Han Yu

Han Yu
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Mengzhou (en) , 768
ƙasa	Tang dynasty (en)
Mutuwa	Chang'an (en) , 25 Disamba 824
Makwanci	Heyang (en)
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	Han Zhongqing
Yara	view Han Chang (en) Han Ru (en) Han Zhouchou (en)
Ahali	Han Hui (en)
Karatu
Harsuna	Sinanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	maiwaƙe, mai falsafa, marubuci, calligrapher (en) , ɗan siyasa da Masanin tarihi
Imani
Addini	Konfushiyanci

Han Yu ( Chinese ; 768 – 25 Disamba 824), suna mai ladabi Tuizhi ( Chinese ), wanda aka fi sani da sunan bayansa Han Wengong (韓文公), marubuci ne, masanin Confucian, mawaki, kuma jami'in gwamnati a lokacin daular Tang wanda ya yi tasiri sosai ga ci gaban Neo-Confucianism . An bayyana shi a matsayin "mai kama da Dante, Shakespeare ko Goethe " saboda tasirinsa kan al'adar adabin kasar Sin, Han Yu ya tsaya tsayin daka a fagen siyasa da al'adu a cikin al'amuran al'adu.

YSau da yawa ana yi masa la'akari da kasancewa cikin fitattun marubutan larabci na kasar Sin. Masanin daular Ming Mao Kun (茅坤</link>) ya ba shi matsayi na farko a cikin " Mawallafan Ƙira takwas na Tang da Song ".

An haifi Han Yu a shekara ta 768, [5] a Heyang (河陽, Mengzhou na yanzu) a Henan ga dangin zuriya masu daraja. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙaramin jami'i amma ya mutu sa'ad da Han Yu yana da shekaru biyu. Sannan ya girma a cikin dangin babban yayansa, Han Hui (韓會</link>). Ya kasance dalibi na rubuce-rubucen falsafa da tunanin Confucian. Iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa birnin Chang'an a shekara ta 774, amma an kore su zuwa Kudancin China a shekara ta 777 saboda dangantakarsu da minista Yuan Zai mara kunya. Han Hui ya mutu a shekara ta 781 a lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa a lardin Guangdong . A cikin 792, bayan ƙoƙari hudu, Han Yu ya ci jarrabawar jinshi . A shekara ta 796, bayan ya kasa samun mukami a aikin gwamnati a babban birnin kasar, ya shiga aikin hakimin soji na lardin Bianzhou har zuwa 799, sannan ya zama gwamnan soja na Xuzhou . Ya samu mukaminsa na farko na gwamnatin tsakiya a shekara ta 802 bisa shawarar gwamnan soja. Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba, an kai shi gudun hijira don wasu dalilai masu yawa: don ya kasa tallafa wa ƙungiyar magajin, sukar da ya yi na rashin ɗabi'a na bayin sarki, ko kuma ya nemi a rage haraji a lokacin yunwa.

Daga shekara ta 807 zuwa 819 ya rike mukaman gwamnati da dama, na farko a Luoyang sannan a Chang'an. A cikin wadannan shekaru, ya kasance mai ba da shawara mai karfi na maido da ikon tsakiya a kan lardunan arewa maso gabas masu neman ballewa. Wannan lokacin hidima ya ƙare lokacin da ya rubuta sanannen tunawa da shi akan Kasusuwan Kasusuwa na Buddha (諫迎佛骨表</link> ) an gabatar da shi ga sarki Xianzong . Taron tunawa da zanga-zangar nuna adawa da tasirin addinin Buddha a kasar. Sarkin, wanda ya fusata da sukar Han Yu, ya ba da umarnin a kashe shi. Duk da haka abokansa sun cece shi a kotun, kuma ta haka ne aka sauke shi daga mukaminsa aka kai shi Chaozhou a maimakon haka. Bayan da Han Yu ya nemi gafara ga Sarkin sarakuna bayan 'yan watanni, an kai shi lardin da ke kusa da babban birnin kasar. Sarkin sarakuna Xianzong ya mutu a cikin shekara guda, kuma magajinsa Muzong ya dawo da Han Yu babban birnin kasar inda ya yi aiki a ofishin yaki. Daga nan ne aka nada shi babban mukami bayan ya samu nasarar kammala aikin shawo kan wani kwamandan sojan da ya tayar da kayar baya ya koma bakin aiki.

