CN102325768B - 治疗疼痛和其他疾病的化合物和方法 - Google Patents
治疗疼痛和其他疾病的化合物和方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102325768B CN102325768B CN200980157184.XA CN200980157184A CN102325768B CN 102325768 B CN102325768 B CN 102325768B CN 200980157184 A CN200980157184 A CN 200980157184A CN 102325768 B CN102325768 B CN 102325768B
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Abstract
本发明总体上涉及含炔的药剂,特别涉及基于苯基乙炔基‑噻吩的金属蛋白酶抑制剂化合物。更特别地,本发明提供了新型MMP抑制化合物,其表现出相对于目前已知的MMP抑制剂治疗疼痛和例如癌症的其他疾病增强的效力、代谢稳定性和/或降低的毒性。另外,本发明涉及用于治疗患者疼痛的方法,包含给予患者减少疼痛有效量的本发明化合物。
Description
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及金属蛋白酶抑制化合物,特别涉及乙炔基(ethynyl)MMP抑制化合物。
背景技术
炎症定义为血管组织对例如病原体、损伤的细胞或刺激物的有害刺激的复杂生物反应。排除有害刺激并启动组织愈合过程是机体的一种保护措施。炎症可以是急性的(早期反应阶段)或慢性的(长时间内发生)。急性炎症涉及多形核中性白细胞,而慢性炎症涉及单核细胞、巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞和浆细胞(统称单核白细胞)。急性和慢性炎症的一个共同影响是痛觉,所述痛觉可以是神经性的或伤害应激性的(nociceptive)。与神经性疼痛有关的某些常见疾病有腰背痛、神经痛/纤维肌痛、糖尿病性神经病理性疼痛以及与多发性硬化症有关的疼痛。与伤害应激性疼痛有关的常见疾病有关节炎疼痛、特别是骨关节炎和风湿性关节炎、手术后疼痛、癌症有关的疼痛和HIV-有关的疼痛。
基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)是一族结构相关的含锌酶,已由报道其在例如胚胎发育、生殖和组织重构的正常生理过程中介导结缔组织的降解。已提出MMPs的过表达或MMPs之间的不平衡是以细胞外基质或结缔组织的降解为特征的炎性、恶性和退行性疾病过程的影响因素。因此,在例如风湿性关节炎、骨关节炎、骨质疏松症、牙周炎、多发性硬化症、齿龈炎、角膜表皮和胃溃疡、动脉粥样硬化、新生内膜增生(导致再狭窄和缺血性心脏病)和肿瘤转移的多种种炎性、恶性和退行性疾病中,MMPs是治疗性抑制剂的靶点。MMP-2(72kDa明胶酶/明胶酶A)降解基底膜的细胞外基质成分。它们的底物包括IV和V型胶原、纤维连接蛋白、弹性蛋白和变性的间质胶原。已显示归因于此蛋白酶的基质降解在诸如动脉粥样硬化、炎症、中风以及肿瘤生长和转移的疾病的发展中起着重要作用。然而,还没有太多文献证明MMP抑制剂,特别是MMP-2抑制剂在治疗疼痛中的用途。例如,山本(Yamamoto)以及合作者(Neuroscience Letters,347(2),(2003),77-80)表明在大鼠福尔马林试验(一种炎症性疼痛模型)中鞘内注射MMP-2降低了I期激越行为而不是II期行为,该镇痛作用被广谱的含异羟肟酸的MMP抑制剂ONO-4817拮抗(针对MMP-12,MMP-2,MMP-8,MMP-13,MMP-9,MMP-3和MMP-7,Kj值分别是0.45,0.73,1.1,1.1,2.1,42和2500nM)。当单独给予MMP抑制剂ONO-4817时,对大鼠福尔马林试验没有影响。
近来,纪(Ji)以及合作者(Nature Medicine 14(13),(2008),331-336)通过脊神经结扎动物模型发现某些基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)在损伤的早期阶段上调。具体地,他们发现在L5脊神经结扎(SNL)神经性疼痛模型的早期,MMP-9在损伤的背根神经节(DRG)初级感觉神经元中上调(第一天,第3天后衰退),MMP-2在该模型中具有延迟的响应(从第7天开始上调,在第21天仍然存在)。他们还发现MMP-2通过IL-1β裂解以及星形细胞细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)活化引起神经性疼痛。他们还发现内源性基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂(TIMP-I和TIMP-2)也在该模型中抑制神经性疼痛。小林(Kobayasbi)以及合作者(Molecular andCellular Neuroscience,39,(2008),619-627)近来也证实MMPs降解外周髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP),并且发现广谱的含异羟肟酸的MMP抑制剂(GM6001)减少机械损害。
已在临床上测验基质金属蛋白酶的少数适应症。最突出地在关节炎和癌症方面。已进入用于肿瘤适应症的临床试验的抑制剂包括普马司他(AG3340;辉瑞(Agouron/Pfizer))、BAY 12-9566(拜耳公司(Bayer Corp.))、巴马司他(BB-94;英国牛沣大学不列颠生物技术公司(British Biotech,Ltd,))、BMS-275291(先前的D2163;细胞技术/百时美施贵宝(Celltech/Bristol-Myers Squibb))、马立马司他(BB 2516;英国牛沣大学不列颠生物技术公司/先灵葆雅(British Biotech,Ltd./Schering-Plough))和MMI270(B)(先前的CGS-27023A;诺华(Novartis))。许多含异羟肟酸的MMP抑制剂在人体内表现出非常广的毒性。例如,含异羟肟酸部分的马立马司他在人体内表现出时间依赖和剂量依赖的肌肉骨骼毒性(关节痛、肌痛、腱炎)。马立马司他的其他毒性包括腹水、播散性癌、发冷、胆管炎、晕眩、呼吸困难、水肿、疲劳、发烧、胃肠不适(厌食、恶心、呕吐、腹泻、便秘)、胃肠出血、头痛、烧心、肝毒性、血钙过多、高血糖、皮疹和呼吸急促。不清楚许多MMP抑制剂表现出的毒性是否是由于异羟肟酸部分的原因,然而,已知使用不含异羟肟酸基团的MMP抑制剂能够减少许多潜在的代谢障碍。已在人体内试验的专门用于治疗癌症的少数不含异羟肟酸的化合物之一是基于色氨酸的酸性S-3304((R)-3-(1氢-吲哚基)-2-(5-对甲苯乙炔基-噻吩-2-磺酰氨基)-丙酸)((R)-3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-2-(5-p-tolylethynyl-thiophene-2-sulfonylamino)-propionic acid),没有在动物和人中发现肌肉骨骼毒性的证据。然而,已发现S-3304在人体内产生如头痛、嗜睡、呕吐、恶心和胃肠痛这样的不良反应事件(S·冯·玛丽(van Marie,S.)等,Int.J.Clin.Pharmacol.Ther 2005;43:282-293)。对本化合物在人血液内的进一步分析发现数种羟基化代谢物的形成(A·A·基亚波里(Chiapppori,A.A.)等,Clin.Cancer Res.2007,13(7),2091-2099)。两种主要的代谢物涉及色氨酸部分的吲哚环周围的羟基化。另一个代谢物涉及分子的甲苯甲基部分的羟基化。已知降低这种代谢引起的羟基化率可以降低S3304的代谢障碍和/或提高该化合物的总体生物利用度,并可能使得提高目标组织的暴露。
库什纳(Kushner)以及合作者(DJ·库什纳(Kushner,DJ.);A·贝克(Baker,A.);T·G·邓斯托尔(Dunstall,T.G.),Can J.Physiol Pharmacol,77(2),(1999)p.79-88)已介绍如何将氘结合在药物中可以经常降低代谢引起的转化水平的实例,尤其是那些由细胞色素P450介导的转化。这种细胞色素P450引起的代谢率的降低有时可直接转化为生物利用度的提高。其原因是由于药物中氘对氢的原子替换改变了药物碳-氘键的强度,同时其3D表面保持非常类似于非氘化的形式。氘替换氢能引起可改变药物的药物代谢动力学的同位素效应。在C-H键断裂决定速率的反应中,C-D类似物的同样的反应也会降低。例如,施耐德(Schneider)以及合作者(F·施耐德(Scheneider,F.)等,BiRDS Pharma GmbH,Arzneimittel Forschung(2006),56(4),p.295-300)已表明,用氘(在位置2′,3’,4′,5′和6′)替换COX-2抑制剂罗非昔布(4-(4-甲基磺酰苯基)-3-苯基-2(5H)-呋喃酮)(4-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-3-phenyl-5H-furan-2-one)的芳香环之一周围的氢原子,提高了药物的口服生物利用度,而不影响其COX-2选择性。如果在基于色氨酸的酸性S-3304上使用这种策略,可降低其对于细胞色素P-450羟基化的敏感性,最终提高其总生物利用度并可能提高其目标组织化合物浓度。
将氘结合到药物中的另一个可能的影响在于其多态性(即不同的晶型)。例如,广田(Hirota)和漆原(Urushibara)(Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan,32(7),(1959),703-706)已表明在别肉桂酸(Allocinnamie acid)上将单个乙烯氢替换为氘能改变分子的熔点和x-射线衍射图的强度。林(Lin)和吉罗瑞(Guillory)(Journal ofPharmaceutical Science,Vol.59(7),(2006),972-979)已表明,相比其对应的非氘化的形式,磺胺-d4针对其各种晶态表现出较小的相变热和熔融热。最后,克劳福德(Crawford)以及合作者(S·克劳福德(Crawford,S.)等,Angewandte Chemie International Edition),48(4),(2009),755-757)最近表明,充分氘化的嘧啶的晶型呈现非氘化的母体仅能在高压下获得的独特构造。他们的工作清楚地表明了用氘替换氢改变了相邻分子中多个原子之间的相互作用强度,引起晶体排列改变成为更积极有利的。晶体排列的这种改变或同质异像体(polymorph)可允许改善溶解性和提高生物利用度。
公开了一系列含有苯基乙炔基-噻吩官能团和不具有异羟肟酸功能的MMP抑制化合物。此外,本发明涉及本说明书中的化合物以及用于治疗患者疼痛的方法。
发明内容
本发明涉及一类新的含炔药剂。具体说,本发明提供一类新的含苯基乙炔基-噻吩基团的MMP抑制化合物,其表现出有效的MMP抑制活性。
本发明提供由通式(I)表示的一类新的炔类抑制化合物:
其中上式(I)中的所有变量定义如下。
