CN1098963A - 正构烷烃烷基化催化剂 - Google Patents
正构烷烃烷基化催化剂 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims description 23
- 230000029936 alkylation Effects 0.000 title claims description 10
- 238000005804 alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
- NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutane Chemical compound CC(C)C NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
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- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 16
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- QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isopentane Chemical compound CCC(C)C QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl butane Natural products CCCC(C)C AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical group O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229960001866 silicon dioxide Drugs 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
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- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
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- 238000003442 catalytic alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 10
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- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 8
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isooctane Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)(C)C NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
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- FLTJDUOFAQWHDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl pentane Natural products CCCCC(C)(C)C FLTJDUOFAQWHDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 239000007848 Bronsted acid Substances 0.000 description 2
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- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur trioxide Chemical compound O=S(=O)=O AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZFFMLCVRJBZUDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dimethylbutane Chemical compound CC(C)C(C)C ZFFMLCVRJBZUDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003377 acid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 aluminum compound Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001449 anionic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010504 bond cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000013844 butane Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
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- UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorosulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(F)(=O)=O UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
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- ODHMSVNPXSEAOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylmethanamine;hexane Chemical compound CN(C)C.CCCCCC ODHMSVNPXSEAOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical class CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OXUCOTSGWGNWGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCC[CH2-] OXUCOTSGWGNWGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020004 porter Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000452 restraining effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010517 secondary reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011949 solid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195735 unsaturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
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- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0215—Sulfur-containing compounds
- B01J31/0225—Sulfur-containing compounds comprising sulfonic acid groups or the corresponding salts
- B01J31/0227—Sulfur-containing compounds comprising sulfonic acid groups or the corresponding salts being perfluorinated, i.e. comprising at least one perfluorinated moiety as substructure in case of polyfunctional compounds
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- B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
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Abstract
以无机或有机的多孔载体和由硫酸、三氟甲磺
酸,必要时还有水组成的混合物为主要成分的催化
剂,其制备方法及其在至少一种每个分子中有3~6
个碳原子的烯烃存在下,进行异丁烷和/或异戊烷的
催化烷基化方面的应用。
Description
本发明涉及以多孔的无机或有机载体(最好是二氧化硅)和由硫酸、三氟甲磺酸、必要时有水组成的混合物为主要成分的催化剂,其制备方法和其在藉助于至少一种烯烃使异丁烷和/或异戊烷进行催化烷基化方面的应用,这使得能得到至少一种位于二甲基丁烷、三甲基戊烷、三甲基已烷和三甲庚烷这一组中的产物。
我们知道,为了给内燃机和强制点火发动机,特别是高压缩比发动机提供燃料,使用具有高辛烷值烃类燃料,即主要由多枝化烷烃组成的燃料是特别有意义的,由每个分子中含有3~6个碳原子的烯烃使异构烷烃(异丁烷和/或异戊烷)烷基化就能得到这类产物。此反应需要使用硬酸性催化剂,其目的特别是为了减少副反应,如烯烃脱氢反应、使烃类减少分枝从而降低辛烷值并产生不饱和烃的聚合反应以及裂解反应和岐化反应。
现在通过烯烃使异丁烷发生烷基化生产烃类的方法可以使用硫酸作催化剂,也使用氢氟酸作催化剂。在这类方法中,酸催化剂包括和液体异丁烷-烯烃混合物接触的液相,以形成乳化液。这种方法花费昂贵,而且在人身安全和环境方面有重大问题。为了解决这些问题,一直在研究与液相硫酸与氢氟酸不同的催化体系。
对于用烯烃进行异构烷烃烷基化反应的催化剂,已经提出过许多不同种类的酸性固体制备的酸性催化剂。在这一类酸性催化剂当中,可以举出分子筛(请见比如US-A-3,251,902、US-A-3,647,916、US-A-4,377,721、US-A-4,384,161和US-A-4,300,015)、高度交联树脂(必要时和BF3一起使用,参见比如US-A-3,855,342、US-A-3,855,343、US-A-3,862,258和US-A-3,879,489)、载于各种载体上的Lewis酸和/或Bronsted酸(见比如US-A-3,975,299、US-A-3,852,371和US-A-3,979,476)、氯化的氧化铝(见比如US-A-3,240,840、US-A-3,607,859、US-A-4,066,716和US-A-4,083,800)、由Lewis酸和/或Bronsted酸作添加剂的石墨(见比如US-A-4,083,885、US-A-4,116,880、US-A-4,128,596和US-A-3,976,714)和载于如ZrO2/SO4之类的氧化物载体上的阴离子化合物(见比如J-01245854-A、J-01245853和J-61242641-A)。这些固体可以产生支化的异构烷烃,但是有许多重大的缺点,其中可以举出的有,异丁烷与烯烃的摩尔比往往很高,为的是限制次级反应的影响、催化剂的活性随时间进展的稳定性不好(催化剂被沉积的不饱和齐聚物抑制),这时这些催化剂应经常再生。此外,某些酸性固体催化剂比如分子筛,酸性太弱,使得使用的反应温度太高,这时得到高辛烷值的烃是有害的。
