CN101020188A - Treating process of heavy saline-alkali grassland - Google Patents
Treating process of heavy saline-alkali grassland Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101020188A CN101020188A CN 200710071929 CN200710071929A CN101020188A CN 101020188 A CN101020188 A CN 101020188A CN 200710071929 CN200710071929 CN 200710071929 CN 200710071929 A CN200710071929 A CN 200710071929A CN 101020188 A CN101020188 A CN 101020188A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- meadow
- soil
- improvement method
- seed
- kilograms
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 title claims description 19
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title abstract description 3
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-nitrobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1C2C=CC1C(C(=O)O)C2(C(O)=O)[N+]([O-])=O QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000004021 humic acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004459 forage Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000007226 seed germination Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 206010008190 Cerebrovascular accident Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 208000006011 Stroke Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 240000004272 Eragrostis cilianensis Species 0.000 claims description 3
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 4
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 2
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241001538365 Accipiter nisus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000286209 Phasianidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000008331 Pinus X rigitaeda Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011613 Pinus brutia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000018646 Pinus brutia Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010612 desalination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009313 farming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035558 fertility Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SURQXAFEQWPFPV-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate heptahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SURQXAFEQWPFPV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003077 lignite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000144977 poultry Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The treating process of heavily salinized grassland includes tilling the soil in the depth of 8-10 cm, crushing weathered coal with humic acid content greater than 35 % and crushing into powder or grain in granularity of 0.1-5 mm, applying the ecological preparation in 50-60 kg/mou, seeding grass in the seed amount of 4-7 kg/mou and soil covering depth of 0.5-1 cm, pressing for 1-3 times and eliminating weeds. The present invention can improve salinized grassland completely and has the advantages of low cost, high efficiency and high adaptability.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of improvement method of saline-alkali grassland.
Background technology
Alkaline land improving is a global difficult problem.Nearly 1,000,000,000 hectares of salt-soda soil, whole world area accounts for 1/4th of total cultivated area, land, spreads all over five continents.Nearly 40,000,000 hectares of China's salt-soda soil area mainly is distributed in " three Norths " and coastal region, and especially in the last few years, the trend that the salinization of soil has aggravation and enlarges had become the key factor that restricts China and the some other national economic development in the world.The origin cause of formation of meadow salinization of soil is a lot, but main unreasonable development and use based on the mankind, as overgraze, cultivation farmland, recover petroleum etc., make grass-land deterioration, salinization of soil, even desertify, the grassland bio-diversity reduces as a result, function reduction such as water resource are checked winds and fixed drifting sand, are regulated and control in reducing of the productivity, directly threaten human life, production.Lot of domestic and international government, unit, enterprise and individual are making number of research projects aspect the improvement improvement in salt-soda soil, embody a concentrated reflection of following several respects: the hydraulic engineering improvement, chemical modifying, the agricultural technology improvement, methods such as biological modification, some countries bigger as European saline-alkali grassland distribution area, amount of application and application process research to gypsum are more, the former Soviet Union extensively adopts green vitriol improvement soda saline-alkali grassland, the state, Rostov utilizes local mineral products master gypsum improvement alkaline earth meadow, and Hungary utilizes brown coal ore deposit byproduct and sugar refinery accessory substance to improve salt affected soil.The method of domestic improvement saline-alkali grassland is also based on said method, as plant grass, fill covering, plant genetically modified plants, cultivate crops, build the platform ditching, fresh water desalination, preparation improvement fertilizer etc.Though above method has obtained certain achievement, that is that all right is ripe for integrated technology, is subjected to the restriction of some conditions and cost, is difficult to the large tracts of land penetration and promotion.The salinization of soil development degree of saline-alkali grassland is the key factor that the decision revegetation is administered, China is more to the criteria for classification of salinization and alkalization at present, mainly determines in several modes such as soil salt content, basicity, alkaline spot area proportion, soil pH value and surface vegetation coverage rates.According to the practicality and the operability of Western Heilongjiang Province tender soda saline-alkali soil meadow feature of pine and improvement thereof, adopt soil pH value and vegetation coverage method to carry out comprehensively determining.(seeing the following form)
| The meadow salinization and alkalization | The pH value | Surface vegetation coverage rate (%) |
| Heavy salinizedization | ＞9.5 | ＜30 |