R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R10和R11独立地选自由氢、氘、卤素、烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、双环烷基、杂双环烷基、螺烷基、螺杂烷基(spiroheteroalkyl)、芳基、杂芳基、环烷基稠合的芳基、杂环烷基稠合的芳基、环烷基稠合的杂芳基、杂环烷基稠合的杂芳基、环烷基烷基、杂环烷基烷基、双环烷基烷基、杂双环烷基烷基、螺烷基烷基、螺杂烷基烷基、芳基烷基、杂芳基烷基、环烷基稠合的芳基烷基、杂环烷基稠合的芳基烷基、环烷基稠合的杂芳基烷基、杂环烷基稠合的杂芳基烷基、羟基、烷氧基、烯基、炔基、NO2、NR9R9、NR9NR9R9、NR9N=CR9R9、NR9SO2R9、CN、C(O)OR9和氟代烷基组成的群组;其中烷基、环烷基、烷氧基、烯基、炔基和氟代烷基任选取代一或多次,杂环烷基稠合的杂芳基烷基任选取代一或多次;
X独立地选自由COOH、PO3H、COOD和PO3D组成的群组;
Y独立地选自由氢、烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、双环烷基、杂双环、杂双环烷基、螺烷基、螺杂烷基、芳基、杂芳基、环烷基稠合的芳基、杂环烷基稠合的芳基、环烷基稠合的杂芳基、杂环烷基稠合的杂芳基、环烷基烷基、杂环烷基烷基、双环烷基烷基、杂双环烷基烷基、螺烷基烷基、螺杂烷基烷基、芳基烷基、杂芳基烷基、环烷基稠合的芳基烷基、杂环烷基稠合的芳基烷基、环烷基稠合的杂芳基烷基、杂环烷基稠合的杂芳基烷基、氟代烷基、氟代双环和氟代杂双环组成的群组;以及
R9独立地选自由氢、氘、烷基、环烷基、杂芳基、芳基烷基和氟代烷基组成的群组;或者
它们的N-氧化物、药学上可接受的盐、前药、制剂、同质异像体(polymorphs)、互变异构体、外消旋混合物或立体异构体。
此外,本发明提供由通式(II)表示的一类新的炔类抑制化合物:
其中:
R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10、R11、R12、R13、R14、R15、R16和R17中的每一个独立地选自由氘、氢、烷基和氘代烷基(deuteroalkyl)组成的群组;以及
R18独立地选自由氢、氘、烷基、氘代烷基(deuteroalkyl)、钠、钾组成的群组;或者
它们的N-氧化物、药学上可接受的盐、前药、制剂、同质异像体、互变异构体、外消旋混合物或立体异构体。
本发明的MMP抑制化合物还可用于治疗其他金属蛋白酶介导的疾病,例如风湿性关节炎、骨关节炎、腹主动脉瘤、癌症、炎症、动脉硬化症、多发性硬化症、慢性阻塞性肺部疾病、眼睛疾病、神经系统疾病、精神疾病、血栓病、细菌感染、帕金森病、疲劳、震颤、糖尿病视网膜病变、视网膜血管病、衰老、痴呆、心肌病、肾小管损伤、糖尿病、精神病、运动障碍、色素异常、耳聋、炎性和纤维化综合征(inflammatory and fibrotic syndromes)、肠道综合征(intestinal bowel syndrome)、过敏、阿尔茨海默病、动脉斑块形成(arterial plaqueformation)、牙周疾病、病毒感染、中风、心血管病、再灌注损伤、外伤(trauma)、组织的化学品暴露或氧化损伤、伤口愈合、痔疮、皮肤美容和疼痛。
特别是,本发明的MMP抑制化合物可用于治疗患者的疼痛,所述方法包含给患者服用与载体结合的治疗疼痛有效量的本发明化合物的步骤,其中患者正遭受对疼痛增加的或过度的敏感,例如痛觉过敏、灼痛和痛觉异常;急性疼痛;机械诱导的疼痛(mechanicalinduced pain);灼伤痛;非典型颜面疼痛;神经性疼痛;背痛;复杂区域疼痛综合征I和II;关节炎疼痛;运动损伤疼痛;与病毒感染有关的疼痛、疱疹后神经痛;幻肢痛;产痛;癌症疼痛;化疗后疼痛;中风后疼痛;手术后疼痛;生理性疼痛;炎性痛;急性炎症/内脏痛(acuteinflammatory conditions/visceral pain),例如心绞痛(angina)、肠易激综合症(IBS)和炎性肠病;神经性疼痛;神经痛;痛性糖尿病神经病变;创伤性神经损伤(traumatic nerveinjury);脊髓损伤;以及麻醉药耐受或麻醉药停药。
本发明还提供MMP和/或其他金属蛋白酶抑制化合物,其作为用于治疗或预防金属蛋白酶-尤其是MMP介导的疾病的药物组合物的活性成分是有益的。本发明还预期这样的化合物在口服或肠胃外服用的药物组合物中的应用,包含在此公开的一或多个MMP抑制化合物。
本发明进一步提供了通过服用制剂借助医学实践中已知的标准方法来抑制MMP2和/或其他金属蛋白酶的方法用于治疗源于或与金属蛋白酶,尤其是MMP2,有关的疾病或症状,包括预防性和治疗性的治疗,所述制剂包括但不限于口服的、直肠的、局部的、静脉内的、非肠道的(包括但不限于肌肉内的、静脉内的)、眼用的(眼科的)、经皮肤的、吸入的(包括但不限于肺部的、喷雾吸入)、经鼻的、舌下的、鞘内的、皮下的或关节内制剂,包含杂双环金属蛋白酶抑制化合物。尽管在任何情况下最合适的给药途径将取决于所治疗的状况的性质和严重性以及活性成分的性质。本发明的化合物以单位剂量形式便利地提供,由药学领域熟知的任何方法制备。
本发明的MMP抑制化合物可与减缓疾病的抗风湿药物、非甾体抗炎药物、COX-2选择性抑制剂、COX-I抑制剂、免疫抑制剂、类固醇、生物反应调节剂或其他抗炎药联合使用。
附图说明
图1是鞘内(i.t.)(SNL)小鼠实验的曲线图。用于机械性触诱发痛的冯弗雷单丝试验。箭头代表注射次数。结果以缩足阈值(g)表示。BL=手术后基线。
图2是腹腔内(i.p.)(SNL)-小鼠实验的曲线图。用于机械性触诱发痛的冯弗雷单丝试验。箭头代表注射次数。结果以缩足阈值(g)表示。BL=手术后基线。
具体实施方式
此处单独或作为化学结构或基团的一部分使用的术语“D”,表示氘。
此处单独或作为基团的一部分使用的术语“氘代”,表示任选取代的氘原子。
此处单独或作为另一基团的一部分使用的术语“烷基(alkyl)”或“烷(alk)”,表示任选取代的直链或支链饱和烃基团,优选在正链中具有1至10个碳,更优选低级烷基基团。示例性的未取代的这样的基团包括甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、n-丁基、t-丁基、异丁基、戊基、己基、异己基、庚基、4,4-二甲基戊基、辛基、2,2,4-三甲基戊基、壬基、癸基、十一烷基、十二烷基等等。示例性的取代基可包括但不限于一或多个下述基团:卤素、烷氧基、烷硫基、烯基、炔基、芳基(例如形成苄基)、环烷基、环烯基、羟基或保护的羟基、羧基(-COOH)、烷氧羰基、烷基羰氧基、烷羰基、氨甲酰基(NH2-CO-)、取代的氨甲酰基((R10)(R11)N-CO-,其中除了R10或R11的至少一个不是氢之外,R10或R11如下限定)、氨基、杂环、单或二烷基氨基、或巯基(-SH)。
可与术语“烷基”交替使用的术语“杂烷基”表示任选取代的直链或支链饱和烃基团,优选在正链中具有1至10个碳,更优选低级烷基基团。示例性的未取代的这样的基团包括甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、n-丁基、t-丁基、异丁基、戊基、己基、异己基、庚基、4,4-二甲基戊基、辛基、2,2,4-三甲基戊基、壬基、癸基、十一烷基、十二烷基等等。示例性的取代基可包括但不限于一或多个下述基团:卤素、烷氧基、烷硫基、烯基、炔基、芳基(例如形成苄基)、环烷基、环烯基、羟基或保护的羟基、羧基(-COOH)、烷氧羰基、烷基羰氧基、烷羰基、氨甲酰基(NH2-CO-)。
此处使用的术语“低级烷(lower alk)”或“低级烷基(lower alkyl)”,表示如上述这样用于正链中的具有1至4个碳原子的烷基的任选取代的基团。
此处使用的术语“烷氧基”表示如上述的通过氧连接键合的烷基基团。此处单独或作为其他基团的一部分使用的术语“烯基”表示任选取代的直链或支链烃基团,在链中含有至少一个碳碳双键,优选在正链中具有2至10个碳。示例性的未取代的这样的基团包括乙烯基、丙烯基、异丁烯基、丁烯基、戊烯基、己烯基、庚烯基、辛烯基、壬烯基、癸烯基等等。示例性的取代基可包括但不限于一或多个下述基团:卤素、烷氧基、烷硫基、烷基、炔基、芳基、环烷基、环烯基、羟基或保护的羟基、羧基(-COOH)、烷氧羰基、烷基羰氧基、烷羰基、氨甲酰基(NH2-CO-)、取代的氨甲酰基。
此处单独或作为其他基团的一部分使用的术语“炔基”表示任选取代的直链或支链烃基团,在链中含有至少一个碳碳三键,优选在正链中具有2至10个碳。示例性的未取代的这样的基团包括但不限于乙炔基、丙炔基、丁炔基、戊炔基、己炔基、庚炔基、辛炔基、壬炔基、癸炔基等等。示例性的取代基可包括但不限于一或多个下述基团:卤素、烷氧基、烷硫基、烷基、烯基、芳基、环烷基、环烯基、羟基或保护的羟基、羧基(-COOH)、烷氧羰基、烷基羰氧基、烷羰基、氨甲酰基(NH2-CO-)、取代的氨甲酰基。
此处单独或作为其他基团的一部分使用的术语“环烷基”表示任选取代的饱和环烃环系统(cyclic hydrocarbon ring systems),包括桥环系统,理想地含有1至3个环并且每个环含有3至9个碳。示例性的未取代的这样的基团包括但不限于环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基、环庚基、环辛基、环癸基、环十二烷基和金刚烷基。示例性的取代基包括但不限于一或多个如上述的烷基基团,或者一或多个上述如烷基取代基的基团。
此处单独或作为其他基团的一部分使用的术语“芳(ar)”或“芳基(aryl)”表示任选取代的同素环芳香族基团,优选含有1或2个环以及6至12个环碳。示例性的未取代的这样的基团包括但不限于苯基、联苯基和萘基。示例性的取代基包括但不限于一或多个硝基、如上述的烷基基团或上述如烷基取代基的基团。术语“杂环”或“杂环系统”表示在此说明的杂环烷基(heterocyclyl)、杂环烯基(heterocyclenyl)或杂芳基基团,其含有碳原子以及1至4个独立地选自N、O和S并且包括任何双环或三环基团的杂原子,在所述双环或三环基团中任何以上定义的杂环与一或多个杂环、芳基或环烷基基团稠合。可任选地氧化氮和硫杂原子。杂环可在任何杂原子或碳原子处连在其侧基上,生成稳定的结构。此处说明的杂环可在碳或在氮原子上被取代。