欧洲专利申请EP-A-0,433,954对使用氟磺酸提出权利要求,是用FSO3H和CF3SO3H酸来催化固定床上烯烃对异丁烷的烷基化反应。作者在所述专利的一个实施例中说明,在按照所述发明的条件下使用的硫酸导致很不好的结果。
欧洲专利申请EP-A-0,539,277叙述了一种含有二氧化硅和在固态下的硫酸的催化剂,这种二氧化硅已经用包括了酸硫(必要时可加入添加剂)的溶液浸渍过,这种添加剂是三氟甲磺酸CF3SO3H。
法国专利申请92/15696叙述了一种由有机或无机多孔载体(最好是二氧化硅)和由等摩尔的三氟甲磺酸与三氧化硫的混合物组成的催化剂。
本发明公开了一种新型催化剂,用这种催化剂使每个分子含有3~6个碳原子的至少一种烯烃与异丁烷和/或异戊烷发生烷基化反应,得到具有高支化度和高辛烷值的烷烃类化合物。这种新型催化剂最好是在液相反应器中,与某种异构烷烃和/或混合异构烷烃混合使用。按照本发明的催化剂可以用在膨胀床、完全搅拌反应器或循环床中。
本发明的催化剂含有一种有机或无机的多孔载体(最好是二氧化硅)和一种由硫酸、三氟甲烷磺酸(必要时可加入水)组成的混合物,该载体部分或全部用该混合物浸渍。
所述混合物的重量组成在如下各数值之间:
-硫酸:80~99.5%,最好85~99.5%,
-三氟甲磺酸:0.5~15%,最好0.8~15%,
-水:0~5%,最好0.05~3%。
在使用二氧化硅作载体的情况下,可能含有一些杂质,比如像氧化物、碱类、碱土类、铝化合物或本领域专业人员所熟知的其它各种杂质,这些杂质的总量与二氧化硅按重量相比不超过2%。可以使用多种来源的二氧化硅。这种有机或无机的多孔载体,其比表面应在0.01~1500米2/克,最好在0.01~150米2/克之间。所述载体的总孔隙率在0.005~3厘米3/克,最好在0.005~1.5厘米3/克之间,更经常最好在0.005~0.8厘米3/克之间。按最好的方式,所述载体由直径在5~150微米、更好为5~110微米、最好为5~80微米的基本为球形的粒子组成。
在对无机或有机多孔载体进行浸渍时,由硫酸、三氟甲磺酸和水组成的混合物应占据总孔隙率的5~100%、更好为80~100%、最好为90~100%。这样得到的催化剂的特征是:比表面积为0.01~500米2/克、更好为0.01~150米2/克,最好为0.01~40米2/克。
按照本发明的催化剂的最佳制造方法包括如下三步,前两步的顺序可以倒过来。
-在第一步,通过例如在搅拌下慢慢地将三氟甲磺酸加到含有硫酸和任选的水的溶液中,制备出由硫酸、三氟甲磺酸和任选的水组成的混合物。加入三氟甲烷磺酸所用的总时间一般在几分钟~1小时之间。这种混合物的制备及其保存应在避免水分的情况下进行。
-在第二步,一般在超过50℃、更好在超过80℃、最好在200~600℃,比如在等于约500℃的温度下焙烧所述的有机或无机多孔载体。比焙烧阶段所用时间一般为10分钟~50小时。可以在空气或空气/氮气混合物存在下进行焙烧,其流量为0.001~10升/小时·克。
-第三步包括用硫酸、三氟甲磺酸和任选的水组成的混合物浸渍焙烧过的有机或无机多孔载体。为了进行这一步可以使用本领域专业人员所熟知各种技术。因此,在隔离潮湿的条件下保存时,按照本发明的催化剂是由用硫酸、三氟甲磺酸和任选的水组成的混合物浸渍过的有机或无机多孔载体组成。
此催化剂用于烷基化方法中,在该方法中,在由浸渍了硫酸、三氟甲磺酸和任选的水组成的混合物的有机或无机多孔载体组成的催化剂存在下,处理含有一部分至少一种异构烷烃,最好至少一种选自异丁烷或异烷(更好是异丁烷),另一部分是至少一种每个分子中含有3~6个碳原子的烯烃所组成的物料。
异构烷烃-烯烃混合物可以以0.001~10小时-1(以烯烃重量/催化剂重量×小时表示)的空速,最好是0.002~2小时-1的空间速度加入到反应器中。所述混合过程也可在反应器内部进行。无论在任何条件下,如此构成的混合物在反应器中是处于使混合烃在催化剂上面为液态的压力与温度条件下。
反应温度可在-50~150℃,但当反应温度低于0℃时,催化剂的性能明显得到改善。反应温度一般低于0℃,最好为-3℃。反应器的压力应使反应器内的烃保持在液态。
为了限制二级反应,可以使异构烷烃对烯烃过量。作为一个例子,在用丁烯使异丁烷烷基化时,异丁烷可以以纯的形式或以至少含40%异丁烷的混合丁烷的形式加入。此外,可以加入纯丁烯或丁烯异构体混合物。在各种情况下,原料中异丁烷/丁烯的摩尔比一般为1~100,更好为3~50,最好为5~10。
可以用比如法国标准草案Pr.M.07.071(1969年3月)的测量溴指数的方法来均匀地控制反应物。
当合理地选择催化剂的种类和催化剂的工作条件(特别是温度)时,本发明的催化剂能产生出用烯烃使异构烷烃基化的产物,该产物作为发动机的烃类燃料和组成汽油都是有意义的。得到的烷基化产物最好含有至少60%(摩尔)的每个分子有8个碳原子的烷烃和至多10%(摩尔)的不饱和化合物,而每个分子具有8个碳原子的烷烃含有70~98%(摩尔)的三甲基戊烷。
按照本发明催化剂的其它优点是能在低温下用每个分子含有3~6个碳原子的混合烯烃使异丁烷烷基化,这里每个分子中含有多于4个碳原子的烯烃的含量很大。
以下各实例说明本发明,然而不限制其范围。
实例1:催化剂制备
(a)按照本发明的催化剂:催化剂A
在500℃下在空气中焙烧4小时,使比表积40米2/克、总孔隙率等于1.2厘米3/克,主要由平均直径等于110微米的基本为球形颗粒构成的大孔二氧化硅16克活化。将如此活化的二氧化硅保存在氩气中。用22克如下组成的混合物,在干燥和没有湿气的条件下浸渍14克所述已脱过水的二氧化硅:
-18.7克含有99%(重量)H2SO4和1%(重量)水的溶液
-3.3克含有3.23克CF3SO3H和0.07克水的溶液。
酸相的重量组成如下:
-H2SO4:84.15%
-CF3SO3H:14.68%
-H2O:1.17%
如此得到的固体保存在-18℃的氩气中。
(b)非按照本发明的催化剂:催化剂B
按照与制备按照本发明催化剂一样的方法制备14克脱水的二氧化硅。这时用22克如下组成的混合物在干燥和无水气的条件下浸渍14克所述二氧化硅:
