CN108746613A - A kind of online heat treatment system of selective laser fusing - Google Patents
A kind of online heat treatment system of selective laser fusing Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于金属零部件的成形制造领域，并公开了一种激光选区熔化在线热处理系统。该系统包括激光热处理单元、激光加工单元、测温单元、热处理辅助单元和控制单元，激光加工单元用于进行激光选区熔化成形；激光热处理单元用于在激光加工单元成形零件的同时对已成形零件指定区域进行加热，使其达到热处理温度，然后通过与所述热处理辅助单元的配合，实现零件指定区域的热处理过程；热处理辅助单元包括加热组件和冷却组件，用于辅助进行热处理；测温单元用于实时监测待处理零件的温度，并反馈给控制单元；控制单元用于调节和设定各个单元的参数。通过本发明，消除零件残余应力，快速制备具有性能梯度分布的零件。
The invention belongs to the field of forming and manufacturing of metal parts, and discloses an on-line heat treatment system for laser selective melting. The system includes a laser heat treatment unit, a laser processing unit, a temperature measurement unit, a heat treatment auxiliary unit and a control unit. The laser processing unit is used for laser selective melting and forming; The specified area is heated to make it reach the heat treatment temperature, and then the heat treatment process of the specified area of the part is realized by cooperating with the heat treatment auxiliary unit; the heat treatment auxiliary unit includes a heating component and a cooling component, which are used to assist in heat treatment; It is used to monitor the temperature of the parts to be processed in real time and feed back to the control unit; the control unit is used to adjust and set the parameters of each unit. Through the invention, the residual stress of the parts is eliminated, and the parts with performance gradient distribution are rapidly prepared.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于金属零部件的成形制造领域，更具体地，涉及一种激光选区熔化在线热处理系统。The invention belongs to the field of forming and manufacturing of metal parts, and more specifically relates to an online heat treatment system for laser selective melting.
背景技术Background technique
选择性激光熔化(SLM)技术是上个世纪90年代出现的一种新型快速成形(RapidPrototyping)技术。它结合了CAD/CAM、数控、光学及材料科学等技术，以各种金属粉末作为加工原料，根据三维CAD模型，采用高能激光器逐点、逐域、逐层快速熔化粉末并迅速冷却，由此直接成型传统的机加手段无法制造出来的形状结构复杂的金属零件。SLM技术突破了传统制造工艺的变形成形和去除成形的常规思路，有效解决了传统加工工艺无法完成的加工问题，尤其适合异形复杂结构的零件制造，无需任何工装夹具和模具，大大缩短生产周期，在航空航天、汽车、生物医疗等领域展现了良好的应用前景。Selective laser melting (SLM) technology is a new rapid prototyping technology that emerged in the 1990s. It combines CAD/CAM, numerical control, optics and material science and other technologies, uses various metal powders as processing raw materials, and uses high-energy lasers to rapidly melt the powder point by point, field by field, and layer by layer according to the 3D CAD model and rapidly cool it. Direct forming metal parts with complex shapes and structures that cannot be manufactured by traditional machining methods. SLM technology breaks through the traditional ideas of deformation forming and removal forming in traditional manufacturing processes, and effectively solves the processing problems that cannot be completed by traditional processing technologies. It is especially suitable for the manufacture of parts with special-shaped and complex structures. It does not require any fixtures and molds, greatly shortening the production cycle. It has shown good application prospects in aerospace, automobile, biomedical and other fields.