杂环的实例包括但不限于1H-吲哚、2-吡咯烷酮酰(pyrrolidonyl)、2H,6H-1,5,2-二噻嗪基、2H-吡咯基、3H-吲哚基、4-哌啶基(4-piperidonyl)、4aH-咔唑、4H-喹嗪基(4H-quinolizinyl)、6H-1,2,5-噻二嗪基(6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl)、吖啶基、吖辛基、苯并咪唑基、苯并呋喃基、苯并呋喃硫基(benzothiofuranyl)、苯并噻吩基(benzothiophenyl)、苯并恶唑啉基(benzoxazolinyl)、苯并恶唑基(benzoxazolyl)、苯并噻唑基(benzthiazolyl)、苯并三唑基(benztriazolyl)、苯并四唑基(benztetrazolyl)、苯并异恶唑基(benzisoxazolyl)、苯并异噻唑基(benzisothiazolyl)、苯并咪唑酮基(benzimidazalonyl)、咔唑基、4aH-咔唑基、b-咔啉基、苯并二氢吡喃基(chromanyl)、苯并吡喃基(chromenyl)、噌嗪基(cinnolinyl)、十氢喹啉基(decahydroquinolinyl)、2H,6H-1,5,2-二噻嗪基、二氢呋喃并[2,3-b]四氢呋喃(dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran)、呋喃基、呋吖基(furazanyl)、四氢咪唑基(imidazolidinyl)、咪唑啉基(imidazolinyl)、咪唑基(imidazolyl)、1H-吲唑基、吲哚烯基(indolenyl)、二氢吲哚基(indolinyl)、吲哚嗪基(indolizinyl)、吲哚基(indolyl)、吲哚满二酮基(isatinoyl)、异苯并呋喃基、异苯并二氢吡喃基(isochromanyl)、异吲唑基(isoindazolyl)、异二氢吲哚基(isoindolinyl)、异吲哚基(isoindolyl)、异喹啉基(isoquinolinyl)、异噻唑基(isothiazolyl)、异恶唑基(isoxazolyl)、吗啉基(morpholinyl)、萘啶基(naphthyridinyl)、八氢异喹啉基(octahydroisoquinolinyl)、恶二唑基(oxadiazolyl)、1,2,3-恶二唑基(1,2,3-oxadiazolyl)、1,2,4-恶二唑基(1,2,4-oxadiazolyl)、1,2,5-恶二唑基(1,2,5-oxadiazolyl)、1,3,4-恶二唑基(1,3,4-oxadiazolyl)、恶唑烷基(oxazolidinyl)、恶唑基(oxazolyl)、恶唑烷基啶基(oxazolidinylperimidinyl)、羟吲哚基(oxindolyl)、菲啶基(phenanthridinyl)、菲罗琳基(phenanthrolinyl)、啡呻基(phenarsazinyl)、吩嗪基(phenaZinyl)、吩噻嗪基(phenothiazinyl)、吩恶噻基(phenoxathiinyl)、吩恶嗪基(phenoxazinyl)、酞嗪基(phthalazinyl)、哌嗪基(piperazinyl)、哌啶基(piperidinyl)、蝶啶基(pteridinyl)、哌啶酮基(piperidonyl)、4-哌啶酮基(4-piperidonyl)、蝶啶基(pteridinyl)、嘌呤基(purinyl)、吡喃基(pyranyl)、吡嗪基(pyrazinyl)、吡唑烷基(pyrazolidinyl)、吡唑啉基(pyrazolinyl)、吡啉基(pyrazolyl)、哒嗪基(pyridazinyl)、吡啶并恶唑(pyridooxazole)、吡啶并咪唑(pyridoimidazole)、吡啶并噻唑(pyridothiazole)、吡啶基(pyridinyl)、吡啶基(pyridyl)、嘧啶基(pyrimidinyl)、吡咯烷基(pyrrolidinyl)、吡咯啉基(pyrrolinyl)、吡咯基(pyrrolyl)、喹唑啉基(quinazolinyl)、喹啉基(quinolinyl)、4H-喹嗪基(4H-quinolizinyl)、喹喔啉基(quinoxalinyl)、喹咛环基(quinuclidinyl)、咔啉基(carbolinyl)、四氢呋喃基(tetrahydrofuranyl)、四氢异喹啉基(tetrahydroisoquinolinyl)、四氢喹啉基(tetrahydroquinolinyl)、四唑基(tetrazolyl)、6H-1,2,5-噻二嗪基(6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl)、1,2,3-噻二唑基(1,2,3-thiadiazolyl)、1,2,4-噻二唑基(1,2,4-thiadiazolyl)、1,2,5-噻二唑基(1,2,5-thiadiazolyl)、1,3,4-噻二唑基(1,3,4-thiadiazolyl)、噻蒽基(thianthrenyl)、噻唑基(thiazolyl)、噻吩基(thienyl)、噻吩并噻唑(thienothiazolyl)、噻吩并恶唑(thienooxazolyl)、噻吩并咪唑基(thienoimidazolyl)、苯硫基(thiophenyl)、三嗪基(triazinyl)、1,2,3-三唑基(1,2,3-triazolyl)、1,2,4-三唑基(1,2,4-triazolyl)、1,2,5-三唑基(1,2,5-triazolyl)、1,3,4-三唑基(1,3,4-triazolyl)、吨基(xanthenyl)。
“杂环烯基”表示约3至约10原子、理想地约4至约8原子的非芳香族单环或多环的烃环系统,其中在环系统中的一或多个碳原子是杂元素而不是碳,例如氮、氧或硫原子,并且所述烃环系统含有至少一个碳碳双键或碳氮双键。环系统的环的环大小可包括5至6个环原子。将氮(aza)、氧(oxa)或硫(thia)作为杂环烯基前的前缀说明至少有氮、氧或硫原子分别作为环原子而存在。杂环烯基可由在此定义的一或多个取代基任选取代。杂环烯基的氮或硫原子还可任选地被氧化为对应的N-氧化物、S-氧化物或S,S-二氧化物。此处使用的“杂环烯基”通过举例的方式包括但不限于帕奎特·列奥A(Paquette,Leo A.);“Principlesof Modem Heterocyclic Chemistry”(W.A.Benjamin,New York,1968),特别是第1、3、4、6、7和9章;“The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds,A series of Monographs”(JohnWiley & Sons,New York,1950 to present),特别是第13、14、16、19和28卷;以及“J.Am.Chem.Soc.”,82:5566(1960)中说明的那些,上述所有的内容通过参考引用的方式包含于此。示例性的单环氮杂环烯基基团包括但不限于1,2,3,4-四氢氢吡啶(1,2,3,4-tetrahydrohydropyridine)、1,2-二氢吡啶基(1,2-dihydropyridyl)、1,4-二氢吡啶基(1,4-dihydropyridyl)、1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)、1,4,5,6-四氢嘧啶(1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine)、2-吡咯啉基(2-pyrrolinyl)、3-吡咯啉基(3-pyrrolinyl)、2-咪唑啉基(2-imidazolinyl)、2-吡唑啉基(2-pyrazolinyl)等等。示例性的氧杂环烯基基团包括但不限于3,4-二氢-2H-吡喃、二氢呋喃基和氟代二氢呋喃基(fluorodihydrofuranyl)。示例性的多环氧杂环烯基基团是7-氧杂二环[2.2.1]庚烷基(7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl)。
“杂环烷基”(″Heterocyclyl″或″heterocycloalkyl″)表示约3至约10碳原子、理想地4至8碳原子的非芳香族的饱和单环或多环的环系统,其中环系统中的一或多个碳原子是杂元素而不是碳,例如氮、氧或硫。环系统的环的环大小可包括5至6个环原子。将氮(aza)、氧(oxa)或硫(thia)作为杂环烷基前的前缀说明至少有氮、氧或硫原子分别作为环原子而存在。杂环烷基可被在此定义的一或多个相同或不同的取代基任选取代。杂环烷基的氮或硫原子还可任选地被氧化为对应的N-氧化物、S-氧化物或S,S-二氧化物。
此处使用的“杂环烷基”通过举例的方式包括但不限于帕奎特·列奥A(Paquette,Leo A.);“Principles of Modem Heterocyclic Chemistry”(W.A.Benjamin,New York,1968),特别是第1、3、4、6、7和9章;“The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds,Aseries of Monographs”(John Wiley & Sons,New York,1950 to present),特别是第13、14、16、19和28卷;以及“J.Am.Chem.Soc.”,82:5566(1960)中说明的那些。示例性的单环的杂环烷基环包括但不限于哌啶基(piperidyl)、吡咯烷基、哌嗪基、吗啉基、硫代吗啉基(thiomorpholinyl)、四氢噻唑基(thiazolidinyl)、1,3-二氧杂环己基(1,3-dioxolanyl)、1,4-二氧杂环己基(1,4-dioxanyl)、四氢呋喃基(tetrahydrofuranyl)、四氢苯硫基(tetrahydrothiophenyl)、四氢噻喃基(tetrahydrothiopyranyl)等等。
“杂芳基”表示约5至约10原子的芳香族的单环或多环的环系统,其中环系统中的一或多个原子是杂元素而不是碳,例如氮、氧或硫。环系统的环的环大小包括5至6个环原子。“杂芳基”也可被在此定义的一或多个相同或不同的取代基取代。将氮(aza)、氧(oxa)或硫(thia)作为杂芳基前的前缀说明至少有氮、氧或硫原子分别作为环原子而存在。杂芳基的氮原子可任选地被氧化为对应的N-氧化物。此处使用的杂芳基通过举例的方式包括但不限于帕奎特·列奥A(Paquette,Leo A.);“Principles of Modern HeterocyclicChemistry”(W.A.Benjamin,New York,1968),特别是第1、3、4、6、7和9章;“The Chemistryof Heterocyclic Compounds,A series of Monographs”(John Wiley & Sons,New York,1950 to present),特别是第13、14、16、19和28卷;以及“J.Am.Chem.Soc.”,82:5566(1960)中说明的那些。示例性的杂芳基以及取代的杂芳基基团包括但不限于吡嗪基(pyrazinyl)、噻吩基(thienyl)、异噻唑基(isothiazolyl)、恶唑基(oxazolyl)、吡唑基(pyrazolyl)、呋吖基(furazanyl)、吡咯基(pyrrolyl)、1,2,4-噻二唑基(1,2,4-thiadiazolyl)、哒嗪基(pyridazinyl)、喹喔啉基(quinoxalinyl)、酞嗪基(phthalazinyl)、咪唑并[1,2-a]吡啶(imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine)、咪唑并[2,1-b]噻唑基(imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl)、苯并呋吖基(benzofurazanyl)、氮杂吲哚基(azaindolyl)、苯并咪唑基(benzimidazolyl)、苯并噻吩基(benzothienyl)、噻吩并吡啶基(thienopyridyl)、噻吩并嘧啶基(thienopyrimidyl)、吡咯并吡啶基(pyrrolopyridyl)、咪唑并吡啶基(imidazopyridyl)、苯并氮杂吲哚(benzoazaindole)、1,2,3-三嗪基(1,2,3-triazinyl)、1,2,4-三嗪基(1,2,4-triazinyl)、1,3,5-三嗪基(1,3,5-triazinyl)、苯三唑基(benzthiazolyl)、二氧代基(dioxolyl)、呋喃基(furanyl)、咪唑基(imidazolyl)、吲哚基(indolyl)、吲哚嗪基(indolizinyl)、异恶唑基(isoxazolyl)、异喹啉基(isoquinolinyl)、异噻唑基(isothiazolyl)、恶二唑基(oxadiazolyl)、嗪基(oxazinyl)、环氧乙烷基(oxiranyl)、哌嗪基(piperazinyl)、哌啶基(piperidinyl)、吡喃基(pyranyl)、吡嗪基(pyrazinyl)、哒嗪基(pyridazinyl)、吡唑基(pyrazolyl)、吡啶基(pyridyl)、嘧啶基(pyrimidinyl)、吡咯基(pyrrolyl)、吡咯烷基(pyrrolidinyl)、喹唑啉基(quinazolinyl)、喹啉基(quinolinyl)、四嗪基(tetrazinyl)、四唑基(tetrazolyl)、1,3,4-噻二唑基(1,3,4-thiadiazolyl)、1,2,3-噻二唑基(1,2,3-thiadiazolyl)、1,2,4-噻二唑基(1,2,4-thiadiazolyl)、1,2,5-噻二唑基(1,2,5-thiadiazolyl)、噻三唑基(thiatriazolyl)、噻嗪基(thiazinyl)、噻唑基(thiazolyl)、噻吩基(thienyl)、5-硫氧-1,2,4-二唑基(5-thioxo-l,2,4-diazolyl)、硫代吗啉基(thiomorpholino)、苯硫基(thiophenyl)、噻喃基(thiopyranyl)、三唑基(triazolyl)和三唑啉酮基(triazolonyl)。
