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Ugamo Abrahamik

Agamo-agamo Abrahamik atau agamo-agamo samawi adolah kalompok agamo nan mangikuti ajaran jo manyambah Tuhan Ibrahim, sarupo agamo Yahudi, Kristen, jo Islam.

Sabuah simbol nan umum digunoan untuak mawakili tigo agamo Abrahamik nan paliang gadang. Dari ateh ka bawah: bintang Daud, salib Kristen, jo bintang bulan sabik. [lower-alpha 1]

Abraham atau Ibrahim, saurang Patriark jo Rasul,[1][2] banyak disabuik dalam kitab-kitab suci agamo-agamo Abrahamik sarupo Alkitab jo Al-Qur'an.[2][3]

Tradisi Yahudi jo Kristen manyatokan baso Duo Baleh Suku Israel adolah katurunan dari Abraham malalui anaknyo Ishak jo cucunyo Yakub, nan anak-anaknyo mambantuak bangso Israel di Kanaan, sadangkan tradisi Islam manyatoan baso Duo Baleh Suku Arab nan dikenal sabagai anak Ismail adolah katurunan dari Ibrahim malalui anaknyo Ismail di Arab.[1][4][5][6][7]

Agamo Israel kuno barasa dari agamo Kanaan kuno pado Zaman Perunggu, dan manjadi monoteistik nan kuek sakitar abaik ka-6 SM.[8][9]

Agamo Kristen tapisah dari agamo Yahudi pado abaik ka-1 Masehi,[1] dan manyebar laweh sasudah diadopsi dek Kakaisaran Romawi sabagai agamo nagara pado abaik ka-4 Masehi. Islam muncua pado abaik ka-7 Masehi, dan juo manyebar laweh malalui panakluakan awal Muslim.[1]

Agamo-agamo samawi mambantuak kalompok agamo tagadang dalam ilimu perbandingan agamo , sasudah agamo-agamo dari India, Iran jo Asia Timur.[10] Agamo Kristen jo Islam adolah agamo tagadang di dunia badasarkan jumlah panganuiknyo.[11] Agamo-agamo sarugo nan labiah saketek panganuiknyo antaro lain agamo Yahudi,[11] agamo Baháʼí,[12][13][14] Druze,[15][16] Samaria,[17] jo Rastafari.[18][19]

Etimologi

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Cendekiawan Katolik Islam Louis Massignon manyatoan baso kalimaik "Agamo Abrahamik" marujuak kapado sadoalah agamo nan barasa dari sumber spiritual nan samo.[20] Istilah nan labiah moderen barasa dari istilah rujukan Al-Qur'an, yaitu Millah Abraham, "agamonyo Ibrahim", bantuak bahaso Arab dari Abraham.[21]

Janji Allah di Kitab Kejadian 15:4-8 manganai ahli warih Abraham manjadi paradigma bagi urang Yahudi, nan mangecekkannyo sabagai "bapa kami Abraham" (Avraham Avinu). Sairiang jo datangnyo agamo Kristen, Paulus sang Rasul, dalam Roma 4:11-12, juo manyabuiknyo sabagai "bapa dari sadonyo urang" urang nan beriman, nan basunaik atau nan indak basunaik. Islam juo maanggap dirinyo sabagai agamo Abraham.[22] Sagalo agamo Abrahamik gadang mangaku garih katurunan langsuang kapado Abraham:

  • Abraham tacataik dalam Taurat sabagai niniak muyang banso Israel malalui anaknyo Ishak, nan lahia dari Sarah malalui janji nan dibuek dalam Kejadian 17:16.[23]
  • Urang Kristen managaskan asa mulo niniak muyang kaum Yahudi di Abraham.[24] Agamo Kristen juo mangaku baso Yesus adolah katurunan Ibrahim. [Matius 1:1-17]
  • Muhammad, sabagai urang Arab, dipicayoi dek umaik Islam sabagai katurunan dari anak Ibrahim (Abraham), Isma'il (Ismael), malalui Hajar (Hagar). Tradisi Yahudi juo manyamakan katurunan Ismael, urang Ismail, jo urang Arab, sadangkan katurunan Yakub dari Ishak, juo kudian dikenal sabagai urang Israel, adolah urang Israel.[25]
  • Kapicayoan Bahá'í manyatoan dalam kitab-kitabnyo baso Bahá'ullah adolah katurunan Abraham malalui anak-anak bininyo Keturah.[26][27][28]

