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on Economics of Human Migration |
| By: | Angela Dalmonte; Tommaso Frattini; Sofia Giorgini |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the overeducation of tertiary-educated migrants in European labour markets. Using data from the European Labour Force Survey (2012-2022), we show that immigrants, particularly those from non-EU countries, are significantly more likely to be overeducated than natives. Despite a general decline in overeducation levels for all groups over time, the immigrant-native gap remains, especially for foreign-educated migrants. Furthermore, the likelihood of overeducation for foreign-educated migrants increases until 15-19 years after migration, a pattern consistent across all areas of origin and migration cohorts. Importantly, differences in educational quality between origin and destination countries do not primarily account for these overeducation differentials. The findings underscore the need for policies that better align immigrants' skills with labour market demands in Europe to avoid the waste of valuable immigrants' skills, which are harmful not only to migrants but to the economies of receiving countries too. |
| Keywords: | EU labour markets, immigration, Skill mismatch |
| JEL: | J15 J61 F22 |
| Date: | 2024–10–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csl:devewp:496 |
| By: | Rana, Sohel; Faye, Amy |
| Abstract: | Whilst migration to urban areas is often understood through higher wage opportunities, it is not well understood why many rural poor often prefer rural destinations, particularly during temporary migration. This preference also calls for an investigation of the household-level income effects of different destination choices. Our study focuses on northern rural Bangladesh, where rural-bound temporary migration is common. We employ a multi-step conditional probit model with subsamples to analyze temporary migrant’s destination choices, accounting for their self-selection into migration. Similarly, we apply a multi-step control function approach to address endogeneity in examining the income effects of different destination choices. Our results show that destination choices rely on migrants’ individual characteristics, prior perceptions and subsequent experiences of the destination, and the influence of migrant networks. Although rural destinations often offer a better income-to-cost ratio, they are not necessarily better than urban destinations in increasing total household income. In fact, remittances from rural-bound temporary migration are lower than those from urban-bound migration. Yet, rural destinations offer greater utility maximization in the face of migrants’ constraints, leading to a preference for this destination type among such migrants. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2024–12–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:348395 |
| By: | Mario F. Carillo (Departament d'Economia Aplicada, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), IPEG & CSEF.); Lavinia Piemontese (Bocconi University, Unit CLEAN, BAFFI.); Francesco Flaviano Russo (Università Federico II di Napoli & CSEF) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of migrant integration policies on local wealth, focusing on implementation timing. Leveraging a unique policy measure that converted centers providing temporary reception for refugees into centers aimed at integrating them in the hosting society, we conduct an event study analysis. Our findings reveal that the timing of integration policy is important: implementation during heightened public attention to immigration negatively impacts local wealth. By contrast, Integration interventions implemented during periods of low attention have no impact on wealth. Our findings highlight that the backlash effect of integration policy estimated in the literature might be largely explained by extreme public perceptions of the migration crisis. |
| Keywords: | Immigration, Attention, Real Estate Prices, Reception, Integration |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uab:wprdea:wpdea2405 |
| By: | Chrispin Kamuikeni; Hisahiro Naito |
| Abstract: | Applying a Panel Fixed Effect model to a large dataset of migration and local weather conditions in 16 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, this study estimates the impacts of long-term weather aberrations on within-country migration. To address potential omitted variable bias, this study accounts for weather conditions in alternative places of residence–an aspect which has been overlooked by previous studies. Results establish a causal link between climate change and migration, but this effect is observed primarily in a block of West SSA countries. In this region, climate-related relocation is driven by both long-term changes in weather (specifically rainfall and temperature) and temperature volatility. In this region, climate-related relocation is driven by both long term changes in weather (rainfall and temperature) and temperature volatility. Quantitatively, this study finds that over the last 30 years, an average annual rainfall decline of 120mm increased internal migration by 14 percentage points while a sustained average temperature increase of 0.5°C resulted in an 8 percentage point rise in internal relocation. However, temperature fluctuations are found to lowered the odds of out-migration by 22 percentage points. Additional findings reveal that increasing temperatures force climate migrants to travel to much farther destination areas. However, we do not find evidence that adverse rainfall outcomes increase relocation distance. Additionally, We establish that climate migrants tend to relocate from rural districts to urban centers. Finally, We obtain evidence that climate-related mobility involves relocation of a family units, as suggested by the significance of climate mobility of young children (less than 12 years old). Meanwhile, when the same specifications are applied on East SSA, we find weak evidence of climate-related mobility in this region. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tsu:tewpjp:2024-003 |