术语“氨基”表示基团-NH2,其中一或两个氢原子可被任选取代的烃基替换。示例性的氨基基团包括但不限于n-丁基氨基、叔丁基氨基、甲基丙基氨基和乙基二甲基氨基。
术语“环烷基烷基”表示环烷基-烷基基团,其中上述的环烷基由上述的烷基键合。环烷基烷基基团可含有低级烷基部分。示例性的环烷基烷基基团包括但不限于环丙基甲基、环戊基甲基、环己基甲基、环丙基乙基、环戊基乙基、环己基丙基、环丙基丙基、环戊基丙基和环己基丙基。
术语“芳基烷基”表示由上述的烷基键合的上述的芳基基团。
术语“杂芳基烷基”表示由上述的烷基键合的上述的杂芳基基团。
术语“杂环烷基”或“杂环烷基烷基”表示由上述的烷基键合的上述的杂环基团。
此处单独或作为其他基团的一部分使用的术语“卤素”(“halogen”、“halo”或“hal”)表示氯、溴、氟和碘。
术语“卤代烷基”表示由上述的烷基键合的上述的卤素基团。氟代烷基是示例性基团。
术语“氨基烷基”表示由上述的烷基键合的如以上定义的氨基基团。
短语“其中至少一个环部分饱和的双环稠合环系统”表示其中至少一个环是非芳香族的8至13元稠合双环的环基团。环基团具有碳原子并可选地具有1-4个独立选自N、O和S的杂原子。说明性的实例包括但不限于二氢茚基、四氢萘基、四氢喹啉基和苯并环庚基(benzocycloheptyl)。
短语“其中至少一个环部分饱和的三环稠合环系统”表示其中至少一个环是非芳香族的9至18元稠合三环的环基团。环基团具有碳原子并可选地具有1-7个独立选自N、O和S的杂原子。说明性的实例包括但不限于芴、10,11-二氢-5H二苯并[a,d]环庚烯和2,2a,7,7a-四氢-1H-环丁烷[a]茚(2,2a,7,7a-*tetrahydro-lH-cyclobuta[a]mdene)。
术语“同位素浓缩”指改变给定元素的同位素的相对丰度、由此产生在一特定同位素上富集在其另外的同位素形式上减少的元素形式的过程。
术语“药学上可接受的盐”指公开的化合物的衍生物,其中母体化合物通过制备其酸或碱的盐而修饰。药学上可接受的盐的实例包括但不限于例如胺的碱性残基的矿物或有机酸盐;例如羧酸的酸性残基的碱金属或有机盐;等等。药学上可接受的盐包括从例如无毒的无机或有机酸形成的母体化合物的传统无毒盐或季铵盐。例如,这样的传统无毒盐包括从无机酸衍生的那些盐,所述无机酸例如但不限于盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、氨基磺酸、磷酸、硝酸等等;以及由有机酸制备的盐,所述有机酸例如但不限于乙酸、丙酸、琥珀酸、乙醇酸、硬脂酸、乳酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、扑酸、马来酸、羟基马来酸、苯乙酸、谷氨酸、苯甲酸、水杨酸、对氨基苯磺酸、2-乙酰基苯甲酸、富马酸、甲基苯磺酸、甲磺酸、乙二磺酸、乙二酸、羟乙磺酸等等。药学上可接受的盐包括例如胺的碱性残基的氘化有机酸盐;例如羧酸的酸性残基的碱金属或有机盐;等等。
本发明的药学上可接受的盐可以由含有碱性或酸性部分的母体化合物通过传统的化学方法合成。通常,这样的盐能通过使这些化合物的自由酸或碱形式与恰当化学计量的碱或酸在水或在有机溶剂中,或在二者的混合物中反应而制备。有机溶剂包括但不限于像醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇、异丙醇或乙腈的非水介质。合适的盐的目录可见Remington′sPharmaceutical Sciences,18th ed.,Mack Publishing Company,Easton,PA,1990,p.1445,其内容通过参考引用的方式结合于此。
短语“药学上可接受的”表示在可靠的医学判断范围内,适于接触人类和动物组织使用而没有过度的毒性、刺激、过敏反应或与合理的效益风险比相当的其他问题或并发症的那些化合物、材料、组合物和/或剂型。
术语“N-氧化物”表示能以公知方式,通过使包括氮原子(例如在吡啶基基团中)的本发明的化合物与过氧化氢或高酸,例如3-氯过氧苯甲酸,在例如二氯甲烷的惰性溶剂中,在-10-80℃之间,理想地约0℃的温度下,反应而获得。
术语“同质异像体(polymorphs)”表示具有特定晶体排列的化学化合物形式。某些同质异像体可表现出增强的热动力稳定性,并且可比其他同质异像体包含在药物制剂中更加稳定。具有由氘替换的氢的化合物可形成能提高其溶解度和/或生物利用度性质的同质异像体。
本发明化合物可含有一或多个手性中心和/或双键,因此作为立体异构体存在,例如双键异构体(即几何异构体)、对映异构体或非对映异构体。根据本发明,在此描述的化学结构以及因此本发明的化合物包括所有对应的对映异构体和立体异构体,也就是说,立体异构意义上的纯的形式(例如几何意义上的纯、对映异构意义上的纯或非对映异构意义上的纯)以及对映异构体和立体异构体的混合物。
术语“外消旋混合物”表示,相对于分子中所有的手性中心,约50%的一对映异构体和约50%的相应对映异构体的混合物。因此,本发明包括式(I)和(II)的化合物的所有对映异构意义上的纯的、对映异构意义上的富集的和外消旋的混合物。
本发明化合物的对映异构和立体异构混合物能通过熟知的方法拆分为它们的组分对映异构体或立体异构体。实例包括但不限于手性盐的形成,手性或高效液相色谱“HPLC”的使用,以及手性盐的形成和结晶化。参见,例如J·雅克(Jacques,J.)等,Enantiomers,Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley-Interscience,New York,1981);S·H·维纶(Wilen,S.H.)等,Tetrahedron 33:2725(1977);E·L·埃利尔(Eliel,E.L.),Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds(McGraw-Hill,NY,1962);S·H·维纶(Wilen,S.H.),Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p.268(E·L·埃利尔(E.L.Eliel),Ed.,Univ.of Notre Dame Press,Notre Dame,Ind.,1972);Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds,欧内斯特·L·埃利尔(Ernest L.Eliel),塞缪尔·H·维纶(Samuel H.Wilen)和刘易斯·N·曼达(Lewis N.Manda)(1994John Wiley &Sons,Inc.)以及Stereoselective Synthesis APractical Approach,米哈伊诺格拉迪(Mihaly Nogradi)(1995 VCHPublishers,Inc.,NY,N.Y.)。对映异构体和立体异构体还可由立体异构意义上的纯的或对映异构意义上的纯的中间体、试剂和晶体通过熟知的不对称合成的方法获得。
“取代的”意在表示,假定不超出所指的原子的常价,在使用“取代的”的表达中所指的原子上的一或多个氢被选择的所指基团所替换,所述取代生成稳定的化合物。当取代基为酮基(即=O)基团时,原子上的两个氢被替换。
除非本发明化合物的部分定义为非取代,化合物的部分都可以被取代。除了以上提供的任何取代基,本发明化合物的部分可以由独立选自于下列基团中的一或多个任选取代:
C1-C4烷基;
C2-C4烯基;
C2-C4炔基;
CF3;
卤素;
OH;
O-(C1-C4烷基);
OCH2F;
OCHF2;
OCF3;
OC(O)-(C1-C4烷基);
OC(O)-(C1-C4烷基);
OC(O)NH-(C1-C4烷基);
OC(O)N(C1-C4烷基)2;
OC(S)NH-(C1-C4烷基);
OC(S)N(C1-C4烷基)2;
SH;
S-(C-C4烷基);
S(O)-(C1-C4烷基);
S(O)2-(C1-C4烷基);
SC(O)-(C1-C4烷基);
SC(O)O-(C1-C4烷基);
NH2;
N(H)-(C1-C4烷基);
N(C1-C4烷基)2;
N(H)C(O)-(C1-C4烷基);
N(CH3)C(O)-(C1-C4烷基);
N(H)C(O)-CF3;
N(CH3)C(O)-CF3;
N(H)C(S)-(C1-C4烷基);
N(CH3)C(S)-(C1-C4烷基);
N(H)S(O)2-(C1-C4烷基);
N(H)C(O)NH2;
N(H)C(O)NH-(C1-C4烷基);
N(CH3)C(O)NH-(C1-C4烷基);
N(H)C(O)N(C1-C4烷基)2;
N(CH3)C(O)N(C1-C4烷基)2;
N(H)S(O)2NH2);
N(H)S(O)2NH-(C1-C4烷基);
N(CH3)S(O)2NH-(C1-C4烷基);
N(H)S(O)2N(C1-C4烷基)2;
N(CH3)S(O)2N(C1-C4烷基)2;
N(H)C(O)O-(C1-C4烷基);
N(CH3)C(O)O-(C1-C4烷基);
N(H)S(O)2O-(C1-C4烷基);
N(CH3)S(O)2O-(C1-C4烷基);
N(CH3)C(S)NH-(C1-C4烷基);
N(CH3)C(S)N(C1-C4烷基)2;
N(CH3)C(S)O-(C1-C4烷基);
N(H)C(S)NH2;
NO2;
CO2H;
CO2-(C1-C4烷基);
C(O)N(H)OH;
C(O)N(CH3)OH;
C(O)N(CH3)OH;
C(O)N(CH3)O-(C1-C4烷基);
C(O)N(H)-(C1-C4烷基);
C(O)N(C1-C4烷基)2;
C(S)N(H)-(C1-C4烷基);
C(S)N(C1-C4烷基)2;
C(NH)N(H)-(C1-C4烷基);
C(NH)N(C1-C4烷基)2;
C(NCH3)N(H)-(C1-C4烷基);
C(NCH3)N(C1-C4烷基)2;
C(O)-(C1-C4烷基);
C(NH)-(C1-C4烷基);
C(NCH3)-(C1-C4烷基);
C(NOH)-(C1-C4烷基);
C(NOCH3)-(C1-C4烷基);
CN;
