stage heterostructure of welding seam by cooperation of double laser beams |
| CN117961292B (en) * | 2024-02-28 | 2025-01-10 | 苏州大学 | A method and device for collaboratively preparing weld multi-level heterogeneous structures using dual laser beams |
| CN119857910A (en) * | 2025-03-25 | 2025-04-22 | 中国机械总院集团宁波智能机床研究院有限公司 | Welding and heat treatment integrated device for water bucket and runner of impulse turbine |
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