-in

Clipping of -ine.

-in

1. (biochemistry) Used, as a modification of -ine, to form the names of a variety of types of compound; examples include proteins (globulin), carbohydrates (dextrin), dyes (alizarin) and others (vanillin).
   1. a neutral chemical compound

      albumin, casein, chitin, pepsin, saponin

   2. an enzyme

      renin, pancreatin

   3. an antibiotic

      penicillin, streptomycin

   4. a pharmaceutical product

      cobalamin, niacin, vitamin

From the particle in, modelled after sit-in. Compare -off.

-in

2. Attached to a word (usually a verb) to denote a protest, demonstration or other type of gathering characterized by the activity denoted by the base word.

• Harder, K. B. (1968) “Coinages of the Type of “Sit-In.””, in American Speech, volume 43, number 1, →DOI, pages 58–64

Clipping of -ing.

• -in’

-in

1. (proscribed, dialect) Alternative form of -ing.

-in

1. Alternative form of -en

   ‎elf + ‎-in → ‎elfin

• N.I., NI, ni

-in

1. Reflexive suffix.

   ‎örtmək (“to cover”) + ‎-ün → ‎örtünmək (“to cover oneself”)

   ‎gizləmək (“to hide”) + ‎-n → ‎gizlənmək (“to hide oneself”)

2. Suffix creating other types of verbs from other verbs.

Verbs with monosyllabic vowel-ending stems generally take a y before the suffixes -il, -in, or -iş:

‎demək (“to say”) + ‎-in → ‎deyinmək (“to say to oneself, to mutter”)

-in

1. Suffix creating nouns from verbs.

-in

1. Form of -il (“[passive suffix]”) after the vowels E / Ə / İ with the consonant L.

See -il.

-in

1. of

   Synonym: -en

• IPA^(key): /ɪn/

Inherited from Old Czech -in, from Proto-Slavic *-inъ.

-in (adjective-forming suffix)

1. suffix deriving possessive adjectives from nouns of feminine gender, usually from proper and common personal nouns, sometimes also from nouns referring to animals

   matčin bratr ― mother's brother

• -ův
• -í

• Hana Prouzová, Přivlastňovací přídavná jména na -ův, -in v současné češtině, Naše řeč, volume 47 (1964), issue 3
• The template Template:R:cs:Nase rec does not use the parameter(s):

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  Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.Jaroslava Hlavsová, K některým místním (nářečním) rozdílům v tvoření vztahových adjektiv v češtině, Naše řeč, volume 65 (1982)

Borrowed from Latin -īnus, from Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos).

-in m inan (noun-forming suffix)

1. (chemistry) -ine (suffix used to form names of chemical substances)

   adenin ― adenine

   olomoucin ― olomoucine

• -inne (obsolete)

From Middle Dutch -inne, from Old Dutch *-inna, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.

• IPA^(key): /ɪn/

• Audio:

  (file)

-in f (plural -innen, diminutive -innetje)

1. Forms nouns for the female counterpart of something.

   Synonyms: -e, -egge, -es, -ster

• Afrikaans: -in

From Proto-Finnic *-in (instrumental suffix), probably from Proto-Uralic *-ma.

-in

1. Forms inanimate instrumental nouns from verbs.

   ‎avata (“to open”) + ‎-in → ‎avain (“key”)

   ‎keittää (“to cook, boil”) + ‎-in → ‎keitin (“appliance for cooking/boiling”)

   ‎puhella (“to chat, chatter”) + ‎-in → ‎puhelin (“telephone”)

   ‎elää (“to live”) + ‎-in → ‎eläin (“animal”)

2. Forms some diminutive nouns.
3. Used to form the combining form of some verbs.

   ‎asua (“to live (somewhere), reside”) + ‎-in → ‎asuin-

   ‎elää (“to live, be alive”) + ‎-in → ‎elin-

   ‎leipoa (“to bake”) + ‎-in → ‎leivin-

Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)

Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)

Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved.

• -ja
• -ri
• -tär
• -uri

From Proto-Finnic *-in (superlative suffix) (related to Karelian -in), probably from Proto-Uralic *-ma. The oblique stem -impA, -immA is influenced by the oblique stem -mpA, -mmA of comparatives.

-in

1. Forms superlative adjectives.

   ‎heikko (“weak”) + ‎-in → ‎heikoin (“weakest”)

   ‎matala (“low, shallow”) + ‎-in → ‎matalin (“lowest, shallowest”)

   ‎ruma (“ugly”) + ‎-in → ‎rumin (“ugliest”)

   ‎suuri (“large, big”) + ‎-in → ‎suurin (“largest, biggest”)

Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)

Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)

• -mpi

See -n.

-in

1. Instructive plural suffix.

   kaksin käsin ― with two hands

   paljain silmin ― with bare eyes

   pitkin askelin ― with long steps

   hyvissä ajoin ― in good time

Probably by metathesis.

-in (poetic)

1. A variant for the first-person singular possessive suffix -ni.

   rakkain (for rakkaani)

   syödäksein (for syödäkseni)

The use of this suffix is restricted to cases where it is not preceded by a labial vowel (o, u, y, ö), the vowel i, a long vowel (it is shortened if necessary) or a diphthong (since it itself forms a diphthong). It is not used if the resulting word would be monosyllabic.

From Proto-Finnic *-in (adjectival suffix), a variant of the diminutive suffix Proto-Finnic *-ma.

-in

1. (non-productive) Forms some adjectives.

Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)

Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)

From Proto-Finnic *-den (genitive plural suffix for some nouns), from the nominative plural ending *-t + genitive ending *-n (with an epenthetic *-e-).