Han Yu ya rike wasu manyan mukamai na gwamnati kamar shugaban jami'ar Imperial . Han Yu ya rasu yana da shekaru hamsin da shida a birnin Chang'an a ranar 25 ga Disamba, 824, kuma an binne shi a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 825 a makabartar kakanni a Heyang.

Ko da yake gabaɗaya ba a ɗauke shi a matsayin masanin falsafa ba, Han Yu ya kasance muhimmin haziƙin Confucian wanda ya rinjayi ƙarni na baya na masu tunanin Confucian da falsafar Confucian. Ya kuma dauki nauyin masana adabi da yawa na farkon karni na tara. Ya jagoranci tawaye ga pianwen (駢文), salon adabi na yau da kullun, ƙawata, mai ba da shawarar komawa ga salon gargajiya, mai sauƙi, ma'ana, da ainihin salo. Ya ji cewa wannan salon rubutu na gargajiya—wanda ake kira guwen (古文</link>), a zahiri, “rubutu na dā”—zai dace da maido da Confucianism.

Han Yu ya inganta akidar Confucius amma kuma yana adawa da addinin Buddah, addinin da ya shahara a lokacin kotun Tang. A cikin 819, ya aika da wasiƙa, "Memorial on Bone-relics of the Buddha", zuwa ga sarki, inda ya yi tir da "shirye-shiryen da gwamnati ke yi don karɓar ƙashin yatsa na Buddha, wanda ya kira" abu mai ƙazanta "kuma wanda ya ce kamata ya yi a mika shi ga jami'an dace don halakar da ruwa da wuta don kawar da asalinsa har abada. . Ya ɗauki addinin Buddha a matsayin na barbarian (夷狄</link>) asali, don haka addinin da bai dace da jama'ar kasar Sin ba. ^[1]

Har ila yau daga wasiƙar Han Yu, "Memorial on Bone-relics of the Buddha":

"Bawanka ya yi bara ya ce, addinin Buddah bai wuce wata al'ada ta al'ummar Barbari da ta yadu zuwa kasar Sin ba, ba a nan a zamanin da, yanzu na ji cewa mai martaba ya umarci al'ummar sufaye da su je gaishe da Kashin yatsa na Buddha [wani relic daga Indiya], da kuma cewa Mai Martaba zai hau hasumiya don kallon jerin gwanon yayin da aka kawo wannan kayan a cikin fada [...] Sinanci da waɗanda suka sa tufafi na wani salo daban-daban Kalmomin Buddha ba su ƙunshi kome ba game da sarakunanmu na da da kuma yadda addinin Buddha bai dace da dokokinmu ba; . Idan har yanzu Buddha yana raye kuma ya zo kotunmu, Mai Martaba zai iya ba da kansa don karbe shi, amma sai a raka shi zuwa iyakokin al'umma, a kore shi, kuma ba za a bar shi ya yaudari talakawa ba ya dade ya mutu, shin za a iya shigar da ruɓaɓɓen ƙasusuwan Buddha, da ɓarna da rashin sa'a na jikinsa, da kyau a shigar da su fadar? Confucius ya ce: "Ku girmama fatalwa da ruhohi, amma ku ajiye su daga nesa!" Bawanka ya ji kunya ƙwarai, yana roƙon cewa wannan kashi na Buddha a ba da shi ga hukumomin da suka dace don a jefa su cikin wuta da ruwa, a kawar da wannan muguwar cuta, kuma al'ummomin da suka biyo baya sun kare wannan ruɗu."

