建議

See also: 建议

Chinese

		to establish; to found; to set up to establish; to found; to set up; to build; to construct	criticize; discuss
trad. (建議)		建	議
simp. (建议)		建	议

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiànyì

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gin³ ji⁵
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kien-ngi / kian-ngi
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kiàn-gī

(Teochew, Peng'im): giêng⁶ ngi²
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹ci-gni; ⁵ci-gni

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiànyì
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiànyì
  - Wade–Giles: chien⁴-i⁴
  - Yale: jyàn-yì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiannyih
  - Palladius: цзяньи (czjanʹi)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/
  - Homophones:
    [Show/Hide]
    ^edit
    ^edit
    建議／建议
    諫議／谏议
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gin³ ji⁵
  - Yale: gin yíh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gin³ ji⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: gin³ yi⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiːn³³ jiː¹³/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kien-ngi
  - Hakka Romanization System: gien ngi
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gian⁴ ngi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯en⁵⁵ ŋi⁵⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kian-ngi
  - Hakka Romanization System: gian ngi
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gian⁴ ngi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯an⁵⁵ ŋi⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiàn-gī
  - Tâi-lô: kiàn-gī
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiern'gi
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡi⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡi³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: giêng⁶ ngi²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiĕng ngí
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kieŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ ŋi⁵²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹ci-gni; ⁵ci-gni
  - MiniDict: ci^平 nyi; ci^去 nyi
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹ji-nyi; ²ji-nyi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕi⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/, /t͡ɕi³³ n̠ʲi⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: kjonH ngjeH

Rime
Character	建	議
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	元 (65)	支 (13)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	居万切	宜寄切
Baxter	kjonH	ngjeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨɐn^H/	/ŋˠiᴇ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kiɐn^H/	/ŋᵚiɛ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kiɐn^H/	/ŋiɛ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɨan^H/	/ŋjiə̆^H/
Li Rong	/kiɐn^H/	/ŋje^H/
Wang Li	/kĭɐn^H/	/ŋǐe^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kɨ̯ɐn^H/	/ŋie̯^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiàn	yì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gin³	ji⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]a[n]-s ŋ(r)aj-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*kans ŋrals/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	建	議
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiàn	yì
Middle Chinese	‹ kjon^H ›	‹ ngje^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]a[n]-s/	/*ŋ(r)aj-s/
English	set up, establish	discuss
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	建	議
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	6220	13056
Phonetic component	建	我
Rime group	元	歌
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	建	議
Old Chinese	/*kans/	/*ŋrals/

Verb

建議

to suggest; to recommend; to propose; to advise
建議零售價／建议零售价 ― jiànyì língshòujià ― recommended retail price

建議速度／建议速度 ― jiànyì sùdù ― suggested speed

有人建議他要分散投資方向。 [MSC, trad.]
有人建议他要分散投资方向。 [MSC, simp.]
Yǒurén jiànyì tā yào fēnsàn tóuzī fāngxiàng. [Pinyin]
He was advised to diversify his investments.

Usage notes

Use 推薦／推荐 (tuījiàn) when recommending a specific thing or person, and 建議／建议 (jiànyì) when suggesting a course of action.

Synonyms

edit

介紹／介绍 (jièshào)
保舉／保举 (bǎojǔ) (literary, to recommend somebody for a post with one's personal guarantee)
保薦／保荐 (bǎojiàn) (literary, to recommend someone for a promotion)
引薦／引荐 (yǐnjiàn)
引進／引进 (yǐnjìn)
推舉／推举 (tuījǔ)
推薦／推荐 (tuījiàn)
推選／推选 (tuīxuǎn)
提議／提议 (tíyì)
舉薦／举荐 (jǔjiàn)
薦舉／荐举 (jiànjǔ)

Noun

建議

suggestion; recommendation; proposal; advice (Classifier: 條／条; 項／项)
請及時就醫，聽取醫生建議。 [MSC, trad.]
请及时就医，听取医生建议。 [MSC, simp.]
Qǐng jíshí jiùyī, tīngqǔ yīshēng jiànyì. [Pinyin]
Please seek medical attention promptly and follow the doctor's advice.

我覺得秀英這個建議特別地好。 [MSC, trad.]
我觉得秀英这个建议特别地好。 [MSC, simp.]
Wǒ juéde Xiù yīng zhège jiànyì tèbié de hǎo. [Pinyin]
I think Xiuying's suggestion is particularly good.

這個建議會耗去大量的人力和財力。 [MSC, trad.]
这个建议会耗去大量的人力和财力。 [MSC, simp.]
Zhè ge jiànyì huì hào qù dàliàng de rénlì hé cáilì. [Pinyin]
This proposal will consume a lot of manpower and financial resources.

Synonyms

edit

主張／主张 (zhǔzhāng)
倡議／倡议 (chàngyì)
意下 (yìxià) (literary)
意思
想法
意見／意见 (yìjiàn)
提議／提议 (tíyì)
看法 (kànfǎ)
看點／看点 (kàndiǎn)
眼光 (yǎnguāng)
睇法 (tai² faat³) (Cantonese)
視角／视角 (shìjiǎo)
見地／见地 (jiàndì)
見解／见解 (jiànjiě)
觀點／观点 (guāndiǎn)
角度 (jiǎodù)
諗法／谂法 (nam² faat³) (Cantonese)
議／议 (yì) (literary, or in compounds)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (建議):

→ Japanese: 建(けん)議(ぎ) (kengi)
→ Korean: 건의(建議) (geonui)
→ Vietnamese: kiến nghị (建議)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
建	議
けん Grade: 4	ぎ Grade: 4
kan'on

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) けんぎ [kéꜜǹgì] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
(Tokyo) けんぎ [kèńgíꜜ] (Odaka – [3])^[1]
IPA^(key): [kẽ̞ŋʲɡʲi]

Noun

建(けん)議(ぎ) • (kengi)

proposition, proposal

Verb

建(けん)議(ぎ)する • (kengi suru) suru (stem 建(けん)議(ぎ)し (kengi shi), past 建(けん)議(ぎ)した (kengi shita))

to propose, to offer

Conjugation

Conjugation of "建議する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	建議し	けんぎし	kengi shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	建議し	けんぎし	kengi shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	建議する	けんぎする	kengi suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	建議する	けんぎする	kengi suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	建議すれ	けんぎすれ	kengi sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	建議せよ¹ 建議しろ²	けんぎせよ¹ けんぎしろ²	kengi seyo¹ kengi shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	建議される	けんぎされる	kengi sareru
Causative	建議させる建議さす	けんぎさせるけんぎさす	kengi saseru kengi sasu
Potential	建議できる	けんぎできる	kengi dekiru
Volitional	建議しよう	けんぎしよう	kengi shiyō
Negative	建議しない	けんぎしない	kengi shinai
Negative continuative	建議せず	けんぎせず	kengi sezu
Formal	建議します	けんぎします	kengi shimasu
Perfective	建議した	けんぎした	kengi shita
Conjunctive	建議して	けんぎして	kengi shite
Hypothetical conditional	建議すれば	けんぎすれば	kengi sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
建	議

Noun

建議 • (geonui) (hangeul 건의)

hanja form^? of 건의 (“proposition, proposal”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
建	議

Noun

建議

chữ Hán form of kiến nghị (“petition”).

Verb

建議

chữ Hán form of kiến nghị (“to provide suggestions to the authority; to petition”).

[NHK-1] 1.0 ^1.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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