CN105403776A - Test method of low voltage ride-through capability of frequency converter based on magnetic powder brake - Google Patents
Test method of low voltage ride-through capability of frequency converter based on magnetic powder brake Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种基于磁粉制动器的变频器低电压穿越能力的测试方法，采用磁粉制动器作为给煤机、给粉机电动机的模拟负载，由于给煤机、给粉机电动机所带负载为恒转矩负载，而磁粉制动器的输出制动转矩与励磁电流呈良好线性关系而与转速或滑差无关，在特定励磁电流下呈恒转矩特性。采用磁粉制动器作为给煤机、给粉机电动机的模拟负载，可以测试出接近实际运行情况下的变频器低电压穿越能力。
The invention discloses a test method for the low-voltage ride-through capability of a frequency converter based on a magnetic powder brake. The magnetic powder brake is used as the simulated load of the motor of the coal feeder and the powder feeder. Since the load carried by the motor of the coal feeder and the powder feeder is constant Torque load, while the output braking torque of the magnetic powder brake has a good linear relationship with the excitation current and has nothing to do with the speed or slip, and has a constant torque characteristic under a specific excitation current. The magnetic powder brake is used as the simulated load of the motor of the coal feeder and the powder feeder, and the low voltage ride-through capability of the frequency converter close to the actual operation can be tested.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种基于磁粉制动器的变频器低电压穿越能力的测试方法。The invention relates to a method for testing the low-voltage ride-through capability of a frequency converter based on a magnetic powder brake.
背景技术Background technique
所谓变频器低电压穿越能力，是指变频器及供电对象设备外部故障或扰动引起的暂态、动态或长时间电源进线电压降低到规定的低电压穿越区内时，能够可靠供电，保障供电对象的安全运行。目前，火力发电厂均配置大量辅机且常常处于低负荷和变负荷运行状态，通过对辅机加装变频调速系统，可以有效提高节能效益。然而，低压辅机如给煤机、给粉机等，由于负载较重，变频调速系统“瞬停”功能不适用，且不具备自动工频切换旁路，在发生电压跌落时，变频系统会闭锁停机，导致给煤机、给粉机器等重要辅机停机，进而引发电厂发生锅炉停炉、机组停机事故。The so-called low-voltage ride-through capability of the inverter refers to the ability to reliably supply power when the external fault or disturbance of the inverter and the power supply object equipment causes a transient, dynamic or long-term power input line voltage to drop to the specified low-voltage ride-through area, ensuring power supply safe operation of the object. At present, thermal power plants are equipped with a large number of auxiliary machines and are often in low-load and variable-load operation states. By installing frequency conversion speed control systems on auxiliary machines, energy-saving benefits can be effectively improved. However, due to the heavy load of low-voltage auxiliary machines such as coal feeders and powder feeders, the "instantaneous stop" function of the frequency conversion speed control system is not applicable, and there is no automatic power frequency switching bypass. When a voltage drop occurs, the frequency conversion system It will be blocked and shut down, resulting in the shutdown of important auxiliary machines such as coal feeders and powder feeding machines, which in turn will cause boiler shutdown and unit shutdown accidents in power plants.
通过国内发生的几起事故分析可发现，电网故障时主保护未动靠后备保护切除故障或重合闸于永久性故障、启动大型厂用电设备或厂用电源异常低电压都会造成变频器动力电源低电压，此类电厂厂用电电压跌落引发的锅炉停炉、机组停机事故，严重影响电厂、电网安全稳定运行。2013年元月，国家电网公司下文要求排查火电厂辅机变频器低电压穿越能力，对于不满足低电压穿越能力要求的机组，应进行低电压穿越能力改造，并在改造后完成低电压穿越能力测试工作，确保机组具备一定的低电压穿越能力，保障机组的安全稳定运行。Through the analysis of several accidents in China, it can be found that when the power grid fails, the main protection does not operate and the backup protection cuts off the fault or recloses on a permanent fault, starting large-scale factory electrical equipment or abnormally low voltage of the factory power supply will cause the power supply of the inverter Low voltage, the boiler shutdown and unit shutdown accidents caused by the drop of power supply voltage in such power plants seriously affect the safe and stable operation of power plants and power grids. In January 2013, the State Grid Corporation of China requested to check the low-voltage ride-through capability of auxiliary frequency converters in thermal power plants. For units that do not meet the requirements for low-voltage ride-through capability, the low-voltage ride-through capability should be modified, and the low-voltage ride-through capability should be completed after the transformation. Test work to ensure that the unit has a certain low-voltage ride-through capability and ensure the safe and stable operation of the unit.
