Layin Hastings

Layin Hastings
railway line (en) da ELR railway line section (en)
Bayanai
Bangare na	National Rail (en)
Vehicle normally used (en)	British Rail Class 375 (en)
Ƙasa	Birtaniya
Historic county (en)	Sussex (en) da Kent (en)
Mamallaki	Network Rail (en)
Ma'aikaci	Southeastern (en) , South Eastern and Chatham Railway (en) da Southern Railway (en)
Date of official opening (en)	1845
Track gauge (en)	1435 mm track gauge (en)
Terminus	Tonbridge railway station (en) , Hastings railway station (en) da Tonbridge East Junction (en)
Route diagram template (en)	Template:Hastings Line (en)
Type of electrification (en)	750 V DC railway electrification (en)
Wuri
Ƴantacciyar ƙasa	Birtaniya
Constituent country of the United Kingdom (en)	Ingila
Region of England (en)	South East England (en)
Ceremonial county of England (en)	Kent (en)

Layin Hastings layin dogo ne na biyu a Kent da Gabashin Sussex, Ingila, yana haɗa Hastings tare da babban garin Tunbridge Wells, da London ta hanyar Tonbridge da Sevenoaks . Ko da yake da farko yana ɗaukar fasinjoji, hanyar jirgin ƙasa kuma tana hidimar ma'adinan gypsum wanda shine tushen cunkoson ababen hawa. Jiragen Kudu maso Gabas suna tafiyar da jiragen kasan fasinja akan layin, kuma yana daya daga cikin layukan^[1]

Titin jirgin kasa na Kudu maso Gabas ne ya gina titin jirgin a farkon shekarun 1850 a kan tsaka mai wuya na Babban Weald . Kulawa da ginin layin ya kasance mai rauni, yana baiwa 'yan kwangila damar yin tsalle-tsalle a kan rufin ramukan . Wadannan gazawar sun bayyana bayan an bude layin dogo. Gyaran baya ya haifar da ƙuntataccen ma'aunin lodi tare da layi, yana buƙatar amfani da kayan juzu'i na sadaukarwa.

An yi amfani da motocin motsa jiki tun daga buɗewa har zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 1950s, sabis ɗin fasinja ya karɓe su ta hanyar rukunin rukunin lantarki da yawa da aka gina zuwa ma'aunin lodin layin. Motocin dizal suna sarrafa kaya, kuma an gina su don dacewa da ma'aunin lodi. Raka'o'in wutar lantarki na diesel da yawa sun yi aiki akan layin har zuwa shekarar 1986, lokacin da aka kunna layin kuma an rage ramukan da suka fi shafa daga hanya biyu zuwa guda ɗaya.

i

An ba da izinin SER don gina layi daga Ashford a Kent zuwa St Leonards, Gabashin Sussex a shekarar 1845. LBSC ta isa St Leonards daga Lewes a shekara mai zuwa. Wannan ya bai wa LBSC gajeriyar hanya zuwa Hastings fiye da hanyar SERs, sannan har yanzu ana kan ginawa. SER sun nemi izini don tsawaita reshensu daga Tunbridge Wells a fadin High Weald don isa Hastings. ^[2] Izinin gina 25 miles 60 chains (25.75 mi; 41.44 km) layin zuwa Hastings an samu akan 18 ga watan  Yunin shekarar 1846, ^[3] Majalisa ta ɗauki layin tsakanin Ashford da St Leonards yana da mahimmancin dabarun soja. Don haka, sun ba da shawarar cewa za a kammala wannan layin kafin a yi wani kari daga Rijiyoyin Tunbridge. ^[2] An buɗe haɓaka zuwa Tunbridge Wells a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwambar shekarar 1846 ba tare da wani taron jama'a ba. ^[4] A cikin shekarar 1847, SER ba ta yi nasara ba ta kalubalanci yanayin cewa za a fara kammala layin tsakanin Ashford da St Leonards. An buɗe wannan layin a cikin shekarar 1851, yana wucewa ta Hastings da yin ƙarshen ƙarshen tare da layin LBSC daga Lewes. ^[2]

An gina layin Hastings akan ƙasa mai wahala, gandun daji, da tudu a fadin High Weald da sandstone Hastings Bds, wanda ke buƙatar gina rami takwas tsakanin Tonbridge da bakin tekun kudu na Hastings . SER ya damu da gina layin a matsayin mai yiwuwa a fannin tattalin arziki, tunda yana cikin gasa tare da LBSC don samun shiga Hastings kuma ba ta cikin matsayi mai ƙarfi na kuɗi a tsakiyar shekarar 1840s. ^[2]