Har ila yau, Han Yu ya yi suka ga addinin Taoism, wanda ya yi la'akari da shi a matsayin cutarwa ga al'adun kasar Sin. Duk da haka ya bambanta tsakanin Taoism, addini na gida, da Buddha, bangaskiyar waje. A cikin "Asalin Dao" (原道, Yuandao ), ya bayar da hujjar cewa zuhudu na duka addinin Buddha da Taoism ba su da fa'ida ta fuskar tattalin arziki, yana haifar da rugujewar tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Ya kuma soki wadann akidu guda biyu saboda rashin iya magance matsalolin zamantakewa. Ya ɗauki Confucianism ya bambanta da waɗannan imani guda biyu wajen haɗa rayuwar sirri, ɗabi'a na mutum da jin daɗin jama'a na ƙasa. Ya jaddada hanyar Mencius na tabbatar da ɗabi'a na jama'a da tsarin zamantakewa, da ra'ayinsa na bayyana ruhin Confucian ta hanyar aikin siyasa daga baya zai zama tushen tunani na neo-Confucianism. Han ya gabatar da ra'ayoyin magajin Hanyar (道統, daotong ), da kuma ra'ayi na "malam" (師, shi ) wanda ya ƙunshi Hanya kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin "Magana akan Malamai" (師說, Shishuo ). Ko da yake Han Yu ya kai hari kan addinin Buddha da Taoism, wasu ra'ayoyinsa suna da tushen Buddha da / ko Taoist; alal misali, gajeriyar hanyar ta sami wahayi ne daga ra'ayin addinin Buddha na watsa dharma, yayin da ra'ayinsa na "malamin" ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayin Buddha da Taoist na jagoran addini. A cikin "Bangarorin Malamai" (師說, Shishuo ), Han Yu ya yi tsokaci kan wajibci da ka'idojin koyo daga malamai, ya kuma soki lamirin "kunyar koyi da malami" a cikin al'umma a wancan lokacin. Ya bayyana cewa "ba lallai ne almajiri ya zama kasa da malami ba, [yayin da] malami bai kamata ya zama mai nagarta fiye da almajiri ba. Abinda kawai shine cewa [mutum na iya] samun Dao a baya ko daga baya [fiye da sauran]. [kuma ana iya samun] takamaiman filin da wanda ya kware a ciki." ^[2]

Ana ɗaukar Han Yu sau da yawa a matsayin mafi girman ƙwararren masani a cikin Tang. An jera shi da farko a cikin "Mai Girma Manyan Ma'aikatan Tang da Waƙa" na Masanin Daular Ming Mao Kun. Tare da Liu Zongyuan, ya jagoranci Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Daular Han. Ya ɗauki "tsohuwar salon magana" (古文, guwen ) a matsayin irin rubutun da ya fi dacewa da jayayya da kuma bayyana ra'ayoyi. Han Yu's guwen duk da haka ba kwaikwayi ba ne na tsohuwar litattafan ba, amma sabon salo ne wanda ya dogara da tsoffin akidu na bayyananniyar fahimta, taƙaice, da amfani. Han Yu ya rubuta ta hanyoyi da yawa, sau da yawa tare da tattaunawa da gwaji mai jajircewa.

Daga cikin mashahuran kasidunsa akwai maganganunsa na adawa da addinin Buddha da Taoism da goyon bayan Confucianism, kamar "Memorial Buddha on Bone-relics of the Buddha" da "The Origin of Dao". Wasu manyan ayyuka sun haɗa da "Text for Crocodiles" (祭鱷魚文</link> ) wanda a ciki ya bayyana cewa an kori crocodiles a hukumance daga Chaozhou, da kuma "Barka da zuwa Penury" (送窮文) wanda ke bayyana gazawar yunkurinsa na kawar da fatalwar talauci.

Han Yu kuma ya rubuta waƙa. Duk da haka, yayin da ake mutunta kasidun Han Yu, ba a la'akarin wakokinsa na musamman. A cewar wani tarihin adabin kasar Sin na Herbert Giles, Han Yu "ya rubuta baiti mai yawa, akai-akai wasa, kan batutuwa iri-iri, kuma a karkashinsa, an sauya wurin zama na yau da kullun zuwa ma'ana. Daga cikin sauran guda akwai daya akan hakoransa, wadanda kamar suna fita a lokaci-lokaci, don ya iya lissafin kusan tsawon rayuwar da ya rage masa, gaba daya ba za a iya lissafta wakarsa da na mafi girman tsari ba, sabanin rubuce-rubucen nasa. [23]

Waƙar da Han Yu ya ba da labarin tsufa ta hanyar ba da labarin yadda ya rasa haƙoransa ita ce "Rasa Haƙora" (落齒).