当前各省采用的变频器低电压穿越能力测试方法均采用电压暂降发生仪模拟变频器输入电压跌落，并记录变频器交流输入电压、交流输出电压及直流母线电压。该项测试工作可能引起变频器闭锁停机，一般选择机组停机期间开展，在停机期间，给煤机、给粉机电动机难以带实际负载运行，目前的做法是让给煤机、给粉机电动机空载运行，即电动机空转或仅带皮带运行，其低电压穿越能力测试结果仅反映空载运行时的结果，无法反映机组实际运行时的实际情况。特别是改造后进行低电压穿越能力测试，若仅采用空载运行的电动机作为负载，其测试结果难以保证机组正常运行时的低电压穿越能力。The current low-voltage ride-through capability test methods for frequency converters used in various provinces use a voltage sag generator to simulate the input voltage drop of the frequency converter, and record the AC input voltage, AC output voltage and DC bus voltage of the frequency converter. This test work may cause the frequency converter to be blocked and shut down. Generally, it is carried out during the shutdown period of the unit. During the shutdown period, it is difficult for the motors of the coal feeder and powder feeder to operate with actual loads. The current practice is to let the motors of the coal feeder and powder feeder run empty Load operation, that is, the motor is idling or only running with the belt, the test results of its low voltage ride-through capability only reflect the results of no-load operation, and cannot reflect the actual situation of the unit in actual operation. Especially after the transformation, if the low voltage ride through capability test is carried out, if only the no-load running motor is used as the load, the test results are difficult to guarantee the low voltage ride through capability of the unit during normal operation.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明要解决的技术问题是提供一种基于磁粉制动器的变频器低电压穿越能力的测试方法。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method for testing the low-voltage ride-through capability of frequency converters based on magnetic powder brakes.
本发明是通过以下技术方案来实现的。The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions.
一种基于磁粉制动器的变频器低电压穿越能力的测试方法，步骤包括：A method for testing the low-voltage ride-through capability of a frequency converter based on a magnetic powder brake, the steps of which include:
(1)设置电压暂降发生仪串接于厂用母线与被试辅机变频器之间，被试辅机变频器交流输出至被试辅机电动机，设置磁粉制动器连接被试电动机的输出轴，厂用母线与电压暂降发生仪之间设置断路器Q0、断路器Q1，电压暂降发生仪与被试辅机变频器之间设置断路器Q2，设置数字存储录波器，分别连接被试辅机变频器的交流输入电压端、交流输出电压端、DC+、DC-；(1) Set the voltage sag generator connected in series between the factory bus and the frequency converter of the auxiliary machine under test, the AC output of the frequency converter of the auxiliary machine under test is output to the motor of the auxiliary machine under test, and the magnetic powder brake is connected to the output shaft of the motor under test , the circuit breaker Q0 and the circuit breaker Q1 are set between the plant busbar and the voltage sag generator, the circuit breaker Q2 is set between the voltage sag generator and the frequency converter of the auxiliary machine under test, and the digital storage wave recorder is set, respectively connected to the AC input voltage terminal, AC output voltage terminal, DC+, DC- of the auxiliary machine inverter;
(2)启动数字存储录波器，选择数字存储录波器通道并设置耦合方式、电压上下限参数；(2) Start the digital storage wave recorder, select the digital storage wave recorder channel and set the coupling mode, voltage upper and lower limit parameters;
(3)闭合厂用母线的断路器Q0、断路器Q1，使电压暂降发生仪得电，电压暂降发生仪输入电压、三相指示灯显示正常，根据电压暂降模拟工况，设置电压暂降时间，暂降次数，并根据暂降电压值选择相应的断路器出口；(3) Close the circuit breaker Q0 and circuit breaker Q1 of the factory bus, so that the voltage sag generator is powered on. The input voltage of the voltage sag generator and the three-phase indicator light display normally. According to the voltage sag simulation working condition, set the voltage Swell time, number of sags, and select the corresponding circuit breaker outlet according to the sag voltage value;
