永遠

Chinese

		forever; always; perpetual(ly)	far; distant; remote
trad. (永遠)		永	遠
simp. (永远)		永	远

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yǒngyuǎn

(Zhuyin): ㄩㄥˇ ㄩㄢˇ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wing⁵ jyun⁵

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ven⁴ yon²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): yún-yén / yún-yán

(Hailu, HRS): rhun^ˊ rhan^ˊ
Eastern Min (BUC): īng-uōng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): éng-oán

(Teochew, Peng'im): iong² iang² / iong² iêng²
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵ion-yoe

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yǒngyuǎn [Phonetic: yóngyuǎn]
  - Zhuyin: ㄩㄥˇ ㄩㄢˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yǒngyuǎn
  - Wade–Giles: yung³-yüan³
  - Yale: yǔng-ywǎn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeongyeuan
  - Palladius: юнъюань (junʺjuanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: wing⁵ jyun⁵
  - Yale: wíhng yúhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: wing⁵ jyn⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: wing⁵ yun⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /wɪŋ¹³ jyːn¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ven⁴ yon²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ven²¹ jᵘɔn⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yún-yén
  - Hakka Romanization System: iun^ˋ ien^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yun³ yan³
  - Sinological IPA: /i̯un³¹ i̯en³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yún-yán
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)iun^ˋ (r)ian^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yun³ yan³
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯un³¹ (j)i̯an³¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: rhun^ˊ rhan^ˊ
  - Sinological IPA: /ʒun²⁴⁻³³ ʒan²⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: īng-uōng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iŋ³³⁻³⁵ ^(Ø-)ŋuoŋ³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: éng-oán
  - Tâi-lô: íng-uán
  - Phofsit Daibuun: efng'oarn
  - IPA (Xiamen): /iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ uan⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uan⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ uan⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: iong² iang² / iong² iêng²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ióng iáng / ióng iéng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ioŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ iaŋ⁵²/, /ioŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ ieŋ⁵²⁻²¹/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵ion-yoe
  - MiniDict: ion^去 yoe
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²ion-hhyoe
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ioŋ³³ ɦyø⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: hjwaengX hjwonX

Rime
Character	永	遠
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Initial (聲)	云 (35)	云 (35)
Final (韻)	庚 (112)	元 (66)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	于憬切	雲阮切
Baxter	hjwaengX	hjwonX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠwiæŋ^X/	/ɦʉɐn^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦʷᵚiaŋ^X/	/ɦʷiɐn^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣiuaŋ^X/	/ɣiuɐn^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦwiajŋ^X/	/ɦuan^X/
Li Rong	/ɣiuɐŋ^X/	/ɣiuɐn^X/
Wang Li	/ɣĭwɐŋ^X/	/ɣĭwɐn^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/i̯wɐŋ^X/	/i̯wɐn^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yǒng	yuǎn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	wing⁵	jyun⁵

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷraŋʔ C.ɢʷanʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷraŋʔ ɢʷanʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	永	遠
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yǒng	yuǎn
Middle Chinese	‹ hjwæng^X ›	‹ hjwon^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ʷraŋʔ/	/*C.ɢʷanʔ/
English	long (time)	far
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	永	遠
Reading #	1/1	1/2
No.	15423	16226
Phonetic component	永	袁
Rime group	陽	元
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	永	遠
Old Chinese	/*ɢʷraŋʔ/	/*ɢʷanʔ/

Adverb

永遠

forever; always; permanently
永遠相愛／永远相爱 ― yǒngyuǎn xiàng'ài ― love each other forever

莊家永遠是贏家。 [MSC, trad.]
庄家永远是赢家。 [MSC, simp.]
Zhuāngjiā yǒngyuǎn shì yíngjiā. [Pinyin]
The house always wins.

我們的大門永遠向你敞開。 [MSC, trad.]
我们的大门永远向你敞开。 [MSC, simp.]
Wǒmen de dàmén yǒngyuǎn xiàng nǐ chǎngkāi. [Pinyin]
Our door is always open to you.

人生永遠沒有太晚的開始。 [MSC, trad.]
人生永远没有太晚的开始。 [MSC, simp.]
Rénshēng yǒngyuǎn méiyǒu tài wǎn de kāishǐ. [Pinyin]
No beginning has ever been proved to be too late.