然而，在SLM金属成形中，高能量激光束对金属粉末扫描加工过程中，材料会经历急剧升温熔化与急速冷却凝固，这种在固-液-固相变过程中温度的剧烈变化会使材料残余应力增大，最终导致成形零件发生翘曲、开裂、变形，零件性能急剧下降。为了改善材料成形过程中因不均匀温度场而产生的残余应力，常用的方法是对已成形零件进行后续热处理，使零件残余应力释放。然而，在上述热处理过程中，零件内部可能出现应力释放而导致加工好的零件出现变形、翘曲甚至开裂等情况，加大生产出次品、废品的风险，并且此种方法由于缺少对成形过程中内应力的控制，并不能从根本上解决问题。However, in SLM metal forming, during the scanning process of high-energy laser beam on metal powder, the material will undergo rapid heating and melting and rapid cooling and solidification. This drastic temperature change in the process of solid-liquid-solid phase transition will make the material The increase of residual stress will eventually lead to warping, cracking and deformation of formed parts, and the performance of parts will drop sharply. In order to improve the residual stress caused by the uneven temperature field in the process of material forming, the common method is to carry out subsequent heat treatment on the formed parts to release the residual stress of the parts. However, during the above-mentioned heat treatment process, stress release may occur inside the part, resulting in deformation, warping or even cracking of the processed part, which increases the risk of producing defective or scrap products. The control of medium and internal stress cannot fundamentally solve the problem.
针对上述问题，申请号为201510987779.5，公开号为105499569，公开日为2016.04.20，发明名称为一种用于高能束增材制造的温度场主动调控系统及其控制方法，提出基于点阵式布局的主动式控温系统和温度控制方法，在零件的成形过程中控制整个加工区域的温度场，变相对成形零件进行在线热处理，从而减少零件成形过程中的内应力。虽然基于点阵式主动控温系统可减弱零件成形过程中内部残余应力增大以及集中。但该技术方案结构形式过于复杂，大量的布置加热点及测温点不仅要求加热元件和测温元件本身的结构尺寸要小，而且单点控制还要求更为复杂和精密的响应控制系统。此外，基于点阵式主动控温系统依旧采用的是从成形缸外壁进行加热的方案，即加热单元产生的热量需要经过整个成形缸壁面厚度才能传至成形缸内部，而测温元件测量的温度也是成形缸外壁面温度而非成形缸内实际温度，对缸内实际温度响应速度较慢，温度控制精度较差。最后，复杂的控温系统将使其维护成本大大增加，甚至会出现控温系统维护成本大于SLM加工设备核心部件维护成本。In view of the above problems, the application number is 201510987779.5, the publication number is 105499569, and the publication date is 2016.04.20. The name of the invention is an active temperature field control system and control method for high-energy beam additive manufacturing. The active temperature control system and temperature control method control the temperature field of the entire processing area during the forming process of the parts, and perform online heat treatment on the formed parts, thereby reducing the internal stress during the forming process of the parts. Although the lattice-based active temperature control system can weaken the increase and concentration of internal residual stress during the forming process of parts. However, the structural form of this technical solution is too complicated. A large number of heating points and temperature measuring points not only require the structural size of the heating elements and temperature measuring elements to be small, but also require a more complex and precise response control system for single-point control. In addition, the dot-matrix active temperature control system still adopts the scheme of heating from the outer wall of the forming cylinder, that is, the heat generated by the heating unit needs to pass through the entire wall thickness of the forming cylinder to be transmitted to the inside of the forming cylinder, and the temperature measured by the temperature measuring element It is also the temperature of the outer wall surface of the forming cylinder rather than the actual temperature in the forming cylinder, the response speed to the actual temperature in the cylinder is slow, and the temperature control accuracy is poor. Finally, the complex temperature control system will greatly increase the maintenance cost, and even the maintenance cost of the temperature control system will be greater than the maintenance cost of the core components of the SLM processing equipment.
除此之外，无论是对成形零件进行后续热处理还是在零件成形过程中控制整个加工区域的温度场对成形零件进行在线热处理，现有方法均难以实现对零件局部区域进行热处理，无法根据零件实际使用情况以及需求对零件局部组织结构及性能进行改善，限制SLM技术在航空航天、汽车、生物医疗等领域的应用扩展。In addition, whether it is to perform subsequent heat treatment on the formed part or to control the temperature field of the entire processing area during the forming process to perform online heat treatment on the formed part, the existing methods are difficult to heat treat the local area of the part, and cannot be based on the actual condition of the part. Use conditions and requirements to improve the local organizational structure and performance of parts limit the application expansion of SLM technology in aerospace, automotive, biomedical and other fields.