CHO;
CH2OH;
CH2O-(C1-C4烷基);
CH2NH2;
CH2N(H)-(C1-C4烷基);
CH2N(C1-C4烷基)2;
芳基;
杂芳基;
环烷基;以及
杂环烷基。
在本发明一实施例中,含炔的金属蛋白酶抑制化合物可由通式(I)表示:
其中上式(I)中的所有变量定义如下。
R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R10和R11独立地选自由氢、氘、卤素、烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、双环烷基、杂双环烷基、螺烷基、螺杂烷基(spiroheteroalkyl)、芳基、杂芳基、环烷基稠合的芳基、杂环烷基稠合的芳基、环烷基稠合的杂芳基、杂环烷基稠合的杂芳基、环烷基烷基、杂环烷基烷基、双环烷基烷基、杂双环烷基烷基、螺烷基烷基、螺杂烷基烷基、芳基烷基、杂芳基烷基、环烷基稠合的芳基烷基、杂环烷基稠合的芳基烷基、环烷基稠合的杂芳基烷基、杂环烷基稠合的杂芳基烷基、羟基、烷氧基、烯基、炔基、NO2、NR9R9、NR9NR9R9、NR9N=CR9R9、NR9SO2R9、CN、C(O)OR9和氟代烷基组成的群组;其中烷基、环烷基、烷氧基、烯基、炔基和氟代烷基任选取代一或多次,杂环烷基稠合的杂芳基烷基任选取代一或多次;
X独立地选自由COOH、PO3H、COOD和PO3D组成的群组;
Y独立地选自由氢、烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、双环烷基、杂双环、杂双环烷基、螺烷基、螺杂烷基、芳基、杂芳基、环烷基稠合的芳基、杂环烷基稠合的芳基、环烷基稠合的杂芳基、杂环烷基稠合的杂芳基、环烷基烷基、杂环烷基烷基、双环烷基烷基、杂双环烷基烷基、螺烷基烷基、螺杂烷基烷基、芳基烷基、杂芳基烷基、环烷基稠合的芳基烷基、杂环烷基稠合的芳基烷基、环烷基稠合的杂芳基烷基、杂环烷基稠合的杂芳基烷基、氟代烷基、氟代双环和氟代杂双环组成的群组;以及
R9独立地选自由氢、氘、烷基、环烷基、杂芳基、芳基烷基和氟代烷基组成的群组;或者它们的N-氧化物、药学上可接受的盐、前药、制剂、同质异像体、互变异构体、外消旋混合物或立体异构体。
在本发明的某些实施例中,Y可包括杂芳基环系统。根据这样的实施例,Y可以是:
其中:
其中:
R12、R13、R14、R15和R17的每一个独立地选自由氢、氘、卤素、烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、双环烷基、杂双环烷基、螺烷基、螺杂烷基、芳基、杂芳基、环烷基稠合的芳基、杂环烷基稠合的芳基、环烷基稠合的杂芳基、杂环烷基稠合的杂芳基、环烷基烷基、杂环烷基烷基、双环烷基烷基、杂双环烷基烷基、螺烷基烷基、螺杂烷基烷基、芳基烷基、杂芳基烷基、环烷基稠合的芳基烷基、杂环烷基稠合的芳基烷基、环烷基稠合的杂芳基烷基、杂环烷基稠合的杂芳基烷基、羟基、烷氧基、烯基、炔基、NO2、NR9R9、NR9NR9R9、NR9N=CR9R9、NR9SO2R9、CN、C(O)OR9和氟代烷基组成的群组;其中烷基、环烷基、烷氧基、烯基、炔基和氟代烷基任选取代一或多次,杂环烷基稠合的杂芳基烷基任选取代一或多次;
R9独立地选自由氢、氘、烷基、环烷基、杂芳基、芳基烷基和氟代烷基组成的群组;R15独立地选自由氢、氘、甲基、烷基、三氟甲基、三氘代甲基和氟代烷基组成的群组;以及
Z独立地为C或N;
(1)其中当Z为C时,R16独立地选自由氢、氘、卤素、烷基、环烷基、杂环烷基、双环烷基、杂双环烷基、螺烷基、螺杂烷基、芳基、杂芳基、环烷基稠合的芳基、杂环烷基稠合的芳基、环烷基稠合的杂芳基、杂环烷基稠合的杂芳基、环烷基烷基、杂环烷基烷基、双环烷基烷基、杂双环烷基烷基、螺烷基烷基、螺杂烷基烷基、芳基烷基、杂芳基烷基、环烷基稠合的芳基烷基、杂环烷基稠合的芳基烷基、环烷基稠合的杂芳基烷基、杂环烷基稠合的杂芳基烷基、烯基、炔基、NO2、NR9R9、NR9NR9R9、NR9N=CR9R9、NR9SO2R9、CN、C(O)OR9和氟代烷基组成的群组;其中烷基、环烷基、烷氧基、烯基、炔基和氟代烷基任选取代一或多次,杂环烷基稠合的杂芳基烷基任选取代一或多次;或者
(2)其中当Z为N时,R16不是原子或化学键。
它们的N-氧化物、药学上可接受的盐、前药、制剂、同质异像体、互变异构体、外消旋混合物或立体异构体。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,含炔的金属蛋白酶抑制化合物可由通式(II)表示:
其中:R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10、R11、R12、R13、R14、R15、R16和R17中的每一个独立地选自由氘、氢、烷基和氘代烷基(deuteroalkyl)组成的群组;
R18独立地选自由氢、氘、烷基、氘代烷基、钠和钾组成的群组;或者它们的N-氧化物、药学上可接受的盐、前药、制剂、同质异像体、互变异构体、外消旋混合物或立体异构体。
可以预期的是,由上述式表示的本发明化合物包括所有非对映异构体和对映异构体,以及外消旋混合物。外消旋混合物可以通过手性盐拆分或通过手性柱HPLC色谱分离。
更具体地,式(I)和(II)的化合物可选自但不限于下列各项:
本发明还涉及包括任何上述的本发明MMP抑制化合物的药物组合物。据此,本发明的某些实施例提供药物组合物,其可包括有效量的本发明的MMP抑制化合物以及药学上可接受的载体。
本发明还涉及抑制MMP-2和/或MMP-9的方法以及治疗MMP-2和/或MMP-9酶介导的疾病或症状的方法。这样的方法包括服用本发明的MMP-2和/或MMP-9抑制化合物,例如以上定义的式(I)或式(II)的化合物,或其N-氧化物、药学上可接受的盐或立体异构体。由MMP-2和/或MMP-9酶介导的疾病或症状的实例包括但不限于对疼痛的过度敏感,例如痛觉过敏、灼痛和痛觉异常;急性疼痛;灼伤痛;机械诱导的疼痛;非典型颜面疼痛;神经性疼痛;背痛;复杂区域疼痛综合征I和II;关节炎疼痛;运动损伤疼痛;与病毒感染有关的疼痛和疱疹后神经痛;幻肢痛;产痛;癌症疼痛;化疗后疼痛;中风后疼痛;手术后疼痛;生理性疼痛;炎性痛;急性炎症/内脏痛、心绞痛、肠易激综合症(IBS)和炎性肠病;神经性疼痛;神经痛;痛性糖尿病神经病变;创伤性神经损伤;脊髓损伤;以及麻醉药耐受或麻醉药停药。
在本发明的某些实施例中,以上定义的MMP-2和/或MMP-9抑制化合物用于制造治疗由MMP-2和/或MMP-9介导的疾病的药物。
在某些实施例中,以上定义的MMP-2抑制化合物可与药物、试剂或治疗剂联合使用,所述药物、试剂或治疗剂例如但不限于:(a)缓解疾病的抗抗风湿药;(b)非甾体抗炎药;(c)COX-2选择性抑制剂;(d)COX-1抑制剂;(e)免疫抑制剂;(f)类固醇;(g)生物反应调节剂;或(h)有益于治疗趋化因子介导的疾病的其他抗炎剂或治疗剂。
缓解疾病的抗风湿药的实例包括但不限于甲氨蝶呤、硫唑嘌呤合来氟米特(azathioptrineluflunomide)、青霉素、氯金酸钠(gold salts)、霉酚酸酯(mycophenolatemofetil)和环磷酰胺。
非甾体抗炎药的实例包括但不限于吡罗昔康、酮洛芬、萘普生、吲哚美辛和布洛芬。
COX-2选择性抑制剂的实例包括但不限于罗非昔布、塞来昔布和戊地昔布。
COX-1抑制剂的实例包括但不限于吡罗昔康。
免疫抑制剂的实例包括但不限于甲氨蝶呤、环孢菌素、来氟米特(leflunimide)、他克莫司、雷帕霉素和柳氮磺吡啶。
类固醇的实例包括但不限于倍他米松(p-methasone)、泼尼松、可的松、泼尼松龙和地塞米松。
生物反应调节剂的实例包括但不限于抗-TNF抗体、TNF-α拮抗剂、IL-1拮抗剂、抗-CD40、抗-CD28、IL-10和抗粘附分子。
抗炎剂或治疗剂的实例包括但不限于p38激酶抑制剂、PDE4抑制剂、TACE抑制剂、趋化因子受体拮抗剂、沙利度胺、白三烯抑制剂和促炎症细胞因子产生的其他小分子抑制剂。
根据本发明的另一个实施例,药物组合物可包括有效量的本发明的化合物、药学上可接受的载体以及药物、试剂或治疗剂,所述药物、试剂或治疗剂选自:(a)缓解疾病的抗风湿药;(b)非甾体抗炎药;(c)COX-2选择性抑制剂;(d)COX-1抑制剂;(e)免疫抑制剂;(f)类固醇;(g)生物反应调节剂;或(h)有益于治疗趋化因子介导的疾病的其他抗炎剂或治疗剂。
可使用本领域任何合适的检测测定本发明MMP抑制化合物的MMP抑制活性。在实施例130中说明对于MMP-2抑制活性的标准体外检测,对于MMP-9在实施例131中说明。此外,在实施例132-136中说明用于测定MMP-1、MMP-7、MMP-3、MMP-12和MMP-13的标准体外检测。在实施例105中介绍了用于检测人和小鼠微粒体稳定性(microsomal stability)的标准体外检测。可使用本领域公知的任何合适的动物模型测定本发明MMP抑制化合物的体内疼痛抑制特性。在实施例110和111说明了用于测定神经性痛抑制的标准体内试验,在实施例120中说明了用于测定炎性疼痛的试验。
本发明的MMP抑制化合物可具有从约lnM到约20μM并且典型地从约1nM到约2μM范围变化的抑制活性(IC50 MMP-2和/或MMP-9)。在下列实施例中说明了本发明MMP抑制化合物的合成和它们的生物检测,所述实施例不以任何方式限制本发明。
实施例和方法
试剂从商业渠道获得,并且,除非另作说明,在无进一步纯化的情况下使用所述试剂。使用过夜烘干(100℃)的玻璃器皿实施所有反应。所有溶剂是试剂级的。除非另有说明,所有反应在氮气气氛中完成。使用Buchi旋转蒸发仪浓缩有机反应混合物。在瓦里安核磁共振频波谱仪上以300MHz记录质子核磁共振谱。
SAX柱从科诺化公司(Luknova Inc)(曼斯菲尔德,马萨诸塞州)获得。纯化程序:添加二氯甲烷:MeOH(1∶1)平衡SAX柱。将洗脱物(eluante)溶于二氯甲烷并且装载于SAX柱上。用二氯甲烷:MeOH(1∶1)(3×50mL)洗柱以去除非酸性杂质。使溶于甲醇的2N乙酸流过以洗脱化合物。蒸发溶剂,通过反相高压液相色谱(HPLC)进一步纯化目标化合物。
液相色谱联用质谱分析(LC-MS):下列仪器和说明用来分析多种化合物。
液相色谱:
仪器:岛沣LC-10AD VP
色谱柱:安捷伦Zobax 3.5Q DSB-C18
柱内直径(ID):4.6mm
柱长度:50mm
梯度:含有0.1%甲酸的5%到100%的乙腈和水。
运行时间:5分钟
流速:1.5mL/分钟
高压:4000psi
低压:0psi
设置温度:0℃
温度极限:25℃
LC-质谱仪:沃特世(Waters)Micromass Quatro Ultima LC/MS
(三重四级杆质谱仪),CTC Analytics PAL自动
进样器
制备级高压液相色谱(制备级HPLC):反相制备级纯化条件如下:
仪器:沃特世UPLC系统
色谱柱:沃特世Sunfire C18柱
柱内直径(ID):19mm
柱长度:100mm
注射:1mL/DMSO
梯度:含有0.1%TFA的30%到70%的甲醇和水。
运行时间:4分钟
流速:40mL/分钟
实施例1
步骤A
将2M碳酸钠(1mL)加入(R)-2-氨基-3-(1H-3-吲哚)-丙酸2(0.23g,1.12mmol)(阿法埃莎,A-18426)的丙酮(3mL)混悬液中,室温下搅拌30分钟。0℃下将溴苯磺酰氯1(0.13g,0.5mmol)(阿法埃莎,A-14677)加入该混合物,搅拌15分钟。室温下进一步搅拌反应混合物1小时。倒入水(20mL)中后,用醚(×3)洗涤溶液。用1M HCl酸化水层,之后用乙酸乙酯(×3)提取。然后用盐溶液洗涤合并的有机提取物并干燥(Na2SO4),以提供粗制(R)-2-(5-溴-噻吩-2-磺酰氨基)-3-(1H-3-吲哚)-丙酸产物(3)(0.16g,74%)。LC-MS(ES+)429,431;(ES-)427,429。
