Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/ga-

From Proto-Germanic *ga-.

*ga-^[1]

2. used as an intensifier for verbs, indicating completeness or perfectivity
4. forms nouns or adjectives of association or similarity; co-
6. forms nouns and verbs with the sense of "result" or "process"
8. forms past participles or participle adjectives from verbs

Because of its perfective sense, it eventually became used as a marker of the past participle in the West Germanic languages.

• Old English: ġe-, i- — Late West Saxon, gæ- — Anglian, gi- — Northumbrian, ie- — Kentish
  • Middle English: ȝe-, i-, y-
    • English: a-, y-, i- (obsolete)
• Old Frisian: ge-, gi-, je-, ie-, e-, i-, a-
  • Saterland Frisian: ge-
  • West Frisian: ge-
• Old Saxon: gi-, i-, ge-, ga-
  • Middle Low German: ge-
    • Low German: ge-, e-, je-
• Old Dutch: gi-, ge-
  • Middle Dutch: ghe-, ge-, (West-Flanders) i-, y-
    • Dutch: ge-
      • Afrikaans: ge-
    • West Flemish: ge-, e-
• Old High German: gi-, ga-, ki-, ka-
  • Middle High German: ge-
    • Alemannic German: g- or ge- (euphonic)
    • Bavarian: g-
    • German: ge-
    • Luxembourgish: ge-
    • Vilamovian: gy-
    • Yiddish: גע־ (ge-)