Pabedaan tantang istilah

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Kapatutan mangalompokkan agamo Yahudi, Kristen, jo Islam di bawah istilah "agamo-agamo Abraham" atau "tradisi-tradisi Abraham" alah banyak ditantang. Kapicayoan umum Kristen tantang Inkarnasi, Tritunggal, jo kabangkitan Yesus, misalnyo, indak ditarimo dek agamo Yahudi jo Islam (caliak misalnyo pandangan Islam tantang kamatian Yesus). Ado kapacayoan utamo dalam Islam jo Yahudi nan indak ado dek sabagian gadang agamo Kristen (sarupo tabu taradok dagiang babi), jo kapacayoan utamo dalam Islam, Kristen, jo Iman Bahá'í nan indak ado dek agamo Yahudi (sarupo kanabian jo ka-Masihan Yesus).[29]

Adam Dodds bapandapek baso istilah "Kapicayoan Abraham", walaupun baguno, dapek manyimpang, karano manyampaikan kasamoan sajarah jo teologis nan indak spesifik, dan dapek bamasalah pado pamariksaan labiah lanjuik. Walaupun ado kasamoan antaro agamo-agamo ko, akar-akar kasamoan hanyolah perifer dari kapacayoan dasar masiang-masiang jo sacaro baitu manyambunyikan pabedaan nan pantiang.[30] Berger, Profesor Studi Yahudi di Universitas Atlantik Florida, manulih baso walaupun "Agamo Yahudi melahiakan agamo Kristen jo Islam," katigo agamo tasabuik "memahami paran Abraham" jo caro nan babeda.[31] Samantaro itu, Aaron W. Hughes manggambarkan istilah iko sabagai "indak tapek" jo "sabagian gadang marupoan neologisme teologis."[32]

Sabuah sebutan alternatif untuak "agamo-agamo Abraham", yaitu " monoteisme gurun ", mungkin juo mampunyoi konotasi nan indak mamuaskan.[33]

Caliak juo

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Catatan

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  1. ↑ Bintang bulan sabit dikaitkan dengan Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah dan kemudian datang untuk mewakili simbol Islam, terutama di dunia barat.