发明内容Contents of the invention
针对现有技术的以上缺陷或改进需求，本发明提供了一种激光选区熔化在线热处理系统，该在线热处理系统通过在成形零件的同时对已成形零件指定区域进行热处理，实现零件在线热处理，可有效降低SLM金属熔池冷却凝固及加工层间温度梯度，减小成形零件内残余应力，更重要的是在成形过程中可根据实际情况对零件的在线热处理区域和时间进行设置，不仅可逐步消除零件残余应力，避免成形零件发生翘曲、开裂、变形等情况，提高零件成形质量，而且可根据实际需求实现对零件局部区域性能的改善，从而快速制备具有性能梯度分布的零件。Aiming at the above defects or improvement needs of the prior art, the present invention provides an on-line heat treatment system for selective laser melting. The on-line heat treatment system realizes on-line heat treatment of parts by heat-treating the designated area of the formed part while forming the part, which can effectively Reduce the cooling and solidification of the SLM metal molten pool and the temperature gradient between the processing layers, reduce the residual stress in the formed parts, and more importantly, the online heat treatment area and time of the parts can be set according to the actual situation during the forming process, not only can gradually eliminate the parts Residual stress can avoid warping, cracking and deformation of formed parts, improve the forming quality of parts, and improve the performance of parts in local areas according to actual needs, so as to quickly prepare parts with performance gradient distribution.
为实现上述目的，按照本发明的一个方面，提供了一种激光选区熔化在线热处理系统，其特征在于，该系统包括激光加工单元、激光热处理单元、测温单元、热处理辅助单元和控制单元，其中：In order to achieve the above object, according to one aspect of the present invention, a laser selective melting online heat treatment system is provided, which is characterized in that the system includes a laser processing unit, a laser heat treatment unit, a temperature measurement unit, a heat treatment auxiliary unit and a control unit, wherein :
所述激光加工单元用于进行激光选区熔化成形；The laser processing unit is used for selective laser melting and forming;
所述热处理辅助单元包括加热组件和冷却组件，该加热组件和冷却组件环绕设置在所述激光加工单元的成形室内部，加热组件用于对待处理零件进行保温，冷却组件用于降低待处理零件的温度；The heat treatment auxiliary unit includes a heating assembly and a cooling assembly, which are arranged around the forming chamber of the laser processing unit, the heating assembly is used to keep the parts to be processed warm, and the cooling assembly is used to reduce the temperature;
所述激光热处理单元用于在所述激光加工单元成形待处理零件的同时对其中预先指定区域进行加热并使其达到热处理温度，然后通过所述加热组件的保温和冷却组件的冷却，实现待处理零件预先指定区域的热处理过程，其中，该激光热处理单元的加热区域和加热时间分别根据所述预先指定区域以及相应的热处理工艺进行设置；The laser heat treatment unit is used to heat the pre-designated area and make it reach the heat treatment temperature while the laser processing unit is forming the part to be processed, and then through the heat preservation of the heating component and the cooling of the cooling component, the to-be-processed part is realized The heat treatment process of the pre-designated area of the part, wherein the heating area and heating time of the laser heat treatment unit are respectively set according to the pre-designated area and the corresponding heat treatment process;
所述测温单元用于实时监测待处理零件的温度，并反馈给所述控制单元；The temperature measurement unit is used to monitor the temperature of the parts to be processed in real time and feed back to the control unit;
所述控制单元与所述激光热处理单元、激光加工单元、测温单元、热处理辅助单元连接，用于调节和设定激光热处理单元、激光加工单元的参数，同时接受来自所述测温单元反馈的温度，并根据该温度实时调节所述激光热处理单元、加热组件和冷却组件的参数以此实现待处理零件的温度调节。The control unit is connected with the laser heat treatment unit, the laser processing unit, the temperature measurement unit, and the heat treatment auxiliary unit, and is used to adjust and set the parameters of the laser heat treatment unit and the laser processing unit, and at the same time accept feedback from the temperature measurement unit temperature, and adjust the parameters of the laser heat treatment unit, the heating assembly and the cooling assembly in real time according to the temperature so as to realize the temperature adjustment of the parts to be processed.
进一步优选地，所述激光热处理单元的加热区域为所述激光选区熔化的一层或多层切片层。Further preferably, the heating area of the laser heat treatment unit is one or more slice layers that are selectively melted by the laser.