-21.78克H2SO4和0.22克水
如此得到的固体保存在-18℃氩气中。
实例2:测试用1-丁烯对异丁烷烷基化的结果。
用催化剂A和B来使1-丁烯和异丁烷烷基化,以制造具有高辛烷值的支链烷烃。按照如下面同样的操作程式测试催化剂A和B。
在一个体积为360毫升,预先用氩气流吸除过的Fischer&Porter型玻璃反应器中加入在实例1中制备的催化剂A或B36克。然后将装有催化剂的反应器封闭,放在初等的真空下,然后冷却到-20℃。
在搅拌下向含有催化剂的反应器中加入100厘米3异丁烷,将所述反应器浸于-6℃冷浴中。在搅拌下放置催化剂+异丁烷体系30分钟,使温度均匀。
在总共8小时的时间内,连续加入异丁烷和1-丁烯的混合物,其中1-丁烯含量20%(重量),在整个加料期间内,反应器温度保持在-5℃。1-丁烯的体积流量等于10毫升/小时。
在反应之后,从反应器中取出烃相,然后慢慢蒸发掉异丁烷,回收烷基化油并用气相色谱进行分析。其重量组成列于下表。烯烃的转化率为100%。
催化剂A 催化剂B
C5-C72.5 11.7
C8以内合计 93 62.1
C9以上 4.5 26.1
TMPS/C894 87
TMPS/C8在C8馏份中三甲基戊烷(异构体224,223,234和233)的含量。
此表证实了催化剂中存在CF3SO3H的效果在同样1-丁烯的流量下,用按照本发明的催化剂A得到的三甲基戊烷的含量明显高于用不含CF3SO3H,作为参考的催化剂B所得到的。催化剂A的活性和选择性都比参考催化剂B好。
Claims (9)
1、包括一种有机或无机多孔载体和由硫酸、三氟甲磺酸和必要时与水组成的混合物的催化剂,该载体已被所述混合物浸渍,在浸渍之前它的比表面积为0.01~1500米2/克,总孔隙率为0.005~3厘米3/克,为要由平均直径为5~150微米的基本为球形的颗粒组成,所述混合物的重量组成在以下数值之间:
-硫酸:80~99.5%,
-三氟甲磺酸:0.5~15%,
-水:0~5%。
2、按照权利要求1的催化剂,所述载体是二氧化硅。
3、按照权利要求1或2中之一的催化剂,在用所述混合物浸渍之前,所述载体含有最多为2%的杂质。
4、按照权利要求1至3中之一的催化剂,所述载体主要由直径在5~110微米的基本呈球形的颗粒组成。
5、按照权利要求1至3中之一的催化剂,所述载体要主要由直径为5~80微米的基本呈球形的颗粒组成。
6、按照权利要求1至5中之一的催化剂,所述混合物和重量组成在如下数值之间:
-硫酸:85~99.5%,
-三氟甲磺酸:0.8~15%,
-水:0.05~3%。
7、按照权利要求1至6中之一的催化剂的制备方法,所述载体被焙烧,然后用由硫酸、三氟甲磺、必要时还有水组成的混合物浸渍。
8、按照权利要求1至7中之一的催化剂在烷基化方法中的应用,在此方法中,对一部分含有至少一种选自异丁烷和异戊烷的异构烷烃,另一部分含有至少一种每个分子中有3~6个碳原子的烯烃的物料进行处理。
9、按照权利要求8的应用,在其中反应温度低于0℃。
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FR9304735A FR2704161B1 (fr) | 1993-04-20 | 1993-04-20 | Catalyseur d'alkylation de paraffines. |
FR9304735 | 1993-04-20 |
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EP (1) | EP0623388B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JPH06320005A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1098963A (zh) |
AU (1) | AU6055194A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2121733A1 (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69414907T2 (zh) |
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US5731256A (en) * | 1994-05-04 | 1998-03-24 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Alkylation catalyst for C4 -C5 isoparaffins using at least one C2 -C6 olefin |
FR2719504B1 (fr) * | 1994-05-04 | 1996-06-21 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Catalyseur d'alkylation d'isoparaffine C4-C5 par au moins une oléfine C2-C6. |
DK171932B1 (da) * | 1994-12-02 | 1997-08-18 | Topsoe Haldor As | Fremgangsmåde til alkylering af alifatiske carbonhydrider |
FR2738503B1 (fr) * | 1995-09-11 | 1997-10-03 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Catalyseur solides d'alkylation aliphatique |
US6395673B1 (en) | 2000-06-29 | 2002-05-28 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Catalyst of mixed fluorosulfonic acids |