| The moderate salinization of soil | 8.5～9.5 | 30～60 |
| Slight salinization of soil | ＜8.5 | ＞60 |
Heavy salinizedization meadow pH value is the highest, and the surface vegetation coverage rate is minimum, with single, common method the severe saline-alkali grassland is administered unusual difficulty, and regulation effect is poor.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is for solving the problem that single, the common method of use is administered heavy salinizedization meadow weak effect.The improvement method on a kind of heavy salinizedization meadow is provided.The improvement method on heavy salinizedization of the present invention meadow follows these steps to carry out: one, determining of meadow salinization and alkalization: the May at the beginning of the year in the surface vegetation coverage rate less than the chemical examination of fetching earth of 30% salt-soda soil, soil pH value greater than 9.5 be the severe saline-alkali grassland; Two, the preparation of grass seeds: select the seed of saline alkali tolerant plant or in the locality well-grown dominant plant seed or good tame forage grass seed, be mainly the seed of stinkgrass flower, the degree of purity of seed is 90～99%, seed germination rate is 80～90%; Three, wholely: soil is carried out the shallow light rake that turns over, and the shallow degree of depth of turning over of soil is 8～10cm, and the tilling depth unanimity, and the soil block rake is broken; Four, using of ecological agent: get content of humic acid by weight percentage for greater than 35% weathered coal, be ground into powder or particle, granularity is 0.1～5mm; Use by 50～60 kilograms every mu, ecological agent and soil are mixed; Five, the sowing of grass seeds: 1. Bo Zhong opportunity: be 6～July sowing time; 2. application rate: every mu of application rate is 4～7 kilograms; 3. seeding method: with 24～48 row seeders, line space is 10～20cm drilling, and thickness of earth-fill cover is 0.5～1cm, tamps 1-3 time after broadcasting and gets final product.The improvement method on heavy salinizedization of the present invention meadow is utilized vegetation+ecological agent to recover+manually promote the method for the optimum organization of three kinds of systems of recovery and has been solved the problem of using single, common method to administer heavy salinizedization meadow weak effect.The improvement method on the heavy salinizedization meadow among the present invention can fundamentally be administered heavy salinizedization meadow, change the physicochemical property of soil, improve the fertility of soil, thoroughly change grassland salinization of soil situation, the most outstanding characteristics are, less investment, and cost is low, raw material resources are abundant, effective strong, applicability is wide, enterprises and institutions, the individual can bear, and can smooth implementation, be easy to the large tracts of land penetration and promotion, the ecological environment of saline-alkali grassland for a change, solid foundation and strong assurance are established in the development of farming and animal husbandry, administering transformation for saline-alkali grassland provides important techniques support and guarantee, the present invention to can be used for the improvement transformation in soda saline-alkali grassland area.
The specific embodiment
The specific embodiment one: the improvement method on the heavy salinizedization meadow of present embodiment realizes according to following steps: one, determining of meadow salinization and alkalization: the May at the beginning of the year in the surface vegetation coverage rate less than the chemical examination of fetching earth of 30% saline-alkali grassland, soil pH value greater than 9.5 be the severe saline-alkali grassland; Two, the preparation of grass seeds: select the seed of saline alkali tolerant plant or in the locality well-grown dominant plant seed or good tame forage grass seed, be mainly the seed of stinkgrass flower, the degree of purity of seed is 90～99%, seed germination rate is 80～90%; Three, wholely: soil is carried out the shallow light rake that turns over, and the shallow degree of depth of turning over of soil is 8～10cm, and the tilling depth unanimity, and the soil block rake is broken; Four, using of ecological agent: get content of humic acid by weight percentage for greater than 35% weathered coal, be ground into powder or particle, granularity is 0.1～5mm; Use by 50～60 kilograms every mu, ecological agent and soil are mixed; Five, the sowing of grass seeds: 1. Bo Zhong opportunity: be 6～July sowing time; 2. application rate: every mu of application rate is 4～7 kilograms; 3. seeding method: with 24～48 row seeders, line space is 10～20cm drilling, and thickness of earth-fill cover is 0.5～1cm, tamps 1-3 time after broadcasting and gets final product.
The specific embodiment two: the difference of the present embodiment and the specific embodiment one is that the degree of purity of seed in the step (two) is 92～96%, and seed germination rate is 81～89%
The specific embodiment three: the difference of the present embodiment and the specific embodiment one is that the shallow degree of depth of turning over of soil is 9cm in the step (three).
The specific embodiment four: the difference of the present embodiment and the specific embodiment one is that step (four) apoplexy powdered coal is broken into powder or particle, and granularity is 1～3mm.
The specific embodiment five: the difference of the present embodiment and the specific embodiment one is that step (four) apoplexy powdered coal is broken into powder or particle, and granularity is 2mm.
The specific embodiment six: the weathered coal after the difference of the present embodiment and the specific embodiment one is to pulverize in the step (four) is used by 52～54 kilograms every mu.
The specific embodiment seven: the weathered coal after the difference of the present embodiment and the specific embodiment one is to pulverize in the step (four) is used by 55 kilograms every mu.
The specific embodiment eight: the difference of the present embodiment and the specific embodiment one is that every mu of application rate is 5～6 kilograms in the step (five).