进一步优选地，激光热处理单元包括一台或者多台激光器，该激光器产生等能量分布的光斑。Further preferably, the laser heat treatment unit includes one or more lasers, and the lasers generate light spots with equal energy distribution.
进一步优选地，激光热处理单元和激光加工单元中均包括振镜，用于调节激光的方向和光斑大小。Further preferably, both the laser heat treatment unit and the laser processing unit include vibrating mirrors for adjusting the direction and spot size of the laser light.
进一步优选地，所述激光热处理单元的热处理温度低于所述激光加工单元加工时的加工温度。Further preferably, the heat treatment temperature of the laser heat treatment unit is lower than the processing temperature of the laser processing unit.
进一步优选地，所述控制单元设定的激光加工单元的参数包括：激光光斑的大小、激光功率、扫描速度和铺粉厚度。Further preferably, the parameters of the laser processing unit set by the control unit include: laser spot size, laser power, scanning speed and powder coating thickness.
进一步优选地，所述控制单元设定的激光热处理单元的参数包括激光光斑的大小、激光功率、扫描速度。Further preferably, the parameters of the laser heat treatment unit set by the control unit include the size of the laser spot, laser power, and scanning speed.
总体而言，通过本发明所构思的以上技术方案与现有技术相比，能够取得下列有益效果：Generally speaking, compared with the prior art, the above technical solutions conceived by the present invention can achieve the following beneficial effects:
1、本发明提供的在线热处理系统，通过激光热处理单元、加热组件、冷却组件及红外热成像仪相配合可对成形中零件进行重复快速加热并控制其冷却速度从而在成形过程中实现对零件在线热处理，该系统结构简单，可实现在线退火、快速淬火等热处理工艺，不仅可克服后续热处理工艺中成形零件因应力释放而产生的翘曲、开裂、变形等情况，提高零件成形质量及成形精度，而且可根据零件实际需求对零件性能进行调控；1. The on-line heat treatment system provided by the present invention, through the cooperation of the laser heat treatment unit, the heating assembly, the cooling assembly and the infrared thermal imager, can repeatedly and rapidly heat the parts being formed and control their cooling speed, so as to realize the online processing of the parts during the forming process. Heat treatment, the system has a simple structure and can realize on-line annealing, rapid quenching and other heat treatment processes. It can not only overcome the warping, cracking, deformation and other conditions of the formed parts due to stress release in the subsequent heat treatment process, but also improve the forming quality and forming accuracy of the parts. Moreover, the performance of the parts can be adjusted according to the actual needs of the parts;
2、本发明提供的在线热处理系统，可实现对零件局部区域定点热处理，从而改变零件局部区域性能，根据实际需求实现具有性能梯度分布零件的快速制备；2. The on-line heat treatment system provided by the present invention can realize fixed-point heat treatment of parts in local areas, thereby changing the performance of parts in local areas, and realizing rapid preparation of parts with performance gradient distribution according to actual needs;
3、本发明将零件的成形和热处理同时进行，一方面简化了工艺，减少了分开进行的资源和能源的浪费，另一方面，在零件成形中一层或多层切片层加工完后进行热处理，可保证零件内应力缓慢、均匀释放，从而避免零件成形后再进行整体热处理时因内应力一次性释放而引起的变形以及开裂扩展问题，使零件成形质量和成形精度大大提高。3. In the present invention, the forming and heat treatment of parts are carried out at the same time. On the one hand, the process is simplified, and the waste of resources and energy carried out separately is reduced. On the other hand, heat treatment is carried out after one or more slice layers are processed during part forming. , which can ensure the slow and uniform release of the internal stress of the part, thereby avoiding the deformation and crack expansion caused by the one-time release of the internal stress when the part is formed and then undergoing overall heat treatment, so that the forming quality and forming accuracy of the part are greatly improved.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是按照本发明的优选实施例所构建的激光选区熔化在线热处理系统的结构示意图。Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an on-line laser selective melting heat treatment system constructed according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合附图及实施例，对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。此外，下面所描述的本发明各个实施方式中所涉及到的技术特征只要彼此之间未构成冲突就可以相互组合。In order to make the object, technical solution and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described here are only used to explain the present invention, not to limit the present invention. In addition, the technical features involved in the various embodiments of the present invention described below can be combined with each other as long as they do not constitute a conflict with each other.