An ba da kwangilar gina layin tsakanin Tunbridge Wells da Robertsbridge zuwa Messrs. Hoof & Wyths, ^[5] an yi yarjejeniya da Messrs. H. Warden. ^[6] Ya zuwa watan Maris shekarar 1851, an gina hanyar da aka gina har zuwa Whatlington, Gabashin Sussex, nisan 19 miles (30.58 km) . An kammala dukkan ramuka kuma an shimfida layin dogo guda daya na nisan 10 miles 40 chains (10.50 mi; 16.90 km) daga Tunbridge Wells. ^[7] Lokacin da 15 miles 40 chains (15.50 mi; 24.94 km) an buɗe sashe daga Tunbridge Wells zuwa Robertsbridge akan 1 Satumba, layin waƙa guda ɗaya ya ƙara ƙarin 4 miles (6.44 km) zuwa Whatlington. A kan 6 miles (9.66 km) yanki tsakanin Whatlington da St Leonards, 750,000 cubic yards (570,000 m³) daga 827,000 cubic yards (632,000 m³) an tono. ^[8] Gina layin tsakanin Tunbridge Wells da Bopeep Junction ya haura £500,000. ^[9]

Kulawar ginin ya kasance mai rauni, ^[10] wanda ya baiwa ƴan kwangilar damar yin tsalle-tsalle a kan rufin ramukan. Wannan ya bayMaris cikin watan Maris shekara ta 1855 lokacin da wani ɓangare na bulo na Dutsen Mountfield ya rushe. Wani binciken da aka yi a tudun Grove Hill, Strawberry Hill da Wells tunnels ya nuna cewa su ma an yi su da ƴan bulo da yawa. ^[2] An gina Tunnel na Grove Hill tare da zoben tubali guda ɗaya kawai kuma babu ciko sama da kambin bulo. ^[11] SER ta kai 'yan kwangilar zuwa kotu kuma an ba su £3,500 a matsayin diyya. Duk da haka, gyara halin da ake ciki ya biya kamfanin £ 4,700. ^{[12] [2]} Ko da yake ’yan kwangilar sun biya kuɗin zoben tubali shida, sun yi amfani da guda huɗu kawai. Saboda tsadar sake fasalin ramukan, ^[10] dole ne a gyara wannan ta ƙara ƙarin zobba biyu na aikin bulo, rage faɗin ramukan da 18 inches (460 mm) . Sakamakon haka shi ne cewa an taƙaita ma'aunin lodi akan layin, kuma dole ne a gina na'urar na'ura ta musamman, ^[2] daga baya ana kiranta Restriction 0 rolling stock. ^[2] Wannan matsalar za ta shafi layin har zuwa shekarar 1986. ^[10]

Tunnel na Wadhurst ya rushe a cikin shekarar 1862 kuma SER ta gano cewa irin wannan yanayin ya kasance a can. ^[10] Farashin gyarawa £10,231. ^[13] A shekara ta 1877, jirgin ƙasa ɗaya kawai aka ba da izini a cikin Tunnel Bopeep a lokaci guda. An fadada rami a wani bangare a cikin shekarar 1934-35. ^[2] A cikin watan Nuwambar shekarar 1949, an gano munanan lahani a cikin rami. An sanya aikin layi guda a kan 19 Nuwamba, amma dole ne a rufe ramin gaba daya bayan mako guda. Ramin da aka dogara da wani yanki da sassa na simintin ƙarfe . An sake buɗewa don zirga-zirga akan 5 Yuni shekarar 1950. ^[14] An ƙaddamar da Tunnel na Mountfield a cikin 1938-39, wanda ya kasance a buɗe tare da layi ɗaya yana aiki a cikin aiki. ^[11] Ya ruguje wani bangare a ranar 17 Nuwamba ga 1974, wanda ya haifar da aiki guda ɗaya har zuwa 31 Janairu shekarar 1975. Daga nan aka rufe layin har zuwa 17 Maris yayin da aka keɓe waƙa ta cikin rami. ^[2]

SER ta buɗe layin a cikin manyan matakai guda uku: Tunbridge–Tunbridge Wells, Tunbridge Wells–Robertsbridge da Robertsbridge–Bopeep Junction. An bude tashar wucin gadi a Tunbridge Wells a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba 1845 yayin da Wells Tunnel ya kammala. Tashar ta wucin gadi daga baya ta zama wurin ajiyar kaya. Tunbridge Wells (daga baya Tunbridge Wells Central) tashar ta buɗe a ranar 25  1846. ^{[15] [2] [10]} An buɗe sashin Tunbridge Wells–Robertsbridge akan 1ga watan Satumba1851, tare da sashin Robertsbridge-Battle ya buɗe akan 1 Janairu 1852. An buɗe sashin Junction Battle–Bopeep akan 1 Fabrairu shekarar 1852. ^[2]