(4)闭合断路器Q2，检查数字存储录波器交流输入电压、变频器直流母线电压显示正常；(4) Close the circuit breaker Q2, check the AC input voltage of the digital storage wave recorder, and the DC bus voltage of the frequency converter are displayed normally;
(5)根据被试辅机变频器就地或远方控制方式，设置变频器启动频率，并启动变频器，检查数字存储录波器直流母线电压、交流输出电压显示正常；(5) According to the local or remote control mode of the auxiliary machine inverter under test, set the inverter start frequency, start the inverter, and check that the DC bus voltage and AC output voltage of the digital storage wave recorder are displayed normally;
(6)逐步增大磁粉制动器激磁电流，并用卡钳表监视变频器交流输入电流，直到输入电流增加至变频器正常运行时输入电流；(6) Gradually increase the excitation current of the magnetic powder brake, and monitor the AC input current of the inverter with a caliper meter until the input current increases to the input current when the inverter is in normal operation;
(7)启动存储录波模式，点击电压暂降发生仪面板上得暂降按钮，根据(3)中设置的电压暂降次数、暂降时间和暂降深度模拟电压暂降，在暂降结束并恢复正常电压后，结束存储录波模式；(7) Start the stored wave recording mode, click the sag button on the panel of the voltage sag generator, simulate the voltage sag according to the number of voltage sags, sag time and sag depth set in (3), and when the sag ends And after the normal voltage is restored, the storage wave recording mode is ended;
(8)通过存储录波记录的电压暂降期间被试辅机变频器直流母线电压、交流输出电压的变化情况即可判断被试辅机变频器是否具备指标要求的低电压穿越能力。(8) By storing the changes of the DC bus voltage and AC output voltage of the tested auxiliary machine inverter during the voltage sag recorded by the wave recording, it can be judged whether the tested auxiliary machine inverter has the low voltage ride-through capability required by the index.
进一步地，电压暂降发生仪至少应能模拟以下三种工况：1)稳态低电压穿越区：变频器电源进线电压幅值暂降至额定电压90％，持续时间60s；2)动态低电压穿越区：变频器电源进线电压幅值暂降至额定电压60％，持续时间5s；3)暂态低电压穿越区：变频器电源进线电压幅值暂降至额定电压20％，持续时间0.5s。Furthermore, the voltage sag generator should be able to simulate at least the following three working conditions: 1) Steady-state low-voltage ride-through zone: the voltage amplitude of the inverter power supply line drops temporarily to 90% of the rated voltage for 60s; 2) Dynamic Low-voltage ride-through area: the voltage amplitude of the inverter power supply line drops temporarily to 60% of the rated voltage for 5s; 3) Transient low-voltage ride-through area: the voltage amplitude of the inverter power supply line drops temporarily to 20% of the rated voltage, The duration is 0.5s.
进一步地，辅机电动机实际运行时产生的制动转矩通过下式计算：Furthermore, the braking torque generated by the auxiliary motor in actual operation is calculated by the following formula:
TM＝9500*PM/nM；T M =9500*P M /n M ;
其中PM为电动机额定输出功率，nM为电动机额定转速，电动机与磁粉制动器转速比为nM/nZ＝k，其中nZ为磁粉制动器转速，k值可根据磁粉制动器转速高于最低转速并保证其长期可靠运行进行调整。Among them, P M is the rated output power of the motor, n M is the rated speed of the motor, the speed ratio of the motor and the magnetic powder brake is n M /n Z = k, where n Z is the speed of the magnetic powder brake, and the value of k can be determined according to the speed of the magnetic powder brake is higher than the minimum speed And ensure its long-term reliable operation to adjust.
进一步地，可近似磁粉制动器应产生的制动转矩为：Further, the braking torque that should be generated by the magnetic powder brake can be approximated as:
TZ＝k*TM。T Z =k*T M .