The specific embodiment nine: the difference of the present embodiment and the specific embodiment one is that every mu of application rate is 5.5 kilograms in the step (five).
The specific embodiment ten: the difference of the present embodiment and the specific embodiment one is in the step step (five) that with 30～40 capable seeders, line space is 12～18cm drilling, and thickness of earth-fill cover is 0.6～0.8cm.
Method in the above embodiment is used for the improvement on song-Nen plain saline-alkaline meadow, Heilongjiang Province, and 2002, Datong District was set up 1000 mu sample plot in the Daqing, Heilongjiang Province.Heavy salinized ground vegetation coverage before administering is 20%～30%, soil pH value is 10.7～11, use this method to 2003 year, one-year age only, the vegetation coverage in this place reaches 90～95%, pH in soil is 10～10.2, by 2006, the vegetation coverage in this place reaches 95%～100%, and pH in soil reaches 9.4～9.6, and soil physico-chemical property is obviously changed, floristics increases to present 30 kinds from 18 kinds of administering originally, Plant Diversity increases, and species richness improves, and the function of the ecosystem is stablized and strengthened, hare has also appearred in this test block, animal such as pheasant and sparrow hawk, this can not see a few years ago improvement, has just formed a good ecological circulation system thus, and the ecological functions on grassland obtain unprecedented recovery, poultry carrying capacity and forage yield increase substantially, for example, the fresh weight of forage yield is brought up to 2006 700～800 kilograms/mu from 90～150 kilograms/mu in 2002, remarkable in economical benefits.
Claims (10)
1, the improvement method on heavy salinizedization meadow, the improvement method that it is characterized in that heavy salinizedization meadow realizes according to following steps: one, determining of meadow salinization and alkalization: the May at the beginning of the year in the surface vegetation coverage rate less than the chemical examination of fetching earth of 30% saline-alkali grassland, soil pH value greater than 9.5 be the severe saline-alkali grassland; Two, the preparation of grass seeds: select the seed of saline alkali tolerant plant or in the locality well-grown dominant plant seed or good tame forage grass seed, be mainly the seed of stinkgrass flower, the degree of purity of seed is 90～99%, seed germination rate is 80～90%; Three, wholely: soil is carried out the shallow light rake that turns over, and the shallow degree of depth of turning over of soil is 8～10cm, and the tilling depth unanimity, and the soil block rake is broken; Four, using of ecological agent: get content of humic acid by weight percentage for greater than 35% weathered coal, be ground into powder or particle, granularity is 0.1～5mm; Use by 50～60 kilograms every mu, ecological agent and soil are mixed; Five, the sowing of grass seeds: 1. Bo Zhong opportunity: be 6～July sowing time; 2. application rate: every mu of application rate is 4～7 kilograms; 3. seeding method: with 24～48 row seeders, line space is 10～20cm drilling, and thickness of earth-fill cover is 0.5～1cm, tamps 1-3 time after broadcasting and gets final product.
2, the improvement method on heavy salinizedization according to claim 1 meadow is characterized in that the degree of purity of seed in the step (two) is 92～96%, and seed germination rate is 81～89%
3, the improvement method on heavy salinizedization according to claim 1 meadow is characterized in that the shallow degree of depth of turning over of soil is 9cm in the step (three).
4, the improvement method on heavy salinizedization according to claim 1 meadow is characterized in that step (four) apoplexy powdered coal is broken into powder or particle, and granularity is 1～3mm.
5, the improvement method on heavy salinizedization according to claim 1 meadow is characterized in that step (four) apoplexy powdered coal is broken into powder or particle, and granularity is 2mm.
6, the improvement method on heavy salinizedization according to claim 1 meadow, the weathered coal after it is characterized in that pulverizing in the step (four) is used by 52～54 kilograms every mu.
7, the improvement method on heavy salinizedization according to claim 1 meadow, the weathered coal after it is characterized in that pulverizing in the step (four) is used by 55 kilograms every mu.
8, the improvement method on heavy salinizedization according to claim 1 meadow is characterized in that every mu of application rate is 5～6 kilograms in the step (five).
9, the improvement method on heavy salinizedization according to claim 1 meadow is characterized in that every mu of application rate is 5.5 kilograms in the step (five).
