瞎

瞎	U+778E, 瞎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-778E

Translingual

Han character

瞎 (Kangxi radical 109, 目+10, 15 strokes, cangjie input 月山十手口 (BUJQR), four-corner 6306₁, composition ⿰目害)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 814, character 29
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23586
Dae Jaweon: page 1228, character 9
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2507, character 15
Unihan data for U+778E

Chinese

trad.		瞎
simp. ^#		瞎
2nd round simp.		𰥌

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (害) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
轄	kʰaːds, ɡraːd
害	*ɡaːds
犗	*kraːds
幰	*qʰanʔ
攇	*qʰanʔ
憲	*hŋans
瀗	*qʰans
割	*kaːd
磍	kreːd, kʰraːd
瞎	*qʰraːd
鎋	*ɡraːd
鶷	*ɡraːd
縖	*ɡraːd
豁	*qʰʷaːd

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): xiā (xia¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚ

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ха (ha, I)
Cantonese (Jyutping): hat⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): hat

(Meixian, Guangdong): had⁵
Northern Min (KCR): hăi
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hah⁷
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hat / khoeh

(Teochew, Peng'im): hag⁴
Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁷haq / ⁷haeq / ⁷shiaq

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiā
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sia
  - Wade–Giles: hsia¹
  - Yale: syā
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shia
  - Palladius: ся (sja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ха (ha, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xa²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: hat⁶
  - Yale: haht
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hat⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: hed⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐt̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hat
  - Hakka Romanization System: had^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: had⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /hat̚²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: had⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /hat̚¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hăi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xai²⁴/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hah⁷
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haʔ⁴/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hah⁷
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haʔ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hat
  - Tâi-lô: hat
  - Phofsit Daibuun: had
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hat̚⁵/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hat̚³²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khoeh
  - Tâi-lô: khueh
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qoeq
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /kʰueʔ³²/

Note:

hat - literary;
khoeh - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: hag⁴
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hak
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /hak̚²/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁷haq
  - MiniDict: hah^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴haq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /haʔ⁵⁵/
- (Northern: Suzhou)
  - Wugniu: ⁷haeq
  - MiniDict: haeh^入
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /haʔ⁴³/
- (Northern: Hangzhou)
  - Wugniu: ⁷shiaq
  - MiniDict: shieh^入
  - Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /ɕiɑʔ⁵⁵/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 瞎
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕia⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/ɕia⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/ɕiɑ²¹/
	Jinan	/ɕia²¹³/
	Qingdao	/ɕia⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/ɕia²⁴/
	Xi'an	/xa²¹/
	Xining	/ɕia⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ɕia¹³/ ～子 /xa¹³/ ～倯
	Lanzhou	/xa¹³/
	Ürümqi	/xa²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ɕia²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ɕia³¹/
	Guiyang	/ɕia²¹/
	Kunming	/ɕia̠³¹/
	Nanjing	/ɕiɑʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/ɕiɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/xaʔ²/ /ɕiaʔ²/
	Pingyao	/xʌʔ¹³/
	Hohhot	/ɕiaʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/haʔ⁵/
	Suzhou	/haʔ⁵/
	Hangzhou	/ɕiɑʔ⁵/
	Wenzhou	/ha²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/xaʔ²¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/xɔ⁵/
Xiang	Changsha	/ɕia²⁴/ /xa²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/hɒ²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/haʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/hat̚¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/hɑt̚²²/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hɐt̚²/
	Nanning	/hɐt̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/hɐt̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/hap̚³²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/hɑʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/xai²⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/hak̚²/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/hai³⁵/

Middle Chinese: xaet

Rime
Character	瞎
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	黠 (71)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	許鎋切
Baxter	xaet
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hˠat̚/
Pan Wuyun	/hᵚat̚/
Shao Rongfen	/xɐt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/haɨt̚/
Li Rong	/xat̚/
Wang Li	/xat̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/xăt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xia
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haat³

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*qʰraːd/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	瞎
Reading #	1/1
No.	4854
Phonetic component	害
Rime group	月
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	瞎
Old Chinese	/*qʰraːd/
Notes	見釋名

Definitions

瞎

to be blind
又聾又瞎／又聋又瞎 ― yòu lóng yòu xiā ― deaf and blind

右眼瞎了 ― yòu yǎn xiā le ― the right eye went blind

你瞎了眼嗎？／你瞎了眼吗？ ― Nǐ xiā le yǎn ma? ― Are you blind?
at random; aimlessly
瞎說／瞎说 ― xiāshuō ― to talk drivel

瞎走 ― xiā zǒu ― to walk around aimlessly

瞎花錢／瞎花钱 ― xiā huāqián ― to spend money foolishly
(colloquial) to fail
(dialectal) to become tangled
(dialectal Mandarin, including Dungan) bad
(Wu) very; extremely
瞎快 [Shanghainese] ― ⁷haq-khua [Wugniu] ― very quickly

Synonyms

(to be blind):

Dialectal synonyms of 瞎眼 (“(to be) blind”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		瞽, 盲
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		失明, 瞎眼, 瞎
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	瞎眼
	Malaysia	瞎, 盲
	Singapore	瞎, 盲
Cantonese	Guangzhou	盲, 盲眼
	Hong Kong	盲, 盲眼
	Singapore (Guangfu)	盲
Hakka	Meixian	瞎, 盲
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	眼瞎
	Luhe	目瞎
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	目瞨, 瞨目, 青盲, 瞎目
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	目瞨, 目瞎, 青盲, 瞎目
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	目瞨, 瞨目, 青盲, 瞎目
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	目瞨, 瞨目, 青盲, 瞎目
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	目瞨, 瞨目, 青盲, 瞎目
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	青盲
Northern Min	Jian'ou	瞎
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	青盲
Southern Min	Xiamen	青盲
	Quanzhou	青盲
	Zhangzhou	青盲
	Taipei	青盲
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	青盲
	Kaohsiung	青盲
	Yilan	青盲
	Changhua (Lukang)	青盲
	Taichung	青盲
	Tainan	青盲
	Hsinchu	青盲
	Kinmen	青盲
	Penghu (Magong)	青盲
	Penang (Hokkien)	青盲
	Singapore (Hokkien)	青盲
	Manila (Hokkien)	青盲
	Pingnan (Pingtian)	青盲
	Chaozhou	青盲
	Shantou	青盲
	Shantou (Chenghai)	青盲
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	青盲
	Jieyang	青盲
	Haifeng	青盲
	Leizhou	青盲
	Wenchang	青盲
	Singapore (Hainanese)	青盲
Puxian Min	Putian	青盲
Central Min	Yong'an	瞎
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	盲

Compounds

References

“瞎”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “瞎”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 254.

Japanese

Kanji

瞎

(Hyōgai kanji)

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Readings

Korean

Hanja

瞎 (eumhun 애꾸눈 할 (aekkunun hal))

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Vietnamese

Han character

瞎: Hán Nôm readings: hạt, hắt, hặt, hát

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