磁粉制动器转矩、转速选择选择后进行激磁电流选取：Select the magnetic powder brake torque and speed after selecting the excitation current:
通过实际测量并记录给煤机实际运行时变频器输入三相交流电流，并在开展低电压穿越能力测试时，启动被试变频器使变频器带磁粉制动器正常运行后，逐步增大磁粉制动器激磁电流，同时监视变频器输入三相交流电流，在达到实际运行值时保持激磁电流不变。在此激磁电流下磁粉制动器产生的制动转矩与实际运行时相同。Through the actual measurement and recording of the three-phase AC current input by the frequency converter during the actual operation of the coal feeder, and when the low voltage ride-through capability test is carried out, the tested frequency converter is started to make the frequency converter with a magnetic powder brake operate normally, and the magnetic powder brake excitation is gradually increased. At the same time, monitor the three-phase AC current input by the inverter, and keep the excitation current constant when it reaches the actual operating value. Under this excitation current, the braking torque generated by the magnetic powder brake is the same as that in actual operation.
本发明的有益效果：Beneficial effects of the present invention:
采用磁粉制动器作为给煤机、给粉机电动机的模拟负载，由于给煤机、给粉机电动机所带负载为恒转矩负载，而磁粉制动器的输出制动转矩与励磁电流呈良好线性关系而与转速或滑差无关，在特定励磁电流下呈恒转矩特性。采用磁粉制动器作为给煤机、给粉机电动机的模拟负载，可以测试出接近实际运行情况下的变频器低电压穿越能力。The magnetic powder brake is used as the simulated load of the motor of the coal feeder and the powder feeder. Since the load carried by the motor of the coal feeder and the powder feeder is a constant torque load, the output braking torque of the magnetic powder brake has a good linear relationship with the excitation current. It has nothing to do with the speed or slip, and has a constant torque characteristic under a specific excitation current. The magnetic powder brake is used as the simulated load of the motor of the coal feeder and the powder feeder, and the low voltage ride-through capability of the frequency converter close to the actual operation can be tested.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明的测试接线图。Fig. 1 is a test wiring diagram of the present invention.
具体实施方式detailed description
下面根据附图和实施例对本发明作进一步详细说明。The present invention will be described in further detail below according to the drawings and embodiments.
系统测试接线图如图1所示，电压暂降发生仪串接于厂用母线与被试变频器之间，被试变频器交流输出至被试辅机电动机，磁粉制动器连接被试电动机的输出轴。由于磁粉制动器最大允许转速一般低于被试辅机电动机转子转速，可在电动机及磁粉制动器上安装皮带轮，并通过皮带将转速不同的电动机与磁粉制动器相连接。The wiring diagram of the system test is shown in Figure 1. The voltage sag generator is connected in series between the factory bus and the tested inverter, the AC output of the tested inverter is connected to the tested auxiliary motor, and the magnetic powder brake is connected to the output of the tested motor. axis. Since the maximum allowable speed of the magnetic powder brake is generally lower than the rotor speed of the auxiliary motor under test, a pulley can be installed on the motor and the magnetic powder brake, and the motor with different speeds can be connected to the magnetic powder brake through a belt.
因测试需要，本测试技术需要电压暂降发生仪模拟厂用母线电压跌落，根据《大型汽轮发电机组一类辅机变频器高、低电压穿越技术规范》，电压暂降发生仪至少应能模拟以下三种工况：1)稳态低电压穿越区：变频器电源进线电压幅值暂降至额定电压90％，持续时间60s；2)动态低电压穿越区：变频器电源进线电压幅值暂降至额定电压60％，持续时间5s；3)暂态低电压穿越区：变频器电源进线电压幅值暂降至额定电压20％，持续时间0.5s。电压暂降发生仪正常输出为额定厂用母线电压，暂降时输出低电压，经过设定时间后恢复额定厂用电压。Due to test requirements, this test technology requires a voltage sag generator to simulate the voltage drop of the factory bus. According to the "Technical Specifications for High and Low Voltage Ride-through of Auxiliary Machine Frequency Converters of Large Turbine Generator Sets", the voltage sag generator should at least be able to Simulate the following three working conditions: 1) Steady-state low-voltage ride-through zone: the voltage amplitude of the inverter power input line drops temporarily to 90% of the rated voltage for 60s; 2) Dynamic low-voltage ride-through zone: the inverter power supply input line voltage The amplitude temporarily drops to 60% of the rated voltage for 5s; 3) Transient low voltage ride-through zone: the amplitude of the inverter power input line voltage temporarily drops to 20% of the rated voltage for 0.5s. The normal output of the voltage sag generator is the rated factory bus voltage, and outputs a low voltage during a sag, and returns to the rated factory voltage after the set time.