图1是按照本发明的优选实施例所构建的激光选区熔化在线热处理系统的结构示意图，如图1所示，该系统包括成型室7，成形室7顶部设有激光加工单元1，激光热处理单元2、测温单元3，底部设有工作台4，热处理辅助单元。Fig. 1 is the schematic structural view of the laser selective melting on-line heat treatment system constructed according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Fig. 1, the system includes a molding chamber 7, and the top of the molding chamber 7 is provided with a laser processing unit 1, a laser heat treatment unit 2. The temperature measurement unit 3 has a workbench 4 at the bottom and an auxiliary unit for heat treatment.
成形室将激光加工单元的工作台包覆其中；The forming chamber covers the working table of the laser processing unit;
热处理辅助单元包括加热组件5和冷却组件6，加热组件5设置在成形室内壁四周，冷却组件6设置在成形室外壁，加热组件5与冷却组件6共同作用用于控制成形室内环境温度从而对成形后的切片层的温度进行控制。The heat treatment auxiliary unit includes a heating assembly 5 and a cooling assembly 6. The heating assembly 5 is arranged around the inner wall of the forming chamber, and the cooling assembly 6 is arranged on the outer wall of the forming chamber. The temperature of the slice layer afterward is controlled.
激光加工单元1、激光热处理单元2、测温单元3、工作台4、加热组件5、冷却组件6均与控制单元9连接，受其控制。The laser processing unit 1 , the laser heat treatment unit 2 , the temperature measurement unit 3 , the workbench 4 , the heating assembly 5 , and the cooling assembly 6 are all connected to the control unit 9 and controlled by it.
激光热处理单元与热处理辅助单元相配合对成形中零件进行在线热处理，可对零件指定区域进行定向照射，实现对零件指定区域热处理，其中在SLM成形室内，其顶部设有激光加工单元用于激光选区熔化成形，激光热处理单元用于对成形中零件指定区域进行热处理，其负责加热过程，可将材料快速加热到任意温度，而成形室底部设有成形工作平台，成形室内侧四周设有加热组件，外侧设有冷却组件，本实施里中采用水冷，加热组件与冷却组件同样是用于对成形中零件进行热处理，其负责保温及控制材料冷却速度，本实施例中加热组件采用红外加热管，此外，成形室外设有测温组件，在本实施例中测温组件采用红外热成像仪，对零件各区域温度进行实时监测及反馈。The laser heat treatment unit cooperates with the heat treatment auxiliary unit to carry out on-line heat treatment on the part being formed, and can directional irradiate the designated area of the part to realize heat treatment on the designated area of the part. In the SLM forming room, a laser processing unit is installed on the top for laser selection Melting forming, the laser heat treatment unit is used to heat-treat the designated area of the part in the forming process. It is responsible for the heating process and can quickly heat the material to any temperature. There is a forming work platform at the bottom of the forming room, and heating components are set around the inside of the forming room. There is a cooling assembly on the outside. In this implementation, water cooling is used. The heating assembly and the cooling assembly are also used for heat treatment of the parts being formed. It is responsible for heat preservation and controlling the cooling speed of the material. In this embodiment, the heating assembly uses an infrared heating tube. In addition , There is a temperature measuring component outside the forming room. In this embodiment, the temperature measuring component uses an infrared thermal imager to monitor and give feedback on the temperature of each area of the part in real time.