Layin yana hawa steep daga cikin Medway Valley a gradients tsakanin 1 a 47 [Note 3] da 1 a 300 zuwa wani taron kudu da Tunbridge Wells, layin ya ƙare har zuwa Wadhurst a gradients tsakanin 1 a 80 da 1 a 155 kafin. saukowa cikin kwarin Rother, wanda ya biyo baya har zuwa Robertsbridge a gradients tsakanin 1 cikin 48 da 1 a cikin 485. Layin ya hau kan gradients tsakanin 1 a 86 da 1 a cikin 170 kafin a tsomawa inda ya ketare kogin Brede . Wannan yana biye da hawan zuwa yaƙi tare da gradients tsakanin 1 cikin 100 da 1 a cikin 227 kafin layin ya faɗi zuwa Hastings a gradients tsakanin 1 cikin 100 da 1 a cikin 945. ^{[2] [11]}

Bopeep Junction shine mahaɗin layin Hastings tare da layin Gabas ta Gabas . Ya ta'allaka ne a gabashin Bopeep Tunnel. ^[10] Akwai mashaya a Bulverhythe mai suna The Bo Peep . Sunan ya kasance laƙabi ga mazajen Kwastam da Excise . ^[10]

Akwai ramuka takwas tsakanin Tonbridge da Hastings. Domin daga arewa zuwa kudu sune:

Tashoshin asali akan sashin Tunbridge Wells zuwa Hastings na layin galibi suna cikin salon Gothic ko Italiyanci . William Tress ne ya tsara su. ^[10] An buɗe tashoshin Frant, Wadhurst, Witherenden, Etchingham da Robertsbridge akan 1 Satumba shekarar 1851. ^[2] Sauran buɗaɗɗen tashoshin an yi dalla-dalla a ƙasa. An jera tashoshin a ƙarƙashin sunayensu na asali.

Tunbridge station opened in May 1842. Following the opening of the branch to Tunbridge Wells in 1845, it was renamed to Tunbridge Junction in January 1852, then Tonbridge Junction in 1893, and to its current name in July 1929.The original station stood to the east of the road bridge, whereas the current station, opened in 1864, stands to the west.^[16] Trains leaving Tonbridge had to reverse to reach Tunbridge Wells. This arrangement lasted until 1857, when a new section of line was constructed enabling trains to reach the Hastings line without reversal.^[2] The station is 29 miles 42 chains (29.53 mi; 47.52 km) from Charing Cross via Orpington.^[17]

An bude tashar Southborough a ranar 1 ga  Maris 1893. An sake masa suna High Brooms akan 21 Satumba 1925 don guje wa rudani tare da tashar Southborough akan Babban Layin Chatham, wanda tuni aka sake masa suna Bickley. ^[10] Tashar tana 32 miles 70 chains (32.88 mi; 52.91 km) daga Charing Cross.

Tasha ta farko a Tunbridge Wells ta wucin gadi ce kuma tana arewacin Wells Tunnel. An bude shi a ranar 19 ga Satumba 1845 kuma tashar Tunbridge Wells ta maye gurbinsa a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwambar shekarar 1846. Daga baya ya zama tashar Tunbridge Wells Goods, daga baya aka sake masa suna Tunbridge Wells Central Kayayyakin tashar. ^{[18] [10]} An rufe tashar kayayyaki a cikin shekarar 1980, tare da riƙe siding don amfani da injiniyoyi. ^[11] Asalin tashar ta kasance 44 miles 23 chains (44.29 mi; 71.27 km) daga London Bridge ta hanyar Redhill.

1. ↑ Beecroft 1986, p. 7.
2. ↑ ^{2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14} Beecroft 1986. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBeecroft1986 (help)
3. ↑ Empty citation (help)
4. ↑ "Country News". The Illustrated London News. London. 28 November 1846. Missing or empty |url= (help)
5. ↑ "Railway Intelligence". The Morning Chronicle. London. 2 February 1852. Missing or empty |url= (help)
6. ↑ Empty citation (help)
7. ↑ HC Deb, 14 July 1845 vol 82 c472 Hansard website
8. ↑ https://hansard.parliament.uk/html/Lords/1845-07-14/LordsChamber#430
9. ↑ "Railway Intelligence". The Morning Chronicle. London. 19 September 1851. Missing or empty |url= (help)
10. ↑ ^{10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09} Jewell 1984. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJewell1984 (help)
11. ↑ ^{11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3} Mitchell & Smith 1987. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMitchellSmith1987 (help)
12. ↑ Empty citation (help)
13. ↑ "Railway Intelligence". The Standard. London. 28 August 1863. Missing or empty |url= (help)
14. ↑ Moody 1979. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMoody1979 (help)
15. ↑ Empty citation (help)
16. ↑ Neve 1933. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNeve1933 (help)
17. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_line#CITEREFBeecroft1986
18. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_line#CITEREFMitchellSmith1987