10, the improvement method on heavy salinizedization according to claim 1 meadow is characterized in that in the step (five) that with 30～40 capable seeders, line space is 12～18cm drilling, and thickness of earth-fill cover is 0.6～0.8cm.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2007100719293A CN100522401C (en) | 2007-03-23 | 2007-03-23 | Treating process of heavy saline-alkali grassland |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2007100719293A CN100522401C (en) | 2007-03-23 | 2007-03-23 | Treating process of heavy saline-alkali grassland |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101020188A true CN101020188A (en) | 2007-08-22 |
| CN100522401C CN100522401C (en) | 2009-08-05 |
Family
ID=38708110
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2007100719293A Expired - Fee Related CN100522401C (en) | 2007-03-23 | 2007-03-23 | Treating process of heavy saline-alkali grassland |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN100522401C (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101743791B (en) * | 2009-12-10 | 2011-06-08 | 四川大学 | Soil erosion resistance control method |
| CN112616578A (en) * | 2021-01-18 | 2021-04-09 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 | Ecological restoration method for deteriorated grassland |
| CN113228869A (en) * | 2021-04-22 | 2021-08-10 | 黑龙江省农业科学院草业研究所 | Comprehensive biological improvement method for severe saline-alkali grassland |
| CN119020198A (en) * | 2024-07-31 | 2024-11-26 | 秦皇岛禾苗生物技术有限公司 | A composite microbial agent for improving saline-alkali land, and its preparation method and application |
-
2007
- 2007-03-23 CN CNB2007100719293A patent/CN100522401C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101743791B (en) * | 2009-12-10 | 2011-06-08 | 四川大学 | Soil erosion resistance control method |
| CN112616578A (en) * | 2021-01-18 | 2021-04-09 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 | Ecological restoration method for deteriorated grassland |
| CN113228869A (en) * | 2021-04-22 | 2021-08-10 | 黑龙江省农业科学院草业研究所 | Comprehensive biological improvement method for severe saline-alkali grassland |
| CN113228869B (en) * | 2021-04-22 | 2023-06-06 | 黑龙江省农业科学院草业研究所 | Comprehensive biological improvement method for severe saline-alkali grassland |
| CN119020198A (en) * | 2024-07-31 | 2024-11-26 | 秦皇岛禾苗生物技术有限公司 | A composite microbial agent for improving saline-alkali land, and its preparation method and application |
| CN119020198B (en) * | 2024-07-31 | 2025-05-27 | 秦皇岛禾苗生物技术有限公司 | A composite microbial agent for improving saline-alkali land, and its preparation method and application |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN100522401C (en) | 2009-08-05 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN100522402C (en) | Treating process of medium saline-alkali grassland | |
| CN105347933B (en) | A method of matrix of sowing grass seeds by duster and using this sow grass seeds by duster matrix carry out saline land greening | |
| CN103109617B (en) | The reconstruction material on extreme degradation meadow, a kind of Alpine-arctic Pastoral and application thereof | |
| CN102523779B (en) | Method for reusing saline-alkali waste cultivated land to grow plants | |
| CN101020187A (en) | Treating process of light saline-alkali grassland | |
| CN110495282A (en) | A kind of method of nonirrigated farmland transformation paddy field soil layer construction rapid build | |
| CN105075652A (en) | Method for rapidly fertilizing newly reclaimed camellia oleifera young forest land red in soil hilly region | |
| CN105294281A (en) | Jatropha curcas dedicated composite fertilizer, preparation method and applications thereof | |
| CN117898061A (en) | Method for improving soil by combining sandy soil mixed sowing pasture, planting and agriculture and animal husbandry | |
| CN100522401C (en) | Treating process of heavy saline-alkali grassland | |
| CN106554238A (en) | A kind of modifying agent in Rare Earth Mine tailings slash and its multiple method for green of vegetation | |
| Van der Putten | Establishment of Ammophila arenaria (marram grass) from culms, seeds and rhizomes | |
| CN114391326A (en) | Beach soil improvement method | |
| CN108739201A (en) | A kind of organic fertilizing method improving alfalfa seed mass of 1000 kernel | |
| CN108812089A (en) | A method of utilizing saline and alkaline real estate ALFALFA PRODUCTION feed | |
| CN107211615A (en) | A kind of botany method in efficient improvement salt-soda soil | |
| Abd Elghany et al. | Effect of different irrigation period and potassium humate on some soil properties and carrot productivity under saline soil conditions | |
| CN105950173A (en) | Biogas residue alkaline soil improver and application method thereof | |
| CN106748567A (en) | A kind of preparation method of composite mineral matter organic fertilizer | |
| CN106118675A (en) | Biogas residue sour soil modifying agent and using method thereof | |
| Tripolskaja et al. | A lysimeter study of organic carbon leaching from green manure and straw into a sandy loam Haplic Luvisol | |
| CN110280584A (en) | A kind of heavy metal in soil biology removing method | |
| CN109089816A (en) | A kind of jasmine tea implantation methods | |
| CN109169107A (en) | A kind of novel Rhizoma Gastrodiae implantation methods | |
| Karthik et al. | Effect of nitrogen levels and boron on growth and economics of greengram (Vigna radiata L.) |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| C17 | Cessation of patent right | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20090805 Termination date: 20130323 |