数字存储录波器通过并接变频器交流输入电压、交流输出电压和直流母线电压测试并记录被试辅机变频器工作状况，通过记录的电压波形即可确定被试辅机变频器是否具备低电压穿越能力。、The digital storage wave recorder tests and records the working status of the tested auxiliary machine inverter by connecting the AC input voltage, AC output voltage and DC bus voltage of the inverter in parallel. The recorded voltage waveform can determine whether the tested auxiliary machine inverter has low Voltage ride through capability. ,
由于连续工作的磁粉制动器是处于100％的滑差条件下运行的，磁粉制动器的滑差功率可近似为电动机的输出功率，磁粉制动器的选择可依据允许滑差功率及电动机转速，并保留一定的裕度。Since the continuous working magnetic powder brake operates under 100% slip condition, the slip power of the magnetic powder brake can be approximated as the output power of the motor. The selection of the magnetic powder brake can be based on the allowable slip power and the motor speed, and a certain margin.
电动机所带负载为恒转矩负载，故辅机电动机实际运行时产生的制动转矩可通过下式计算：The load carried by the motor is a constant torque load, so the braking torque generated by the auxiliary motor during actual operation can be calculated by the following formula:
TM＝9500*PM/nM T M ＝9500*P M /n M
其中PM为电动机额定输出功率(单位为kW)，nM为电动机额定转速(单位为rpm)。由于电动机与磁粉制动器通过皮带连接，电动机与磁粉制动器转速比为nM/nZ＝k，其中nZ为磁粉制动器转速，k值可适当调整，调整的目标是磁粉制动器转速高于最低转速并保证其长期可靠运行。Among them, P M is the rated output power of the motor (unit is kW), and n M is the rated speed of the motor (unit is rpm). Since the motor and the magnetic powder brake are connected by a belt, the speed ratio between the motor and the magnetic powder brake is n M /n Z = k, where n Z is the speed of the magnetic powder brake, and the value of k can be adjusted appropriately. The goal of the adjustment is that the speed of the magnetic powder brake is higher than the minimum speed and Guarantee its long-term reliable operation.
可近似磁粉制动器应产生的制动转矩为：The braking torque that can be approximated by the magnetic powder brake is:
TZ＝k*TM T Z =k*T M
通过查阅磁粉制动器制动转矩与激磁电流关系可确定磁粉制动器应施加的激磁电流。The excitation current that should be applied to the magnetic powder brake can be determined by consulting the relationship between the braking torque of the magnetic powder brake and the excitation current.
根据磁粉制动器励磁电流与输出制动转矩的关系，逐步增大磁粉制动器激磁电流，使其输出制动转矩达到给煤机实际运行时产生的制动转矩。在实际操作时可通过实际测量并记录给煤机正常运行时变频器输入三相交流电流，在被试变频器启动时，逐步增大磁粉制动器激磁电流，同时监视变频器输入三相交流电流，在达到实际运行值时保持激磁电流不变。According to the relationship between the excitation current of the magnetic powder brake and the output braking torque, the excitation current of the magnetic powder brake is gradually increased to make the output braking torque reach the braking torque generated by the actual operation of the coal feeder. In the actual operation, the three-phase AC current input by the frequency converter can be measured and recorded when the coal feeder is in normal operation. When the frequency converter under test is started, the excitation current of the magnetic powder brake is gradually increased, and the three-phase AC current input by the frequency converter is monitored at the same time. Keep the excitation current constant until the actual operating value is reached.
测试步骤及方法Test steps and methods
1)按图1所示系统测试图进行接线连接。1) Make wiring connections according to the system test diagram shown in Figure 1.
2)启动数字存储录波器，选择数字存储录波器通道并设置耦合方式、电压上下限等参数。2) Start the digital storage oscilloscope, select the channel of the digital storage oscilloscope and set parameters such as coupling mode, upper and lower limits of voltage, etc.