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CA711745A (en) * | 1965-06-15 | Shell Oil Company | Alkylation process | |
US2434833A (en) * | 1942-07-09 | 1948-01-20 | Atlantic Refining Co | Process for condensation of hydrocarbons by contact with concentrated sulfuric acid in silica gel |
US4038212A (en) * | 1975-03-24 | 1977-07-26 | Texaco Inc. | Alkylation process for production of motor fuels |
US3970721A (en) * | 1975-03-24 | 1976-07-20 | Texaco Inc. | Alkylation process for production of motor fuels utilizing sulfuric acid catalyst with trifluoromethane sulfonic acid |
DK168520B1 (da) * | 1989-12-18 | 1994-04-11 | Topsoe Haldor As | Fremgangsmåde til væskefase-alkylering af et carbonhydrid med et olefinalkyleringsmiddel |
FR2682891A1 (fr) * | 1991-10-25 | 1993-04-30 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Catalyseur d'alkylation de paraffines. |
EP0539277B1 (fr) * | 1991-10-25 | 1996-01-10 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Utilisation d'un catalyseur en alkylation de paraffines |
FR2683739A1 (fr) * | 1991-11-14 | 1993-05-21 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Catalyseur d'alkylation de paraffines. |
US5292986A (en) * | 1992-04-20 | 1994-03-08 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Isoparaffin-olefin alkylation catalyst composition and process |
US5233119A (en) * | 1992-11-09 | 1993-08-03 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Alkylation process and catalyst therefor |
-
1993
- 1993-04-20 FR FR9304735A patent/FR2704161B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
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1994
- 1994-04-11 DE DE69414907T patent/DE69414907T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-04-11 EP EP94400776A patent/EP0623388B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-04-13 TW TW083103278A patent/TW267108B/zh active
- 1994-04-20 CA CA002121733A patent/CA2121733A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 1994-04-20 JP JP6081211A patent/JPH06320005A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 1994-04-20 CN CN94104283A patent/CN1098963A/zh active Pending
- 1994-04-20 US US08/230,467 patent/US5475184A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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DE69414907D1 (de) | 1999-01-14 |
TW267108B (zh) | 1996-01-01 |
EP0623388A1 (fr) | 1994-11-09 |
AU6055194A (en) | 1994-10-27 |
DE69414907T2 (de) | 1999-04-22 |
US5475184A (en) | 1995-12-12 |
JPH06320005A (ja) | 1994-11-22 |
CA2121733A1 (fr) | 1994-10-21 |
FR2704161A1 (fr) | 1994-10-28 |
FR2704161B1 (fr) | 1995-06-02 |
EP0623388B1 (fr) | 1998-12-02 |
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