在无进一步纯化的情况下,取粗制(R)-2-(5-溴-噻吩-2-磺酰氨基)-3-(1H-3-吲哚)-丙酸产物(3)的一部分进入下一步。
实施例2
步骤A
将粗制(R)-2-(5-溴-噻吩-2-磺酰氨基)-3-(1H-3-吲哚)-丙酸产物(3)(60mg,0.14mmol)、对甲苯基乙炔4(480mg,0.41mmol)、PdCl2P(PPh3)2(10mg,0.015mmol)、碘化亚铜(2mg,0.01mmol)和三乙胺(0.025g,0.25mmol)加入圆底烧瓶,然后在氮气气氛中溶于干燥的DMF(2mL)。然后在氮气气氛中50℃加热反应混合物2小时。将反应混合物冷却至室温,用乙酸乙酯稀释,用由NaCl/NaHCO3/(NH4)2CO3/水(1∶1∶1∶1)(×3)组成的溶液、水洗涤,然后用硫酸钠((Na2SO4)干燥。用SAX柱纯化粗品以提供期望的(R)-3-(1H-3-吲哚)-2-(5-对甲基苯乙炔基-噻吩-2-磺酰氨基)-丙酸5(0.036g,55%)。
如以上同样的规模重复实施例2的反应A,然后与先前批次合并。然后用制备级反相HPLC进一步纯化合并的产物以提供(R)-3-(1H-3-吲哚)-2-(5-对甲基苯乙炔基-噻吩-2-磺酰氨)-丙酸5,其通过HPLC检测具有>95%的纯度。LC-MS(ES+)465;(ES-)463;1H NMR(300MHz,OMSO-d6)δ2.35(s,3H),2.86-2.94(m,1H),3.08-3.16(m,1H),3.96-4.40(m,1H),6.93-7.50(m,11H),8.67(d,1H,J 8.7Hz),10.83(s,1H)。
实施例3-15
除了使用在以下表1中指定的商业可得的(即RSP氨基酸、Chembridge、西格玛奥德里奇等)氨基酸之外,如果按照类似在实施例1中所说明的程序,可以制备下列化合物。
表1
实施例16-28
除了使用在以下表2中指定的商业可得的对甲苯基乙炔(西格玛奥德里奇)和磺酰胺(实施例3-15,表1)之外,如果按照类似在实施例2中所说明的程序,可以制备下列化合物。
表2
实施例29-41
除了使用在以下表3中指定的商业可得的对氟苯乙炔(西格玛奥德里奇,货号404330)和合成的磺酰胺(实施例3-15,表1)之外,如果按照类似在实施例2中所说明的程序,可以制备下列化合物。
表3
实施例42-54
除了使用在以下表4中指定的商业可得的对三氟甲基苯乙炔(p-trifluoromethylphenylacetylene)(西格玛奥德里奇,货号556432)和合成的磺酰胺(实施例3-15,表1)之外,如果按照类似在实施例2中所说明的程序,可以制备下列化合物。
表4
实施例55
步骤A
将(R)-2-(5-溴-噻吩-2-磺酰氨基)-3-(1H-3-吲哚)-丙酸产物(3)粗制化合物(0.25g,0.584mmol)(通过实施例1的步骤A合成)、商业可得的乙炔基三甲基硅烷(0.17g,1.73mmol)、PdCl2P(PPh3)2(0.041g,0.061mmol)、碘化亚铜(0.006g,0.0315mmol)和三乙胺(0.177g,1.75mmol)加入圆底烧瓶,在氮气气氛中溶于干燥的DMF(3mL),在50℃加热混合物两小时。然后用乙酸乙酯稀释反应混合物,用由NaCl/NaHCO3/(NH4)2CO3/水(1∶1∶1∶1)(×3)组成的溶液、水、盐溶液洗涤并干燥(Na2SO4),以提供期望的粗制(R)-3-(1H-3-吲哚)-2-(5-三甲基硅烷基乙炔基-噻吩-2-磺酰氨基)-丙酸115(185mg,71%)。LC-MS(ES+)447;(ES-)445。
步骤B
将K2CO3(0.047g,0.34mmol)加入粗制(R)-3-(1H-3-吲哚)-2-(5-三甲基硅烷基乙炔基-噻吩-2-磺酰氨基)-丙酸115(0.126g,0.282mmol)的二氯甲烷/甲醇混合物(1∶1,10mL)溶液,搅拌60分钟。然后过滤反应混合物,用二氯甲烷-甲醇混合物洗涤滞留物。减压浓缩合并的滤液,然后用SAX柱纯化以获得(R)-2-(5-乙炔基-噻吩-2-磺酰氨基)-3-(1H-3-吲哚)-丙酸116(52mg,49%)。LC-MS(ES+)375;(ES-)373。
步骤C
将(R)-2-(5-乙炔基-噻吩-2-磺酰氨基)-3-(1H-3-吲哚)-丙酸116(0.052g,0.139mmol)、碘化甲苯-(D3,98%)117(0.061g,0.28mmol)(通过在实施例56中概述的桑德迈尔反应从商业可得的4-氨基甲苯(D3,98%)获得)、PdCl2P[(PPh3)]2(0.0l g,0.015mmol)、碘化亚铜(0.002g,0.0105mmol)和三乙胺(0.025g,0.247mmol)加入圆底烧瓶,在氮气气氛中溶于干燥的DMF(3mL),50℃加热混合物2小时。冷却反应混合物,用乙酸乙酯稀释,用由NaCl/NaHCO3/(NH4)2CO3/水(1∶1∶1∶1)(×3)组成的溶液、水、盐溶液洗涤,然后用硫酸钠(Na2SO4)干燥。过滤混合物,减压蒸发滤液以提供粗品118,其通过SAX柱层析纯化以提供纯化的118(0.025g,38%)。所述产物用制备级反相HPLC进一步纯化以获得期望的产物118(R)-3-(1H-3-吲哚)-2-[5-(4-三氘代甲基-苯乙炔基)-噻吩-2-磺酰氨基]-丙酸-(D3,98%),通过HPLC检测具有>95%的纯度。LC-MS(ES+)468;(ES-)466。
;1H NMR(300MHz,MeOH-d4)δ3.17-3.25(m),4.32-4.35(m),5.60-5.66(m),7.05-7.68(m),10.4(br s)。
实施例56:4-碘化甲苯(D3,98%)起始材料的合成
步骤A
按照格里斯(Griess)(Practical Organic Chemistry,Richard Clay & Sons,144页,制备#60,(1900))的经典方法,其中从C/D/N同位素公司(C/D/NIsotopes)(魁北克,加拿大)商业获得的0.2克(1.8毫摩尔)甲苯胺(D3,98%)(119)与0.4mL D2SO4(从马萨诸塞州安杜佛剑桥同位素实验室(Cambridge Isotope Laboratories)商业获得)合并,冷却生成的混合物直到搅拌的混合物的温度达到0℃,然后缓慢地在10分钟内分三份加入160mg(2.32毫摩尔)硝酸钠,确保温度不升到10℃以上。加入硝酸钠之后,加入由1mL D2O(从剑桥同位素实验室商业获得)中48mg(2.9毫摩尔)KI组成的溶液,然后使得反应混合物升温至室温,搅拌1小时。然后用D2O(10mL)稀释反应混合物,并用醚抽提(×2)。之后用10%Na2S2O3的D2O(×2)溶液洗涤醚层,用无水硫酸钠干燥。之后通过柱层析,使用己烷作为洗脱液纯化粗品(117),得到期望的纯4-碘化甲苯(D3,98%)产物(117)(0.16g,40%)。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3):δ,6.93(d,2H,J=7.8Hz),7.56(d,2H,J=7.8Hz)。
当用DCl(从马萨诸塞州安杜佛剑桥同位素实验室商业获得)替换D2SO4时,仅获得20%收率的117。
实施例57:1-乙炔基-4-甲基苯(D3,98%)的合成(方法1)
步骤A
如果按照高特(Godt)的方法(Godt,A.;J.Org.Chem.62(21),7471-7472以及补充部分),如果将冷却(0℃)和搅拌的由4-碘化甲苯(D3)(117)(从实施例56获得)、Pd(PPh3)2Cl2(2.2毫摩尔)、四氢呋喃(150mL)中的CuI(3.5毫摩尔)和哌啶(70mL)组成的混合物在氮气中30分钟内加入到商业可得的2-丙炔醇(Prop-2-yn-l-ol)(252毫摩尔)中,即可获得粗制乙炔偶联的产物(120)。之后可通过柱层析(醚-己烷)纯化该粗制产物(120)以提供纯的3-对苯甲基丙炔醇(3-p-Tolyl-prop-2-yn-l-ol)(D3)(120)
步骤B
如果继续按照高特的方法,将535毫摩尔粉末状KOH和1.0摩尔MnO2加入到搅拌的由二乙醚(500mL)中的3-对苯甲基丙炔醇(3-p-Toiyl-prop-2-yn-l-ol)(D3)(120)(109毫摩尔)组成的溶液中,即可在5小时后获得生成的粗制1-乙炔基-4-甲苯(D3)(121),其可通过减压蒸馏纯化以提供纯的1-乙炔基-4-甲苯(D3)产物(121)。
实施例58:1-乙炔基-4-甲苯(D3,98%)的替代合成(方法2)
步骤A
如果按照张(Zhang)及其合作者(W·张(Zhang,W.)等,Org,Synth.84,177-191,(2007))的方法,即可取得38毫摩尔碘化甲苯(D3)(117)产物(通过示例56获得),将其加入含有CuI(0.77毫摩尔)、Pd(PPH3)2Cl2(1.9毫摩尔)的圆底烧瓶,将其置于真空然后氮气中。之后可将四氢呋喃(90mL)和哌啶(55mL)加入到固体中,在5分钟之内将商业可得的1-三甲基硅基乙炔(380毫摩尔)分两份加入到生成的混合物中,并使得混合物在氮气中搅拌24小时,在通过介质多孔性烧结玻璃漏斗过滤和浓缩生成的溶液之后,可获得粗制的偶联乙炔产物(122),其能通过柱层析纯化以提供纯的乙炔偶联产物(122)。
步骤B
之后可用NaOD/D2O和乙醇(D)(所有都从剑桥同位素实验室获得)处理得自上述步骤A的化合物122,以提供未保护的乙炔产物(177),其可以通过柱层析纯化以提供生成的1-乙炔基-4-甲苯(D3,98%)(117)产物。
实施例59:1-乙炔基-4甲苯(D7,98%)的合成
为了制备1-乙炔基-4-甲苯(D7,98%)126,可以按照实施例57中提出的方法1以商业可得的4-碘化甲苯(D7,98%)(加拿大魁北克C/D/N/同位素公司(C/D/N/Isotopes,Inc.),货号D-6325)开始,或者可以按照实施例58中提出的方法2,在柱纯化之后生成1-乙炔基-4甲苯(D7,98%)(126)。
实施例60:方法1,(R)-色氨酸(2,3,5,6,7-D5)的合成
为了制备吲哚充分氘代的色氨酸131,可以按照威沙特(Wishart)及其合作者的方法(D·S·威沙特(Wishart,D.S.)等,Biochemica et Biophysica Acta.,1164,34-46,(1993),以0.5克还原的亚当斯催化剂(Pt0,按照威沙特等的方法制备)在250mL圆底烧瓶中开始,所述烧瓶含有2.0克色氨酸(阿尔法碳具有(R)手性,从阿法埃莎或西格玛奥德里奇获得)。然后可将30mL 99.9%的D2O、之后是1.2mL 40%的NaOD溶液(二者都从剑桥同位素实验室获得)加入到混合物中,在氮气及暗处回流混合物24小时以获得粗制部分氘代的色氨酸(2,5,6,7-D4)(130),其可在这一步骤通过加入HCl分离和纯化,逐步生成。如果要求吲哚充分氘代,可以取粗制色氨酸(2,5,6,7-D4)(130)产品,和2.0mL 40%的NaOD一起加入另外100mL D2O,再回流24小时以分离生成的色氨酸(2,4,5,6,7-D5)(131)产品,其之后可通过在用HCl酸化之后从水或醇中重结晶而纯化。
实施例61:方法1,(S)-色氨酸(2,3,5,6,7-D5)的合成