3)闭合厂用母线断路器Q0、Q1，使电压暂降发生仪得电，电压暂降发生仪输入电压、三相指示灯显示正常。根据不同的电压暂降模拟工况，设置电压暂降时间，暂降次数，并根据暂降电压值选择相应的断路器出口。3) Close the factory bus circuit breaker Q0, Q1, so that the voltage sag generator is energized, and the input voltage of the voltage sag generator and the three-phase indicator light display normally. According to different voltage sag simulation conditions, set the voltage sag time, the number of sags, and select the corresponding circuit breaker outlet according to the sag voltage value.
4)闭合断路器Q2，检查数字存储录波器交流输入电压、变频器直流母线电压显示正常。4) Close the circuit breaker Q2, and check the AC input voltage of the digital storage oscilloscope and the DC bus voltage of the inverter are displayed normally.
5)根据变频器就地或远方控制方式，设置变频器启动频率，并启动变频器，检查数字存储录波器直流母线电压、交流输出电压显示正常。5) According to the local or remote control mode of the inverter, set the start-up frequency of the inverter, and start the inverter, and check that the DC bus voltage and AC output voltage of the digital storage oscilloscope are displayed normally.
6)逐步增大磁粉制动器激磁电流，并用卡钳表监视变频器交流输入电流，直到输入电流增加至变频器正常运行时输入电流。6) Gradually increase the excitation current of the magnetic powder brake, and monitor the AC input current of the inverter with a caliper meter until the input current increases to the input current when the inverter is in normal operation.
7)启动存储录波模式，点击电压暂降发生仪面板上得暂降按钮，根据步骤3)中设置的电压暂降次数、暂降时间和暂降深度模拟电压暂降，在暂降结束并恢复正常电压后，结束存储录波模式。7) Start the stored wave recording mode, click the sag button on the panel of the voltage sag generator, and simulate the voltage sag according to the number of voltage sags, sag time and sag depth set in step 3). After the normal voltage is restored, the storage wave recording mode ends.
8)通过存储录波记录的电压暂降期间变频器直流母线电压、交流输出电压的变化情况即可判断被试变频器是否具备指标要求的低电压穿越能力。8) By storing the changes of the inverter DC bus voltage and AC output voltage during the voltage sag recorded by the wave recording, it can be judged whether the tested inverter has the low voltage ride-through capability required by the index.
上述实施例只为说明本发明的技术构思及特点，其目的在于让熟悉此领域技术的人士能够了解本发明内容并加以实施，并不能以此限制本发明的保护范围。凡根据本发明精神实质所作的等效变化或修饰，都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围内。The above-mentioned embodiments are only for illustrating the technical concept and characteristics of the present invention, and the purpose is to enable those skilled in the art to understand and implement the content of the present invention, and not to limit the protection scope of the present invention. All equivalent changes or modifications made according to the spirit of the present invention shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
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| CN107422202A (en) * | 2017-06-21 | 2017-12-01 | 上海赛璞乐电力科技有限公司 | A kind of 3000kVA grades large-capacity transducer low voltage crossing pilot system |
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| CN105720885B (en) * | 2016-04-13 | 2018-07-27 | 上海发电设备成套设计研究院 | A method of realizing high-voltage frequency converter low voltage crossing |
| CN108594034A (en) * | 2018-03-02 | 2018-09-28 | 深圳供电局有限公司 | Voltage sag monitoring device and method suitable for frequency converter |
| CN112649729A (en) * | 2020-11-26 | 2021-04-13 | 天地（常州）自动化股份有限公司 | Test system and test method for comprehensively evaluating control performance of frequency converter |
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| CN105720885B (en) * | 2016-04-13 | 2018-07-27 | 上海发电设备成套设计研究院 | A method of realizing high-voltage frequency converter low voltage crossing |
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| CN106093776B (en) * | 2016-07-25 | 2023-06-16 | 国网江西省电力科学研究院 | A low-voltage test system for simulating motor load characteristics based on frequency converter |
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| CN107340444B (en) * | 2017-07-31 | 2023-08-01 | 国网上海市电力公司 | Voltage ride-through test system and method |
| CN108306574A (en) * | 2018-01-30 | 2018-07-20 | 国网河南省电力公司电力科学研究院 | A kind of frequency converter safety operation area computational methods |
| CN108594034A (en) * | 2018-03-02 | 2018-09-28 | 深圳供电局有限公司 | Voltage sag monitoring device and method suitable for frequency converter |
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