在本发明中，激光热处理单元、加热组件、冷却组件相配合对成形中零件指定区域进行在线热处理，在SLM成形过程中，红外热成像仪全程对零件温度进行实时监测，当激光加工单元进行零件成形时，对于已成形一层或多层区域，控制单元根据零件形状复杂度、红外热成像仪所检测的材料温度以及所选定的热处理工艺，进而确定激光热处理单元的光斑大小、输出功率、扫描速度、扫描路径，并控制激光热处理单元对已成形一层或多层区域中需进行热处理区域材料进行快速预热，与此同时，红外加热管及冷却组件启动，根据红外热成像仪实时监测及反馈的结果，调节加热组件输出功率及冷却组件对材料冷却速度进行实时控制。In the present invention, the laser heat treatment unit, the heating assembly, and the cooling assembly cooperate to carry out on-line heat treatment on the designated area of the part during forming. During the SLM forming process, the infrared thermal imager monitors the temperature of the part in real time throughout the whole process. When forming, for the formed layer or multi-layer area, the control unit determines the spot size, output power, Scanning speed, scanning path, and control the laser heat treatment unit to quickly preheat the material in the area that needs to be heat treated in the formed layer or multi-layer area. And feedback results, adjust the output power of the heating component and the cooling component to control the cooling speed of the material in real time.
优选地，在本发明中，激光热处理单元中激光器数量可以是一台、两台至是多台，根据金属零件情况(复杂程度、尺寸大小)综合选择激光器数量。Preferably, in the present invention, the number of lasers in the laser heat treatment unit can be one, two or more, and the number of lasers is comprehensively selected according to the conditions (complexity and size) of the metal parts.
优选地，在本发明中，激光热处理单元光斑能量分布均等，而非高斯分布。Preferably, in the present invention, the energy distribution of the light spots of the laser heat treatment unit is uniform, not Gaussian.
优选地，在本发明中，对于零件的热处理区域，可以是一层或几层切片层，根据实际需要和激光加热厚度及零件复杂度综合考虑，激光热处理单元的加热时间根据所述加热的切片层的数量进行设定。Preferably, in the present invention, for the heat treatment area of the part, it can be one or several slice layers. According to the actual needs and comprehensive consideration of the thickness of the laser heating and the complexity of the part, the heating time of the laser heat treatment unit is based on the heated slice. Set the number of layers.
下面将介绍本发明的在线热处理系统的工作过程：The working process of the online heat treatment system of the present invention will be introduced below:
(a)当SLM金属加工时，激光加工单元1用于SLM金属加工，整个加工过程中红外热成像仪3均全程对零件温度进行实时监测并反馈到控制单元9。当已成形一层或多层切片层时，控制单元9根据所选定的热处理区域形状复杂度(之前导入的零件三维模型STL文件)、红外热成像仪所检测的材料温度、所选定的热处理工艺，进而确定激光热处理单元2输出光斑大小、输出功率、扫描速度、扫描路径，并通过控制单元9控制激光热处理单元对上述切片层所选定热处理区域进行快速加热。同时，根据工作台4高度启动相应区域加热组件5，冷却组件6也启动，根据红外热成像仪3实时监测及反馈的结果，控制单元9控制加热组件输出功率及冷却组件对上述切片层所选定热处理区域材料冷却速度进行实时调控。(a) During SLM metal processing, the laser processing unit 1 is used for SLM metal processing, and the infrared thermal imager 3 monitors the temperature of the part in real time throughout the entire processing process and feeds it back to the control unit 9 . When one or more slicing layers have been formed, the control unit 9 is based on the shape complexity of the selected heat treatment area (the part three-dimensional model STL file imported before), the material temperature detected by the infrared thermal imager, the selected heat treatment process, and then determine the output spot size, output power, scanning speed, and scanning path of the laser heat treatment unit 2, and control the laser heat treatment unit through the control unit 9 to rapidly heat the selected heat treatment area of the above slice layer. Simultaneously, start the heating assembly 5 in the corresponding area according to the height of the workbench 4, and the cooling assembly 6 is also started. According to the real-time monitoring and feedback results of the infrared thermal imager 3, the control unit 9 controls the output power of the heating assembly and the selection of the cooling assembly for the above-mentioned slice layer. The cooling rate of the material in the constant heat treatment area is regulated in real time.
(b)重复步骤(a)，直至完成零件所有指定区域的热处理。(b) Repeat step (a) until all specified areas of the part have been heat treated.
本领域的技术人员容易理解，以上仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。Those skilled in the art can easily understand that the above are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent replacements and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be Included within the protection scope of the present invention.
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