層

See also: 层

層	U+5C64, 層 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5C64

← 屣
[U+5C63]

CJK Unified Ideographs

履 →
[U+5C65]

層	U+FA3B, 層 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA3B

← 墨
[U+FA3A]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

屮 →
[U+FA3C]

Translingual

Traditional	層
Simplified	层
Japanese	層
Korean	層

Han character

層 (Kangxi radical 44, 尸+12 in Chinese, 尸+11 in Japanese, 15 strokes in Chinese, 14 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 尸金田日 (SCWA), four-corner 7726₆, composition ⿸尸曾(GHTKV or U+FA3B) or ⿸尸曽(J))

Derived characters

𡃆, 𡒸, 𡾓, 𪴕, 𭣃, 𮜠, 𥶰

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 303, character 40
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7798
Dae Jaweon: page 601, character 34
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 981, character 3
Unihan data for U+5C64

Unihan data for U+FA3B

Chinese

trad.		層
simp.		层
alternative forms		曾

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 層
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (曾) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
潧	*ʔsrɯn
繒	ʔsɯːŋ, zɯŋ
增	ʔsɯːŋ, ʔsɯːŋs
憎	*ʔsɯːŋ
磳	ʔsɯːŋ, zɯŋ
曾	ʔsɯːŋ, zɯːŋ
矰	*ʔsɯːŋ
罾	*ʔsɯːŋ
熷	*ʔsɯːŋ
竲	ʔsɯːŋ, zɯŋ
橧	ʔsɯːŋ, zɯŋ
譄	*ʔsɯːŋ
蹭	*sʰɯːŋs
層	*zɯːŋ
贈	*zɯːŋs
僧	*sɯːŋ
鬙	*sɯːŋ
甑	*ʔsɯŋs
鄫	*zɯŋ
驓	*zɯŋ
嶒	*zɯŋ
噌	*sʰɯːŋ
鏳	*zrɯːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zɯːŋ) : semantic 尸 + phonetic 曾 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ).

Etymology

The Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstruction suggests this word is derived from 增 (OC *s-tˤəŋ, “to increase, to expand, to add”), in turn derived from 登 (OC *tˤəŋ, “to go up, to climb”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): céng (ceng²)

(Zhuyin): ㄘㄥˊ

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): цын (cɨn, I)
Cantonese (Jyutping): cang⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhèn
Northern Min (KCR): cǎing
Eastern Min (BUC): cèng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): chn̂g / chêng / chân / chàn

(Teochew, Peng'im): zang⁵
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶zen

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: céng
  - Zhuyin: ㄘㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: céng
  - Wade–Giles: tsʻêng²
  - Yale: tséng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tserng
  - Palladius: цэн (cɛn)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɤŋ³⁵/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: цын (cɨn, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰəŋ²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: cang⁴
  - Yale: chàhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsang⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ceng⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɐŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhèn
  - Hakka Romanization System: cen^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: cen²
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰen¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cǎing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡saiŋ²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: cèng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɛiŋ⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chn̂g
  - Tâi-lô: tsn̂g
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zngg
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sŋ̍²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chêng
  - Tâi-lô: tsîng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zeeng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ¹³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chân
  - Tâi-lô: tsân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zaan
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡san²³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡san¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /t͡san²⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chàn
  - Tâi-lô: tsàn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zaxn
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡san¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡san²¹/

Note:

chân - classifier;
chàn - story/level, 棧 is also used.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: zang⁵
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsâng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡saŋ⁵⁵/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶zen
  - MiniDict: zen^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³zen
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zən²³/

Middle Chinese: dzong

Rime
Character	層
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	從 (15)
Final (韻)	登 (129)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	昨楞切
Baxter	dzong
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡zəŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡zəŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡zəŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡zəŋ/
Li Rong	/d͡zəŋ/
Wang Li	/d͡zəŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/d͡zʱəŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	céng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	cang⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*N-s-tˤəŋ/, /*m-s-tˤəŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*zɯːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	層	層
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	céng	céng
Middle Chinese	‹ dzong ›	‹ dzong ›
Old Chinese	/*N-s-tˁəŋ/	/*m-s-tˁəŋ/
English	in two storeys, double	additional floor, field
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	層
Reading #	1/1
No.	16626
Phonetic component	曾
Rime group	蒸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*zɯːŋ/

Definitions

層

to pile up; to overlap
thing made of layers
layer; storey; floor; stratum
Classifier for things arranged in layers, storeys or levels.
(Southern Min) Classifier for events.

Synonyms

樓／楼 (lóu)
樓層／楼层 (lóucéng)
(storey): (Hokkien) 棧／栈 (chàn)

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (層):

→ Japanese: 層(そう) (sō)
→ Korean: 층(層) (cheung)

Others:

→ Vietnamese: tầng

References

“層”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
“Entry #11042”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

Japanese

Shinjitai	層
Kyūjitai ^[1]	層 `層` or 層+`︀`^?
	層󠄁 層+`󠄁`^? (Adobe-Japan1)
	層󠄃 層+`󠄃`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

層

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 層)

layer, level

Readings

Go-on: ぞう (zō)^{←ぞう (zou, historical)}
Kan-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)^{←そう (sou, historical)}
Kun: かさなる (kasanaru, 層なる)、こし (koshi, 層)

Synonyms

階(かい)層(そう) (kaisō)
段(だん)階(かい) (dankai)

References

^ “層”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024

Korean

Hanja

層 (eum 층 (cheung))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

層: Hán Việt readings: tằng^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]
層: Nôm readings: tàng^[4], tầng^[1]^[6]^[7], từng^[1]^[4]

Nôm form of tầng (“layer; storey; floor”).

References

[1] “層”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024

[genibrel-2] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Génibrel (1898).

[Thiều_Chửu_(1942)-3] Thiều Chửu (1942).

[Nguyễn_(1974)-4] Nguyễn (1974).

[btcn-5] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Hồ (1976).

[Trần_(1999)-6] Trần (1999).

[bonet-7] Bonet (1899).

[tdcntd-8] Nguyễn et al. (2009).

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