为了使吲哚充分氘代的色氨酸具有S-手性的构型,可以按照在实施例60方法1中概述的方法(D·S·威沙特(Wishart,D.S.)等,Biochemica et Biophysica Acta.,1164,34-46,(1993))以0.5克还原的亚当斯催化剂(Pt0,按照威沙特等的方法制备)在250mL圆底烧瓶中开始,所述烧瓶含有2.0克色氨酸(阿尔法碳具有(S)手性,从西格玛奥德里奇或阿法埃莎获得)(132)。然后可将30mL 99.9%的D2O,之后是1.2mL 40%的NaOD溶液(二者都从剑桥同位素实验室获得)加入到混合物中,在氮气及暗处回流混合物24小时以获得粗制的部分氘代的色氨酸(2,5,6,7-D4)(133),其可在这一步骤通过加入HCl分离和纯化,逐步生成。如果要求吲哚充分氘代,可以取粗制色氨酸(2,5,6,7-D4)(133)产品,和2.0mL 40%的NaOD一起加入另外100mL D2O,再回流24小时以分离生成的色氨酸(2,4,5,6,7-D5)(134)产品,其之后可通过用HCl酸化之后从水或醇中重结晶而纯化。
实施例62:方法2,(R)-色氨酸(2,3,5,6,7-D5)的合成
用于制备吲哚充分氘代的色氨酸的另一途径是通过使用雷尼镍(Raney Nickel)的酸催化氘交换反应。在使用雷尼镍之前,必须首先去除氢,这可以按照帕萨科(Pathak)及其合作者(帕萨科等,Tetrahedron Letters,43(18),4227-4234,(1987))的方法完成。可以用D2O(99.9%)(剑桥同位素实验室)洗涤(20×30mL)100mL(定容)商业获得的雷尼镍(西格玛-奥德里奇),确保每次洗涤之间保持催化剂在水中至少30分钟。还可以包括在开始时用无水二恶烷洗涤以提高初始H2O的去除。之后可使用班诺克-琼斯(Badenock-Jones)的方法(J·班诺克-琼斯(Badenoch-Jones,J.)等,Journal of Labeled Compounds andRadiopharmaceuticals-Vol.XX,No.12,1325-1330,(1983))实施吲哚氢的实际交换。可以取0.5克(R)-色氨酸(威斯康星州密尔沃基西格玛-奥德里奇,或从阿法埃莎),将其溶于500mL D2O(从马萨诸塞州安杜佛剑桥同位素实验室获得)、100mL DCl(从剑桥同位素实验室获得)和50mL(定容)雷尼镍,100℃加热混合物,同时搅拌10天。之后可减压移除D2O,再次重复该程序以保证氘的最大结合。之后可通过离子交换柱层析或反相HPLC纯化产物以提供纯化的(R)-色氨酸(D5)(131)。还可在(S)-色氨酸(132)上实施该程序以提供生成的(S)-色氨酸(D5)(134)化合物。
实施例63:(R)和(S)-色氨酸(D8)的合成
如果有兴趣合成充分氘代的色氨酸(D8),可以购买商业可得的外消旋(R,S)氘代色氨酸(D8)(从加拿大魁北克C/D/N得到,货号D-1648)(135)。然后不得不将两个对映异构体分开。那么可按照博马留斯(Bommarius)及其合作者的方法(A·S·博马留斯(Bommarius,A.S.)等,Tetrahedron Asymmetry,8(19),3197-3200,(1997)),取一克氘代外消旋混合物(135),放入含有25mL二甲基甲酰胺的100mL圆底烧瓶,之后可加入1.2当量的乙酸酐和1.5当量的嘧啶,搅拌混合物过夜。减压移除反应混合物的挥发组分之后,可通过柱层析纯化生成的乙酰化色氨酸(D8)混合物。然后可取乙酰化色氨酸外消旋混合物(136),使用浓度为30g/L的酰基转移酶曲霉菌(购自天野酶制品株式会社(Amano Enzymes,Inc.),并且使用他们提供的流程)并使用0.3M乙酰化的外消旋混合物(136)的溶液在pH=7、温度37℃下选择性酶水解乙酰化(S)-色氨酸,以提供脱乙酰化(S)-色氨酸(D8)(134)。乙酰化(R)-色氨酸(D8)(137)于是可被化学地或酶水解(即通过脂肪酶)以提供生成的自由胺。
实施例70-77
除了使用在以下表5中指定的实施例60-63中的氘代色氨酸(和/或可从剑桥同位素实验室、C/D/N和西格玛-奥德里奇获得的商业可得的色氨酸衍生物)以及溴苯磺酰氯(bromosulfonyl chloride)1,按照类似在实施例1中所说明的程序,可以制备下列化合物。
表5
实施例78-91
除了使用在以下表6中指定的先前制备的对甲苯基乙炔(实施例57-59)以及合成的磺酰胺(实施例1和实施例70-77,表1),按照类似在实施例2中所说明的程序,可以制备下列化合物。(实施例78是合成化合物118的替代途径,所述化合物通过实施例55中的途径合成)。
表6
实施例105
用于测定选择化合物在人和小鼠微粒体中的微粒体稳定性的体外试验
按照休斯顿(Houston)方法(JB·休斯顿(Houston,JB);Biochem.Pharmacol.47,(1994),1469)对选择化合物的人和小鼠微粒体的稳定性进行测定。
在体外试验中使用1μM浓度的化合物以及分离的人和小鼠微粒体(0.3mg/mL,BD生物科学(BD bioscience))。为了保证用于化合物的微粒体降解的适当能量供应,将由100mM磷酸钾、2mM NADPH、3mMMgCl2和微粒体蛋白组成的pH=7.4的能量再生系统加入每个样本中,然后在旋转式摇床中37℃下将生成的混悬液一式两份孵育60min。对于每个试剂在不含NADPH的份中执行对照以检测不受NADPH影响的降解。在T=0和T=60min,从每个实验和对照反应中移除一等份,之后与等体积冰冷却的终止液(由在乙腈中的0.3%乙酸组成,所述乙腈含有氟哌啶醇和双氯芬酸作为内标)混合。之后在-20℃孵育被终止的反应至少十分钟,并且加入额外体积的水。将样本离心以去除沉淀的蛋白,之后用LC-MS/MS分析上清以测定残留化合物的百分比。所使用的LC-MS/MS系统是与安捷伦1200HPLC以及CTC PAL冷却的自动进样器联用的安捷伦6410质谱仪,所有仪器由MassHunter软件(安捷伦)控制,或者是与Agilent 1100 HPLC以及CTC PAL冷却的自动进样器联用的ABI2000质谱仪,所有仪器由Analyst软件(ABI)控制。在使用乙腈-水梯度系统的C18反相HPLC柱(安捷伦、沃特世或等同仪器条件)上分离之后,通过质谱分析(MS)使用MRM模式的ESI离子化分析峰值。
以下表7和8显示选择化合物在人和小鼠微粒体二者中的微粒体稳定性
表7选择化合物的体外人微粒体稳定性
1在T=60分钟
表8选择化合物的体外小鼠微粒体稳定性
1在T=60分钟
检测神经性疼痛抑制-(SNL)-小鼠动物模型:
该动物模型的背景和说明
为了检测本发明MMP抑制剂的神经性疼痛抑制效果,对选择数目的化合物执行脊神经结扎(SNL)小鼠模型。该模型开始于班纳特(Bennet)及其合作者(GJ·班纳特(Bennet,GJ.)等,Pain,33,(1988),87-107)的工作,并由凯艾姆和钟(S·H·凯艾姆(Kim,S.H.);J·M·钟(Chung,J.M.),Pain,50,(1992),355-363)最优化,该模型最初需要基于放大去除横突的三分之一,之后识别并从小鼠邻近的L4脊神经剖离L5脊神经。之后使用6.0丝缝线紧紧地结扎L5脊神经。该神经损伤通过提高对机械、热和/或冷刺激的反应而导致放大其自身的痛觉过敏。在这种情况下,通过冯弗雷单丝测定机械性痛觉过敏,其中分别施加不同厚度和弯曲力的细丝到小鼠足的跖面。在神经手术之后,对于缩足所需的阈值力显著降低。有效的疼痛抑制剂可逆转该影响,导致需要施加的更大的力来引起啮齿动物的缩足。
实施例110:在(SNL)-小鼠疼痛模型中鞘内(i.t.)给予MMP抑制剂
手术前基线(第-2天)缩足阈值测定后,使FVB雄性鼠遭受SNL损伤(第-1天)。SNL手术后的次日(第0天),为了测定机械性触诱发痛的手术后基线阈值而检验动物;之后动物被随机分配至3个处理组之一(参见表9)。在研究期间,使用冯弗雷单丝试验测定这些动物响应机械刺激的缩足阈值。
为了避免MMP抑制剂的系统影响,通过鞘内(i.t.)给药将本发明MMP抑制剂传递进腰骶脊髓附近的脑脊液(CSF)空间,将DRG、脊髓和脊髓脑脊液中的MMPs作为目标。鞘内MMP抑制剂给药由此可不仅将脊髓细胞而且将DRG细胞作为目标。根据黑尔滕(Hylden)和威尔考克斯(Wilcox)(黑尔滕JL(Hylden JL),威尔考克斯GL.(Wilcox GL)Eur.J Pharmacol.,67,(1980),313-6)的技术完成每次鞘内(i.t.)注射。将5.2mg每种MMP抑制剂首先溶解在140毫升DMSO中,之后投入水溶的1260毫升0.5%羟丙基纤维素(HPC),以制备由10%DMSO溶的化合物-0.5%羟丙基纤维素组成的微细混悬液。借由插在腰椎5和6之间的30号针使用哈密顿(Hamilton)微量注射器,通过以10μL/小鼠的腰椎穿刺,将10毫升混合物注入雄性FVB小鼠(每只重22-25克,并且从缅因州巴港杰克逊实验室(Jackson Laboratories)获得)的鞘内空间。简言之,一只手紧紧抓住每个动物的骨盆带,同时将针插入L5或L6棘突右侧的组织。向上移动针,并且滑入棘突和横突之间的凹槽,以~10°的角度轻轻地向上移动至椎间隙。当针插入(-0.5cm)在脊柱内,甩尾明显,之后注入溶液。表9总结了各种处理组和给药频率。
表9动物鞘内处理组&检测的化合物
*媒介=10%DMSO、水溶的0.5%羟丙基纤维素
触诱发痛的试验。使用校准的冯弗雷丝(Semmes-Weinstein单丝;美国伊利诺伊州伍德戴尔市Stoelting公司)检测机械性触诱发痛。按查普兰(Chaplan)等(Journal ofNeuroscience Methods,53,(1994),55-63)描述的那样检验每个动物的左侧损伤足的跖面。根据迪克逊(Dixon)(Annual Review Pharmacology Toxicology,20,(1980),441-462)的“上-下方法”依次增加或降低刺激强度,以此确定百分之五十缩足阈值反应。对于小鼠,使用八根冯弗雷丝,具有大约相等的对数增量弯曲力(冯弗雷号码:1.65、2.36、2.44、2.83、3.22、3.61、3.84、4.08和4.17;分别相当于0.005、0.02、0.03、0.07、0.17、0.41、0.69、1.20和1.48g的力)。
检验之前,将每只动物放在悬挂的具有金属丝网底的干净塑料小室中,使之适应15分钟。用垂直施加到受影响的后足的跖面的0.07g(手柄标记为2.83)开始检验;用足够的压力施加每个细丝以引起弯曲效果。6s后无抬/缩足反应提示使用下一个更重的细丝。指示阳性反应的缩足提示使用更弱的细丝。最初的阳性反应(即缩足)之后,对四组额外的测定继续检验,用来计算反应阈值。四组连续的阳性反应获得0.001g的分数,五组连续的阴性反应(即没有缩足)获得1.5g的分数。
对于触诱发痛检验的分析。使用以下公式计算50%缩足阈值(PWT;罗(Luo)和J·考尔卡特(Calcutt,J.)Pharmacology Experimental Therapeutics,303(3),(2002),1199-1205;查普兰等,Journal of Neuroscience Methods,53,(1994),55-63):
10(Xf+κδ)/10,000
其中Xf是所使用的最后的冯弗雷细丝(对数单位),κ是分析反应类型的值(取自由查普兰等发表的表格,1994),δ是刺激之间的平均差异(对数单位)。
偏差控制。为了防止研究结果中的偏差,技术人员评估动物的行为反应时不知道每只动物的处理历史。