| By: | Colagrossi, Marco (European Commission); Deiana, Claudio (University of Cagliari and CRENoS); Geraci, Andrea (University of Pavia); Giua, Ludovica (University of Cagliari and CRENoS); Mazzarella, Gianluca (University of Pavia) |
| Abstract: | We study immigrant assimilation in terms of earnings dynamics and patterns of intergenerational transmission in permanent earnings by immigrant generation and neighborhood segregation levels. We estimate comparable sibling correlations across native and immigrant groups, but these seem to be explained by different factors. As immigrants assimilate, their intergenerational transmission mechanisms also become similar to natives. However, less assimilated immigrants experience weaker earnings transmission, a higher persistence of neighborhood effects, and a slower assimilation trajectory. |
| Keywords: | Immigrant assimilation, Sibling correlation, Intergenerational transmission, Segregation |
| JEL: | J15 J61 J62 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202404 |
| By: | Sara Giunti; Andrea Guariso; Mariapia Mendola; Irene Solmone |
| Abstract: | Global demographic shifts have increased population diversity in advanced economies, often leading to anti-immigrant attitudes and discrimination fueled by prejudice and stereotypes. In this paper, we study a short educational program for high-school students aimed at promoting cultural diversity and improving attitudes toward immigration through active learning. To identify the impact of the program, we designed a randomized controlled trial involving 4, 500 students from 252 classes across 40 schools in northern Italy. The program led to more positive attitudes and behaviors toward immigrants, especially in more mixed classes. In terms of mechanisms, the intervention reduced students' misperception and changed their perceived norms toward immigration, while it had no impact on implicit bias, empathy, or social contacts. Our findings suggest that anti-immigrant attitudes are primarily driven by sociotropic concerns rather than individual inter-group experience, and that educational programs fostering critical thinking and group discussion in an issue-salient context can correct them. |
| Keywords: | Ethnic Stereotypes, Social Inclusion Policy, Impact Evaluation, Immigration attitudes |
| JEL: | F22 J15 F68 H53 |
| Date: | 2024–12–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csl:devewp:499 |
| By: | RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the potential impact of different US economic sanctions policies on Venezuelan migration flows. I consider three possible departures from the current status quo in which selected oil companies are permitted to conduct transactions with Venezuela’s state-owned oil sector: a return to maximum pressure, characterized by intensive use of secondary sanctions, a more limited tightening that would revoke only the current Chevron license, and a complete lifting of economic sanctions. I find that sanctions significantly influence migration patterns by disrupting oil revenues, which fund imports critical to productivity in the non-oil sector. Reimposing maximum pressure sanctions would lead to an estimated one million additional Venezuelans emigrating over the next five years compared to a baseline scenario of no economic sanctions. If the US aims to address the Venezuelan migrant crisis effectively, a policy of engagement and lifting economic sanctions appears more likely to stabilize migration flows than a return to maximum pressure strategies. |
| Keywords: | Sanctions, Migration, Venezuela |
| JEL: | F22 F51 O54 |
| Date: | 2024–12–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123104 |
| By: | Pascal Beckers; Tesseltje de Lange; Mahdi Ghodsi (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Ksenija Ivanović; Sandra M. Leitner (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | Emigration from the Western Balkans (WB) to the European Union (EU) has long been a significant source of workers for the EU. In light of population ageing and the twin (digital and green) transitions in the EU, and as candidate countries for EU membership, their contribution may be more relevant than ever. At the same time, the outflow of workers from the WB has exacerbated labour and skill shortages across occupations in the region, depleting the talent pool needed for economic development. This challenge – while also an opportunity – requires immediate attention. Based on new research findings, this policy brief highlights incentives that encourage (i) emigration from the WB region and (ii) immigration to EU countries. In particular, it examines the impact of emigration on labour shortages in the WB and proposes timely policy recommendations for WB and EU policy makers. The policy recommendations are in three main categories (i) industrial policy to address labour shortages and boost technological development, (ii) migration and skills development policies, and (iii) improving data quality for market research and academia. |
| Keywords: | Pull and push factors of migration, migration aspirations/desires, destination decision, choice model, migration policy, skills development, Western Balkans, EU |
| JEL: | F22 O15 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:pnotes:pn:87 |
| By: | Alexander Bick; Adam Blandin; Cassandra Marks; Karel Mertens; Hannah Rubinton |
| Abstract: | Job opportunities have been a key reason why workers move to another state. What drives interstate migration for remote workers, who can do their jobs from anywhere? |
| Keywords: | remote workers; work from home; interstate migration |