Han Yu yana daya daga cikin muhimman mutane a tarihin al'adun gargajiyar kasar Sin. Ayyukansa ba wai kawai sun zama na zamani a cikin adabin Sinanci ba, amma rubuce-rubucensa sun sake fayyace tare da canza yanayin al'adar kanta. Ya kasance mai kirkire-kirkire a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da ya rubuta a ciki, kuma ya kasance babban tasiri a rayuwar adabi da tunani na zamaninsa da kuma daular da ta biyo baya. Rubuce-rubucen Han Yu sun yi tasiri sosai ga marubuta da mawaka na Daular Song, musamman Ouyang Xiu wanda ya shahara da amfani da guwen kamar yadda Han Yu ya ba da shawarar, salon da zai tsaya a matsayin abin koyi ga laruran Sinawa har zuwa juyin juya hali a adabin kasar Sin na zamani na kasar Sin. . A cikin rubutun wani wurin ibada ga Han Yu, mawaƙin daular Song Su Shi ya yaba wa Han Yu: ^[3] Dukan manyan labaran rayuwar Han Yu sun yarda cewa yana da hali na zahiri da gaskiya, wanda ya bayyana kansa a cikin aminci da ya ke da shi ga abokansa. A cewar Li Ao, Han Yu ya kasance babban masanin zance kuma malami ne mai kwazo: "Koyarwar da yake yi da kokarin gyara dalibansa ba ta dawwama, saboda tsoron kada su zama kamala. cewa sun shagaltu da koyarwarsa sun manta da komawa gida”. [1] Ba'a da ke bayyana a cikin rubuce-rubucensa ma yana da mahimmanci a rayuwarsa. Herbert Giles ya yi kiyasin cewa, "saboda natsuwarsa da kishin kasa mai daraja ya sa Sinawa ke ci gaba da tunawa da shi".

Han Yu ya jagoranci kariyar Confucianism a lokacin da koyarwar Confucius ke raguwa, kuma ya kai hari ga addinin Buddah da Tao wadanda a lokacin sune tsarin imani. Rubuce-rubucensa za su yi tasiri sosai a kan Neo-Confucians na zamanin baya, irin su malaman daular Song Cheng Yi da Zhu Xi . [1] Ko da yake yawanci ba a la'akari da falsafar ba, ya gabatar da sabon jagorar hankali ga Confucianism da kuma ra'ayoyi masu tasiri ga Confucians daga baya. [2] Koyaya, Song Confucians sun soki shi saboda kasancewarsa mai salo fiye da ɗabi'a.

Yawancin guraben karatu na zamani, ko da yake sun gamsu da sanya wa Han Yu wuri mai tsaro a cikin tarihin wallafe-wallafen Sinawa, ya ji kunya saboda tashin hankalin sha'awar Confucius.

Don girmama gudummawar da Han ya bayar ga Chaoshan lokacin da aka kai shi gudun hijira zuwa Chaozhou, kogin Han da ke ratsa ta Chaozhou an sa masa suna. Han Yu Temple (韓文公祠) a Chaozhou an kafa shi tun lokacin daular Song a gefen kogin Dutsen Han, wanda kuma aka sanya masa suna. ^[4] Saboda mu'amalarsa da kada a Kudancin China, an ba wa gharial Hanyusuchus da sunan sa a shekarar 2022. ^[5]

Erwin von Zach ya rubuta Han Yüs poetische Werke, nazarin harshen Jamusanci. Waƙar Meng Chiao da Han Yü, wani littafi na Stephen Owen wanda Jami'ar Yale ta buga, shi ne babban binciken harshen Ingilishi na farko na Han Yu. An buga shi shekaru 13 bayan littafin Zach. ^[6]

A cikin wani makala a kan Kafka, marubucin Argentine Jorge Luis Borges, a cikin yin muhawarar cewa "kowane marubuci ya kirkiro abubuwan da ya dace", ya sanya Han Yu a matsayin daya daga cikin magabata na Kafka saboda wasu kamance tsakanin su.

Zuriyar Han Yu suna riƙe da taken "Wujing boshi" (五經博士; Wǔjīng bóshì). ^[7]

1. ↑ "Chinese Cultural Studies: Han Yu - Memorial on Buddhism (819 CE)". Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2013-12-12.
2. ↑ Lee Ming Zhi, Thomas (2017). "Title: A Translation of the Shi Shuo (Discourse on Teacher) by Hanyu". Academia. Original text: 圣人无常师。孔子师郯子（tán）、苌弘、师襄、老聃（dān）。郯子之徒，其贤不及孔子。孔子曰：三人行，则必有我师。是故弟子不必不如师，师不必贤于弟子，闻道有先后，术业有专攻，如是而已
3. ↑ "潮州韩文公庙碑".
4. ↑ "专家视点：韩江是一条什么江？" (in Harshen Sinanci). Xinhua Net. 2016-04-22. Archived from the original on April 9, 2018. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
5. ↑ Iijima M, Qiao Y, Lin W, Peng Y, Yoneda M, Liu J (2022). "An intermediate crocodylian linking two extant gharials from the Bronze Age of China and its human-induced extinction". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 289 (1970): Article ID 20220085. doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.0085. PMC 8905159 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35259993 Check |pmid= value (help).
6. ↑ Leung, p. 715.
7. ↑ "Present day political organization of China". Paragon Books. 1911.