在表10中呈现的行为检验结果清楚地显示,和媒介以及化合物5相比,化合物118几乎完全逆转触诱发痛。这在图1中更容易理解,图1显示了对于每个处理组的注射/冯弗雷检验(时间)对缩足阈值(g)的图表。
表10对于媒介、化合物5和118的(鞘内)-SNL-小鼠行为检验结果(单位为克)
1SNL损伤(手术前基线)前的检验 2SNL损伤(手术后损伤基线)后两天的检验3第一次鞘内注射2hr之后实施的检验。
实施例111:在(SNL)-小鼠疼痛模型中腹腔(i.p.)给予MMP抑制剂
为了更好地确定在脊髓区域外给予化合物时本发明MMP化合物的生物利用度,利用化合物5和118通过腹腔给药重复了SNL-小鼠模型。除了给药方式,小鼠/组的数目、注射次数和每次注射时的化合物量,研究的其他部分以和实施例110同样的方式(针对手术、触诱发痛检验和分析)完成。将3.2mg每种MMP抑制剂5和118溶于320毫升DMSO。之后在溶液中加入32毫升吐温-80,接着加入2850毫升磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)。这产生10%DMSO、1%吐温和lmg/mL化合物的终浓度。之后每个小鼠/天注射0.1mL该溶液(连续5天)以产生约3.3mg/Kg的剂量。在表11中概述处理组。在表12中可以看到行为检验的结果。明显的是,化合物118到第5天表现出机械性触诱发通的完全逆转。图2显示了对于每个处理组的注射天数/冯弗雷检验(时间)对缩足阈值(g)的图表。令人感兴趣的是要指出,化合物118发挥的在最后一次注射(第4天)后的甚至48小时(第6天)的相当长时间的影响。
表11.动物IP处理组
◆媒介=PBS中的10%DMSO、1%吐温-80。
表12.对于媒介、化合物5和118的(腹腔内)-SNL-小鼠行为检验结果(单位为克)
实施例120
测定炎性疼痛抑制-卡拉胶(CARR)引起的大鼠炎症
如果要测定本发明MMP抑制剂的炎性疼痛抑制效果,可以使用在C·J·拉布达(LaBuda,C.J.)和P·N·福斯(Fuchs,P.N.)在Neuroscience Letters,304,(2001),137-140中介绍的用于测定神经性疼痛的卡拉胶模型。
急性模型:对大鼠后足内的皮下注射:通过在轻度异氟烷麻醉下对一只后足的跖面内皮下注射3%λ卡拉胶(0.12mL)产生急性炎症状况。通常,具有额外的接收同样体积的盐溶液的对照组。动物将在注射卡拉胶31/2小时之后接收本发明的MMP抑制剂,之后可使用在实施例110和111中概述的相同的程序通过缩足动物模型来实施疼痛行为的量化。
慢性模型:关节内注射。通过在异氟烷麻醉下对胫骨关节(tibial joint)内实施关节内注射卡拉胶(0.1mL,3%)产生持续较长的炎症状态。这种给药途径诱导能在注射之后持续多达7天的炎症状况,是一种确定的关节炎性疼痛的模型。之后可使用在实施例110和111中概述的相同的程序来实施疼痛行为的量化。
实施例130.测定MMP-2抑制的试验
使用由50mM Tris-HCl、200mM NaCl、5mM CaCl2和1μM ZnSO4组成的pH 7.6的试验缓冲液,通过耐特(Knight)方法(CG·耐特(Knight,CG.)等,FEBSLETT.296(3),(1992),263-266)完成MMP-2抑制剂活性。以一式两份的操作检验(1微摩尔)本发明的MMP抑制剂浓度。将MMP-2(人重组子)酶(10纳摩尔)的催化域加入到化合物溶液中。之后彻底混合在试验缓冲液中的酶和化合物的混合物,并且在37℃孵育60分钟。孵育一结束,通过添加10μM荧光底物Mca-P-L-G-L-Dpa-A-R-NH2(Kd~8微摩尔)开始试验。然后通过37℃由自动板式酶标仪(automatic plate multireader)在355nm激发光(excitation)和405nm的发射光(emission)下测定荧光产物McaPLG。使用广谱MMP抑制剂GM6001作为对照化合物(MMP-2IC50=0.5纳摩尔)独立操作阳性对照。表13总结了抑制研究的结果。
表13.MMP-2抑制百分比
实施例131.测定MMP-9抑制的试验
使用由50mM Tris-HCl、200mM NaCl、5mM CaCl2和1μM ZnSO4组成的pH 7.6的试验缓冲液,通过D·M·比克特(Bickett,D.M.)方法(D·M·比克特(Bickett,D.M.)等,Analytical Biochemistry 212,(1993),58-64)完成MMP-9抑制剂活性。以一式两份的操作检验(1微摩尔)本发明的MMP抑制剂浓度。将MMP-9(人重组子)酶(10纳摩尔)的催化域加入到化合物溶液中。之后彻底混合在试验缓冲液中的酶和化合物的混合物,并且在37℃孵育60分钟。孵育一结束,通过添加10μM荧光底物DNP-Pro-Cha-Gly-Cys(Me)-His-Ala-Lys(N-Me-Abz)-NH2[Cha=β-环己基丙氨酰(β-cyclohexylalanyl);Abz=2-氨基苯甲酰(氨基亚苯基)](Kd~7微摩尔)开始试验。然后在37℃通过自动板式酶标仪(automatic platemultireader)在365nm激发光(excitation)和450nm的发射光(emission)下测定荧光产物DnpPChaG。使用广谱MMP抑制剂GM6001作为对照化合物(MMP-9 IC50=0.2纳摩尔)独立操作阳性对照。表14总结了抑制研究的结果。
表14.MMP-9抑制百分比
实施例132.测定MMP-1抑制的试验
如果有兴趣检测本发明MMP抑制剂的MMP-1抑制剂的活性,可以使用耐特(Knight)的方法(CG·耐特(Knight,CG.)等,FEBS LETT.296(3),(1992),263-266),其中使用由50mMTris-HCl、200mM NaCl、5mMCaCl2和1μM ZnSO4组成的pH 7.6的试验缓冲液。可以一式两份的操作检验单一浓度(即1微摩尔)。可将MMP-1(人重组子)酶的催化域加入到化合物溶液中。之后彻底混合在试验缓冲液中的酶和化合物的混合物,并且在37℃孵育60分钟。孵育一结束,通过添加10μM荧光底物DNP-Pro-Cha-Gly-Cys(Me)-His-Ala-Lys(N-Me-Abz)-NH2[Cha=β-环己基丙氨酰(β-cyclohexylalanyl);Abz=2-氨基苯甲酰(氨基亚苯基)](10μM)开始试验。然后在37℃使用自动板式酶标仪(automatic plate multireader)在激发波长365nm和发射波长450nm下检测荧光产物DnpPChaG。还可以使用广谱MMP抑制剂色氨酰异羟肟酸(Tyr-hydroxamic acid)作为对照化合物独立操作阳性对照。
实施例133.测定MMP-7抑制的试验
如果有兴趣检测本发明MMP抑制剂的MMP-7抑制剂的活性,可以使用耐特(Knight)的方法(CG·耐特(Knight,CG.)等,FEBS LETT.296(3),(1992),263-266),其中使用由50mMTris-HCl、200mM NaCl、5mMCaCl2和1μM ZnSO4组成的pH 7.6的试验缓冲液。可以一式两份的操作检验单一浓度(即1微摩尔)。可将MMP-7(人重组子)酶的催化域加入到化合物溶液中。之后彻底混合在试验缓冲液中的酶和化合物的混合物,并且在37℃孵育60分钟。孵育一结束,通过添加10μM荧光底物Mca-P-L-G-L-Dpa-A-R-NH2开始试验。然后在37℃使用自动板式酶标仪(automatic plate multireader)在激发波长355nm激发光和发射波长405nm下检测荧光产物McaPLG。还可以使用广谱MMP抑制剂色氨酰异羟肟酸(Tyr-hydroxamic acid)作为对照化合物独立操作阳性对照。
实施例134.测定MMP-3抑制的试验
如果有兴趣检测本发明MMP抑制剂的MMP-3抑制剂的活性,可以使用耐特(Knight)的方法(CG·耐特(Knight,CG.)等,FEBS LETT.296(3),(1992),263-266),其中使用由50mMTris-HCl、200mM NaCl、5mMCaCl2和1μM ZnSO4组成的pH 7.6的试验缓冲液。可以一式两份的操作检验单一浓度(即1微摩尔)。可将MMP-3(人重组子)酶的催化域加入到化合物溶液中。之后彻底混合在试验缓冲液中的酶和化合物的混合物,并且在37℃孵育60分钟。孵育一结束,通过添加10μM荧光底物McaRPKPVENvalWRK(Dnp)NH2开始试验。然后在37℃使用自动板式酶标仪(automatic plate multireader)在激发波长355nm激发光和发射波长405nm下检测荧光产物McaRPK。还可以使用广谱MMP抑制剂色氨酰异羟肟酸(Tyr-hydroxamic acid)作为对照化合物独立操作阳性对照。
实施例135.测定MMP-12抑制的试验
通过首先依靠电荷借由电泳迁移率改变分离裂解的和未裂解的底物、之后检测分离的产物的荧光并将它们与对照反应比较以确定酶活性的抑制可以完成MMP-12抑制剂的活性。之后可以使用由100mM HEPES、0.01%Brij-35、1.5mM NaCl和2mM CaCl2组成的pH7.5的试验缓冲液进行MMP-12试验。可以一式两份的操作检验单一抑制剂浓度(即1微摩尔)。通过首先添加底物、之后在室温孵育反应混合物1小时可开始反应。通过添加由100mMHEPES(pH 7.5)、30mM EDTA、0.015%Brij-35和5%DMSO组成的终止缓冲液可以终止反应。可以使用广谱MMP抑制剂GM6001作为对照化合物独立操作阳性对照。
实施例136.测定MMP-13抑制的试验
如果有兴趣检测本发明MMP抑制剂的MMP-13抑制剂的活性,可以使用耐特(Knight)的方法(CG·耐特(Knight,CG.)等,FEBS LETT.296(3),(1992),263-266),其中使用由50mM Tris-HCl、200mM NaCl、5mMCaCl2和1μM ZnSO4组成的pH 7.6的试验缓冲液。可以一式两份的操作检验单一浓度(即1微摩尔)。可将MMP-13(人重组子)酶的催化域加入到化合物溶液中。之后彻底混合在试验缓冲液中的酶和化合物的混合物,并且在37℃孵育60分钟。孵育一结束,通过添加10μM荧光底物Mca-P-L-G-L-Dpa-A-R-NH2开始试验。然后在37℃使用自动板式酶标仪(automatic plate multireader)在激发波长355nm和发射波长405nm下检测荧光产物McaPLG。还可以使用广谱MMP抑制剂色氨酰异羟肟酸(Tyr-hydroxamicacid)作为对照化合物独立操作阳性对照。
Claims (3)
1.具有式(I)的化合物:
其特征在于,
R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R10、R11、R12、R13、R14、R16和R17的每一个独立地选自由氘或氢组成的群组,其中至少一个基团为氘;以及
R18独立地选自由氢、烷基、氘代烷基、钠、钾组成的群组;或者
它们的药学上可接受的盐、制剂、同质异像体、互变异构体、外消旋混合物或立体异构体。
2.一种化合物,其特征在于,该化合物选自由以下组成的群组:
或它们的药学上可接受的盐。
3.一种药物组合物,其特征在于,包含有效量的权利要求1所述的化合物以及药学上可接受的载体。
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