| Date: | 2024–11–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:l00001:99187 |
| By: | Knapp, Nadine; Koch, Anne |
| Abstract: | In June 2022, the Secretary-General of the United Nations (UN) published the "Action Agenda on Internal Displacement". It aims to fundamentally reform the way internal displacement is addressed. On the one hand, the focus must shift from short-term humanitarian aid to more development-oriented approaches. On the other hand, the governments directly affected must be more actively involved in the search for durable solutions. A UN Special Adviser, Robert Piper, has been entrusted with the implementation of the Action Agenda. Over the past two years, he has initiated positive developments in a number of countries and contributed to better coordination between relevant UN organisations. Beyond the mandate of the Special Adviser, which expires at the end of 2024, the progress he has achieved thus far must be secured. To this end, Germany should advocate for sustainable governance structures and campaign for internal displacement to be systematically taken into account in development and climate financing. |
| Keywords: | Secretary-General of the United Nations (UN), UN Special Adviser, Robert Piper, "Action Agenda on Internal Displacement", internally displaced persons (IDPs), International Organization for Migration (IOM), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Steering Group for Solutions to Internal Displacement, International Organization for Migration (IOM), UN Resident Coordinators (RCs) |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpcom:306289 |
| By: | Michel Beine; Giovanni Peri; Morgan Raux |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we estimate the effect of increasing the share of foreign-born Master graduates on the creation of innovative start-ups in the US. We combine information on international students graduating from Master's programs by university cohort with data on start-ups created in the US between 1999 and 2020 by graduates of those cohorts. To establish a causal link, we use idiosyncratic variation in out-of-state relative to in-state fees charged by universities across Master's cohorts, resulting in differential foreign students' enrollment. We also use changes in the share of foreign students predicted by a shift-share instrument, based on university-level past networks, as an additional identification strategy. For each additional ten percentage points of foreign students graduating in a Master's cohort, we find 0.4 additional start-ups in that cohort. Then, using a name-based attribution of the origin of creators of start-ups, we find that between 30 and 45% of the total start-up creation effect is attributable to a positive spillover of foreign-born on start-up founders of US origin. |
| JEL: | F22 M13 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33314 |
| By: | Kauhanen, Antti; Maczulskij, Terhi; Riukula, Krista; Ropponen, Olli |
| Abstract: | Abstract This report deals with foreign talent in Finland. The report begins by discussing Finland’s attractiveness from the perspective of foreign talent and considering what Finland’s strengths are and what needs to be developed in Finland to make Finland more attractive. After this, foreign experts are studied in Finland and it is determined what kind of tasks they work in, how long they stay in Finland and how their careers develop. The potential discrimination of foreign workers is also examined in connection with mass layoffs. Various special tax solutions have been used to attract foreign talent, and the report also describes these solutions and considers how the Key Employee Act could be developed in Finland. Finland has sought to improve the chances of successful international recruitment by speeding up permit processes and increasing recruitment activities in certain focus countries. We will also consider these policy measures in the light of statistics. |
| Keywords: | Immigration, Foreign professionals |
| JEL: | J61 J31 D24 |
| Date: | 2024–11–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:report:154 |
| By: | Bayudan-Dacuycuy, Connie; Luzon, Paola Ellaine D.; Zambrano, Suzanne J. |
| Abstract: | Mainly using qualitative data, this paper analyzes whether and how cross-border student mobility contributes to enhanced Philippine tertiary education programs. The paper recognizes that the intake of international students results from cross-border and home-based internationalization initiatives that mutually reinforce the improvement of programs and learning outcomes. The intake of international students further enhances home-based internationalization initiatives, thus creating a virtuous cycle of effective initiatives, relevant educational products, and increased foreign student enrollment. However, this virtuous cycle has yet to materialize in the country due to its weak presence in the international student market. Currently, the country’s inbound students are limited to specific nationalities, fewer than those in other destination countries, and are largely facilitated by educational agencies. While the ultimate objective is to improve higher education programs and learning outcomes for the benefit of Filipino learners, a steadily increasing market share of international students seeking the country for its high-quality instruction and relevant fields of interest would validate that the country’s internationalization efforts have paid off. To realize this, the paper forwards recommendations within the broader context of sustaining a higher education institution ecosystem that is responsive to local and international standards. Comments on this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | quality in tertiary education;cross-border student mobility;internationalization;benchmarking;partnerships |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2024-21 |