-in (rare)

1. Forms the genitive plural.

• Suffixed to the nominative singular but the final -i changes to -e-.
• Note, however, that the more common suffix for the genitive plural is -en added to the plural stem ending with i or j. A link consonant d is also sometimes present.
• Nowadays this suffix is rare and usually gives an archaic tone. Certain proper nouns, however, retain this, e.g. Yhdysvaltain, from Yhdysvallat ("United States", singular stem Yhdysvalta-), where also the more modern form Yhdysvaltojen is possible.

• -den
• -en
• -n
• -ten
• -tten

See -Vn (illative suffix).

-in

1. Suffix variant for the illative singular, see -Vn.

• -ni

Inherited from Latin -īnus, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.

• IPA^(key): /ɛ̃/

-in (feminine -ine, masculine plural -ins, feminine plural -ines)

1. forms adjectives indicating a quality; -ish, -ic

   ‎enfant (“child”) + ‎-in → ‎enfantin (“childish”)

-in m (plural -ins, feminine -ine)

1. forms nouns with a diminutive or pejorative quality

   ‎plaisant (“pleasant”) + ‎-in → ‎plaisantin (“joker, wiseass”)

   ‎ours (“bear”) + ‎-in → ‎oursin (“urchin”)

   ‎crotte (“animal dropping”) + ‎-in → ‎crottin (“manure”)

-in

1. (Pulaar) makes verbs causative

   ‎jangude (“study, learn”) + ‎-in → ‎janginde (“teach”)

   ‎famude (“to unserstand”) + ‎-in → ‎faminde (“to explain something to someone”)

From Middle High German -inne, -in, from Old High German -inna, -in, from Proto-West Germanic *-ini, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.

• -inn, -inne (both obsolete)

• IPA^(key): /ɪn/, [ɪn]

• Audio:

  (file)

• For speakers who realise -en as [ən], the distinction between both may at times be weak. However, most speakers have a syllabic nasal in -en and hence keep a very clear distinction.

-in f (genitive -in, plural -innen)

2. creates the female form for many nouns for living beings; umlaut usually occurs in monosyllables, but rarely in polysyllables

   ‎Arbeitgeber (“employer”) + ‎-in → ‎Arbeitgeberin (“employer (female person or sexless company)”)

   ‎Autor (“author”) + ‎-in → ‎Autorin (“author (female person, i.e. a female author or authoress, or sexless company, abstract thing)”)

   ‎Gott (“god”) + ‎-in → ‎Göttin (“female god, goddess”)

   ‎Hund (“dog”) + ‎-in → ‎Hündin (“female dog, she-dog, bitch”)

   ‎Katze f (“cat”) + ‎-in → ‎Kätzin (“female cat, she-cat”)

   ‎Sänger (“singer”) + ‎-in → ‎Sängerin (“female singer”)

   ‎Pastor (“pastor”) + ‎-in → ‎Pastorin (“female pastor”)

   1. (dated) names the wife of a person

      ‎Pastor (“pastor”) + ‎-in → ‎Pastorin (“wife of a pastor”)

   2. (dated) creates female personal names (for wives and daughters)

      Schwarz (proper noun) → Schwarzin (a female person with the name Schwarz, that is the wife or daughter of someone named Schwarz)

      • 1743, Grosses vollständiges Universal Lexicon aller Wissenschaften und Künste, Welche bishero durch menschlichen Verstand und Witz erfunden und verbessert worden […] Fünf und Dreyßigster Band Schle-Schwa, Leipzig & Hallle, page 2007:

        Schwartzin, (Sibylle) […] war eine Tochter Christian Schwartzens, […] gebohren 1621 […] und starb 1638 den 13 Jul.

        Schwartz (Sibylle [given name]) […] was a daughter of Christian Schwartz, […] born in 1621 […] and died on 13th July 1638.

• → Esperanto: -ino

From Latin -īnus, from Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos).

• IPA^(key): /-ˈiːn/

• Audio:

  (file)

-in n (genitive -ins, plural -ine)

2. (chemistry) -yne; -ine

From Proto-Slavic *-inъ.

• IPA^(key): /-ˈiːn/

• Audio:

  (file)

-in n (genitive -ins)

2. A suffix found in place names of Slavic origin, especially in northeastern Germany

-in

1. See -in-.

Borrowed from Betawi -in, from Balinese -in.

• IPA^(key): /ɪn/
• Hyphenation: in

-in (non-active/imperative/basic -in, active nge- -in, passive di- -in) (colloquial, dialectal)

1. Used to form benefactive aspect on a verb.

   beli (“to buy”) → beliin (“to buy (for)”)

   bikin (“to make”) → bikinin (“to make (for)”)

2. Used to intensify a verb.

   liat (“to see”) → liatin (“to look”)

   denger (“to hear”) → dengerin (“to listen”)

3. Used to form causative aspect on a verb.

   besar (“big”) → besarin (“to make big; to enlarge; to raise”)

   panjang (“long”) → panjangin (“to make long; to extend”)

4. Used to transitivize a verb

   naik (“to go up”) (intransitive) → naikin (“to go up”) (transitive)

   ketawa (“to laugh”) → ketawain (“to laugh at”)

• Especially for forming the causative aspect, this suffix can form a verb that is derived from an adjective or noun.

From Proto-Finnic *-inën. Cognates include Finnish -inen, -nen and Estonian -ne.

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-jne/, [-jne̞]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-in/, [-in]

-in

2. Forms adjectives indicating the material of which something is made; -en

   ‎puu (“wood”) + ‎-in → ‎puin (“wooden”)

4. Forms diminutive nouns; -ie

   ‎lintu (“bird”) + ‎-in → ‎lintuin (“birdie”)