Rujuakan

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  1. ↑ a b c d Bremer 2015, hlm. 19-20.
  2. ↑ a b Abulafia, Anna Sapir (23 September 2019). "The Abrahamic religions". www.bl.uk. London: British Library. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 July 2020. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2024. 
  3. ↑ "Philosophy of Religion". Britannica. 28 Nopember 2010. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/497132/philosophy-of-religion. Diakses pado 5 Nopember 2024. 
  4. ↑ Able, John (2011). Apocalypse Secrets: Baha'i Interpretation of the Book of Revelation. McLean, Virginia: John Able Books Ltd.. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-9702847-5-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=WnhSbFFEq0cC&q=keturah. Diakses pado 5 Nopember 2024. 
  5. ↑ "Prophets Who Descended from Abraham". bahaiteachings.org/ (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2016-07-16. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2024. 
  6. ↑ Dever, William G. (2001). "Getting at the "History behind the History"". What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel. Grand Rapids, Michigan dan Cambridge, Britania Raya: Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 97–102. ISBN 978-0-8028-2126-3. OCLC 46394298. https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC&pg=PA97. 
  7. ↑ Hatcher & Martin 1998, hlm. 130–31.
  8. ↑ Atzmon, G.; Hao, L.; Pe'er, I.; et al. (June 2010). "Abraham's children in the genome era: major Jewish diaspora populations comprise distinct genetic clusters with shared Middle Eastern Ancestry". American Journal of Human Genetics. Cell Press on behalf of the American Society of Human Genetics. 86 (6): 850–859. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015. PMC 3032072 alt=Dapat diakses gratis . PMID 20560205.  [1] Archived 30 May 2016 di Wayback Machine. Israel's religion originates from the Canaanite religion of the Bronze Age, it differed from the other Canaanite religions of Iron Age I because of its focus on the monolatristic worship of Yahweh. Judaism probably became completely monotheistic in the 6th century BC (Iron Age II).[2] Archived 30 May 2016 di Wayback Machine.
  9. ↑ Tjhin, Suyadi; Dendeng, Leonardo C. (2022-12-29). "The Evolution of Israel's Religion from Abraham to Pre-Exilic and Its Significance for Christians". Khazanah Theologia. 4 (3): 189–198. doi:10.15575/kt.v4i3.12251. ISSN 2715-9701. 
  10. ↑ Adams 2007.
  11. ↑ a b Wormald 2015.
  12. ↑ Abulafia, Anna Sapir (23 September 2019). "The Abrahamic religions". www.bl.uk. London: British Library. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 July 2020. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2024. 
  13. ↑ Lubar Institute 2016.
  14. ↑ * Lawson, Todd (13 December 2012). Cusack, Carole M.; Hartney, Christopher, ed. "Baha'i (sic) Religious History". Journal of Religious History. 36 (4): 463–470. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9809.2012.01224.x. ISSN 1467-9809. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 September 2013. Diakses tanggal 5 September 2013 – via Baháʼí Library Online. 
  15. ↑ Abulafia, Anna Sapir (23 September 2019). "The Abrahamic religions". www.bl.uk. London: British Library. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 July 2020. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2024. 
  16. ↑ Obeid, Anis (2006). The Druze & Their Faith in Tawhid. Syracuse University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8156-5257-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=FejqBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1. 
  17. ↑ Abulafia, Anna Sapir (23 September 2019). "The Abrahamic religions". www.bl.uk. London: British Library. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 July 2020. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2024. 
  18. ↑ Abulafia, Anna Sapir (23 September 2019). "The Abrahamic religions". www.bl.uk. London: British Library. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 July 2020. Diakses tanggal 5 September 2024. 
  19. ↑ "Abrahamic Religion". Christianity: Details about... Christianity Guide. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 30 September 2008. Diakses tanggal 5 September 2024. 
  20. ↑ Massignon 1949, hlm. 20–23.
  21. ↑ Guy G.Stroumsa, The Making of the Abrahamic Religions in Late Antiquity, ISBN 978-0-191-05913-1 Oxford University Press 2015 p.7
  22. ↑ Levenson, Jon Douglas (2012). "1". Inheriting Abraham : the legacy of the patriarch in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 3, 6, 178-179. ISBN 1-4008-4461-4. OCLC 812508307. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/812508307. 
  23. ↑ Scherman, pp. 34–35.
  24. ↑ Levenson, Jon Douglas (2012). "1". Inheriting Abraham : the legacy of the patriarch in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 3, 6, 178-179. ISBN 1-4008-4461-4. OCLC 812508307. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/812508307. 
  25. ↑ Shahih Al-Bukhari no.3507; Shahih Al-Bukhari no.3365
  26. ↑ Able, John (2011). Apocalypse Secrets: Baha'i Interpretation of the Book of Revelation. McLean, Virginia: John Able Books Ltd.. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-9702847-5-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=WnhSbFFEq0cC&q=keturah. Diakses pado 9 September 2021. 
  27. ↑ Bremer, Thomas S. (2014). Formed from this soil : the diversity of religious life in American history. Hoboken. pp. 19-20. ISBN 978-1-118-32354-0. OCLC 889006424. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/889006424. 
  28. ↑ Hatcher, William S. (1984). The Bahá'í faith : the emerging global religion. J. Douglas Martin (edisi ke-1st ed). San Francisco: Harper & Row. pp. 130-131. ISBN 0-06-065441-4. OCLC 11234084. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11234084. 
  29. ↑ Greenstreet, p. 95.
  30. ↑ Dodds, Adam (2009-04-30). "The Abrahamic faiths? Continuity and discontinuity in Christian and Islamic doctrine". Evangelical Quarterly. 81 (3): 230–253. doi:10.1163/27725472-08103003. ISSN 0014-3367. 
  31. ↑ "Dr. Alan Berger - Biography". home.fau.edu. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2024. 
  32. ↑ Hughes, Aaron W. (2013). Abrahamic religions : on the uses and abuses of history. New York. pp. 3-4, 7-8, 17, 32.. ISBN 978-0-19-993465-2. OCLC 858861490. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858861490. 
  33. ↑ Benjamin, Don C. (1983). Deuteronomy and city life : a form criticism of texts with the word city ('îr) in Deuteronomy 4:41-26:19. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. pp. 47. ISBN 0-8191-3138-5. OCLC 9324453. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9324453. "Nineteenth century scholars were convinced that the uniform vastness of the desert was the incentive for Israel's belief in one god. Baly, however, points out that most desert dwellers are polytheists. [...] Monotheism, according to Baly, have never developed in desert cultures; monotheism always develops in cities!" 
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