請求

Chinese

		to ask; to invite; please (do something) to ask; to invite; please (do something); to treat (to a meal, etc.); to request	to seek; to look for; to request to seek; to look for; to request; to demand; to beseech
trad. (請求)		請	求
simp. (请求)		请	求

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qǐngqiú

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄥˇ ㄑㄧㄡˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): cing² kau⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhiáng-khiù
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): chhéng-kiû

(Teochew, Peng'im): cian² kiu⁵
Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁵chin-jieu₆ / ³chin-jieu₂

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qǐngqiú
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄥˇ ㄑㄧㄡˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cǐngcióu
  - Wade–Giles: chʻing³-chʻiu²
  - Yale: chǐng-chyóu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiingchyou
  - Palladius: цинцю (cincju)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: cing² kau⁴
  - Yale: chíng kàuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsing² kau⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: qing² keo⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɪŋ³⁵ kʰɐu̯²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhiáng-khiù
  - Hakka Romanization System: qiang^ˋ kiu^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: qiang³ kiu²
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰi̯aŋ³¹ kʰi̯u¹¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhéng-kiû
  - Tâi-lô: tshíng-kiû
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zhefngkiuu
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiu²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiu²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: cian² kiu⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshiáⁿ khiû
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰiu⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵chin-jieu₆
  - MiniDict: chin^去 jieu^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²qin-jjieu₃
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕʰin³³ d͡ʑiɤ⁴⁴/
- (Northern: Jiaxing)
  - Wugniu: ³chin-jieu₂
  - MiniDict: chin^上 jieu^平
  - Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /t͡ɕʰin¹³ d͡ʑiəu³¹/

Middle Chinese: tshjengX gjuw

Rime
Character	請	求
Reading #	2/3	1/1
Initial (聲)	清 (14)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	清 (121)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	七靜切	巨鳩切
Baxter	tshjengX	gjuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sʰiᴇŋ^X/	/ɡɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sʰiɛŋ^X/	/ɡiu/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sʰiæŋ^X/	/ɡiəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sʰiajŋ^X/	/guw/
Li Rong	/t͡sʰiɛŋ^X/	/ɡiu/
Wang Li	/t͡sʰĭɛŋ^X/	/ɡĭəu/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡sʰi̯ɛŋ^X/	/gi̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qǐng	qiú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	cing²	kau⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ]eŋʔ [ɡ](r)u/

(Zhengzhang): /*sʰleŋʔ ɡu/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	請	求
Reading #	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qǐng	qiú
Middle Chinese	‹ tshjeng^X ›	‹ gjuw ›
Old Chinese	/*[tsʰ]eŋʔ/	/*[ɡ](r)u/
English	request	seek
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	請	求
Reading #	1/3	1/1
No.	11340	10560
Phonetic component	生	求
Rime group	耕	幽
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	請	𧚍
Old Chinese	/*sʰleŋʔ/	/*ɡu/
Notes		說文作裘古文，甲文爲蛷初文與裘大異

Verb

請求

to ask; to request; to entreat; to beg
請求輕判／请求轻判 ― qǐngqiú qīngpàn ― to request a lenient sentence

請求饒命／请求饶命 ― qǐngqiú ráomìng ― to beg to have one's life spared

請求寬恕／请求宽恕 ― qǐngqiú kuānshù ― to ask for forgiveness
- 虛閭權渠單于請求和親，病死。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  虚闾权渠单于请求和亲，病死。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Han, circa 1^st century CE
  Xūlǘquánqú chányú qǐngqiú héqīn, bìngsǐ. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

edit

乞丐 (qǐgài) (archaic)
乞憐／乞怜 (qǐlián) (to beg for pity)
乞求 (qǐqiú)
哀告 (āigào)
哀求 (āiqiú)
央告 (yānggào)
央求 (yāngqiú)
憑／凭 (píng) (literary)
懇求／恳求 (kěnqiú)
懇請／恳请 (kěnqǐng)
求 (qiú)
沽情 (Hokkien)
煩請／烦请 (fánqǐng) (honorific, polite)
祈求 (qíqiú) (to pray for)
祈祝 (qízhù) (literary)
祝禱／祝祷 (zhùdǎo) (literary)
要求 (yāoqiú)
請／请

Derived terms

請求權／请求权

Noun

請求

request; requirement; entreatment (Classifier: 個／个 m)
(networking) request (message sent over a network to a server)

Synonyms

(requirement):

edit

先決條件／先决条件 (xiānjué tiáojiàn)
前提 (qiántí)
條件／条件 (tiáojiàn)
要求 (yāoqiú)
訴求／诉求 (sùqiú)
需求 (xūqiú)
需要 (xūyào)

Derived terms

訴訟請求／诉讼请求 (sùsòng qǐngqiú)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
請	求
せい Grade: S	きゅう Grade: 4
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) せーきゅう [sèékyúú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [se̞ːkʲɨː]

Noun

請(せい)求(きゅう) • (seikyū)

a strong request
a demand, a claim on the basis of some authority (especially for payment)

Synonyms

(a strong request): 要望(ようぼう) (yōbō), 要求(ようきゅう) (yōkyū)

Derived terms

請求書(せいきゅうしょ) (seikyūsho)
要求権(ようきゅうけん) (yōkyūken)

Verb

請(せい)求(きゅう)する • (seikyū suru) suru (stem 請(せい)求(きゅう)し (seikyū shi), past 請(せい)求(きゅう)した (seikyū shita))

to make a demand or strong request
to make a demand on the basis of some authority, to make a claim

Conjugation

Conjugation of "請求する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	請求し	せいきゅうし	seikyū shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	請求し	せいきゅうし	seikyū shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	請求する	せいきゅうする	seikyū suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	請求する	せいきゅうする	seikyū suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	請求すれ	せいきゅうすれ	seikyū sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	請求せよ¹ 請求しろ²	せいきゅうせよ¹ せいきゅうしろ²	seikyū seyo¹ seikyū shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	請求される	せいきゅうされる	seikyū sareru
Causative	請求させる請求さす	せいきゅうさせるせいきゅうさす	seikyū saseru seikyū sasu
Potential	請求できる	せいきゅうできる	seikyū dekiru
Volitional	請求しよう	せいきゅうしよう	seikyū shiyō
Negative	請求しない	せいきゅうしない	seikyū shinai
Negative continuative	請求せず	せいきゅうせず	seikyū sezu
Formal	請求します	せいきゅうします	seikyū shimasu
Perfective	請求した	せいきゅうした	seikyū shita
Conjunctive	請求して	せいきゅうして	seikyū shite
Hypothetical conditional	請求すれば	せいきゅうすれば	seikyū sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
請	求

Noun

請求 • (cheonggu) (hangeul 청구)

hanja form^? of 청구 (“request”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
請	求

Noun

請求

chữ Hán form of thỉnh cầu (“request”).

Verb

請求

chữ Hán form of thỉnh cầu (“to request”).

[NHK-1] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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