如果沒有人捐助的話，這個小孩就會永遠失明。 [MSC, trad.]
如果没有人捐助的话，这个小孩就会永远失明。 [MSC, simp.]
Rúguǒ méiyǒu rén juānzhù dehuà, zhè ge xiǎohái jiù huì yǒngyuǎn shīmíng. [Pinyin]
If no one offers assistance this kid will become permanently blind.

Synonyms

edit

永世 (yǒngshì)
終古／终古 (zhōnggǔ) (literary)

Antonyms

短暫／短暂 (duǎnzàn)
臨時／临时 (línshí)
暫時／暂时 (zànshí)

Derived terms

一次得救永遠得救／一次得救永远得救 (yīcì déjiù yǒngyuǎn déjiù)

Noun

永遠

eternity
相愛到永遠／相爱到永远 ― xiàng'ài dào yǒngyuǎn ― love each other forever
- 玉米追肥用了它 / 高產到永遠 [MSC, trad.]
  玉米追肥用了它 / 高产到永远 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 2000s, 美国·圣地亚戈, an advertisement of the product 金氮丹
  yùmǐ zhuīféi yòng le tā / gāochǎn dào yǒngyuǎn [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (永遠):

→ Japanese: 永遠(えいえん) (eien)
→ Korean: 영원(永遠) (yeong'won)
→ Vietnamese: vĩnh viễn (永遠)

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
永	遠
えい Grade: 5	えん Grade: 2
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) えーえん [èééń] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [e̞ːẽ̞ɴ]

Noun

永(えい)遠(えん) • (eien) ^{←えいゑん (eiwen)^?}

eternity

Adjective

永(えい)遠(えん) • (eien) ^{←えいゑん (eiwen)^?}-na (adnominal 永(えい)遠(えん)な (eien na), adverbial 永(えい)遠(えん)に (eien ni))

forever, eternal

Inflection

Inflection of 永遠

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	永遠だろ	えいえんだろ	eien daro
Continuative (連用形)	永遠で	えいえんで	eien de
Terminal (終止形)	永遠だ	えいえんだ	eien da
Attributive (連体形)	永遠な	えいえんな	eien na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	永遠なら	えいえんなら	eien nara
Imperative (命令形)	永遠であれ	えいえんであれ	eien de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	永遠ではない永遠じゃない	えいえんではないえいえんじゃない	eien de wa nai eien ja nai
Informal past	永遠だった	えいえんだった	eien datta
Informal negative past	永遠ではなかった永遠じゃなかった	えいえんではなかったえいえんじゃなかった	eien de wa nakatta eien ja nakatta
Formal	永遠です	えいえんです	eien desu
Formal negative	永遠ではありません永遠じゃありません	えいえんではありませんえいえんじゃありません	eien de wa arimasen eien ja arimasen
Formal past	永遠でした	えいえんでした	eien deshita
Formal negative past	永遠ではありませんでした永遠じゃありませんでした	えいえんではありませんでしたえいえんじゃありませんでした	eien de wa arimasen deshita eien ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	永遠で	えいえんで	eien de
Conditional	永遠なら（ば）	えいえんなら（ば）	eien nara (ba)
Provisional	永遠だったら	えいえんだったら	eien dattara
Volitional	永遠だろう	えいえんだろう	eien darō
Adverbial	永遠に	えいえんに	eien ni
Degree	永遠さ	えいえんさ	eiensa

Synonyms

とわ (towa)
永久(えいきゅう) (eikyū)

Related terms

無限(むげん) (mugen, “mugen”): infinity

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
永	遠
Grade: 5	Grade: 2
irregular

For pronunciation and definitions of 永遠 – see the following entry.

【とわ】	[adjective] constant, permanent, everlasting [noun] eternity [noun] constancy, permanence, everlastingness Alternative spellings 永久, 常

(This term, 永遠, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
永	遠

Noun

永遠 • (yeong'won) (hangeul 영원)

hanja form^? of 영원 (“eternity”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
永	遠

Adjective

永遠

chữ Hán form of vĩnh viễn (“everlasting; long-lasting; permanent; for ever”).

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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