堅

See also: 坚

堅	U+5805, 堅 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5805

← 堄
[U+5804]

CJK Unified Ideographs

堆 →
[U+5806]

Translingual

Han character

堅 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 尸水土 (SEG), four-corner 7710₄, composition ⿱臤土)

Derived characters

慳(悭) 摼(𰓱) 樫(㭴) 熞(𰞤) 䃘(𬒎) 鏗(铿) 鰹(鲣) 䌑䵛
𠗻𠼤(𫪄) 𡐖𡠩𣻹𤠿𪼑𥉸(𰥣) 𮌲(𭨶) 𧜶(𮖃) 𧤵𫍊𮩌𧽡𪅤𥧬𦸃

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 232, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5210
Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 5
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 451, character 4
Unihan data for U+5805

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (臣) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
臤	kʰaːn, kʰriːn, ɡiːn, kʰins
掔	kʰriːn, kʰiːn
慳	*kʰriːn
藖	ɡriːn, ɡriːns
堅	*kiːn
鋻	kiːn, kiːns
鰹	*kiːn
蜸	*kʰiːnʔ
菣	kʰiːns, kʰins
賢	*ɡiːn
礥	ɡiːn, ɢrin
臔	*ɡiːnʔ
挋	*kiŋs
臣	*ɡiŋ
茞	*ɡiŋ
腎	*ɡjinʔ
頣	*hŋiŋʔ
緊	*kinʔ
嚚	*ŋɡriŋ
鏗	*kʰreːŋ
摼	*kʰreːŋ
硻	*kʰreːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kiːn) : phonetic 臤 (OC *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins) + semantic 土.

Etymology 1

trad.		堅
simp.		坚

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiān (jian¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gin¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): gen¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kiên / kiân

(Meixian, Guangdong): gian¹
Northern Min (KCR): gíng
Eastern Min (BUC): giĕng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kian

(Teochew, Peng'im): giêng¹ / giang¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jian
  - Wade–Giles: chien¹
  - Yale: jyān
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
  - Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gin¹
  - Yale: gīn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gin¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gin¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiːn⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: gen¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ken³³/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiên
  - Hakka Romanization System: gien^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gian¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯en²⁴/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiân
  - Hakka Romanization System: gian^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gian¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯an²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: gian¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kian⁴⁴/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gíng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: giĕng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kieŋ⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian
  - Tâi-lô: kian
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiefn
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛn³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: giêng¹ / giang¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kieng / kiang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kieŋ³³/, /kiaŋ³³/

Note: giang1 - Shantou.

Middle Chinese: ken

Rime
Character	堅
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	先 (85)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	古賢切
Baxter	ken
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ken/
Pan Wuyun	/ken/
Shao Rongfen	/kɛn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɛn/
Li Rong	/ken/
Wang Li	/kien/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kien/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gin¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤi[ŋ]/

(Zhengzhang): /*kiːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堅
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiān
Middle Chinese	‹ ken ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁi[ŋ]/
English	solid, strong
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堅
Reading #	1/1
No.	1330
Phonetic component	臣
Rime group	眞
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	堅
Old Chinese	/*kiːn/

Definitions

堅

hard
strong; firm
resolute
(Cantonese) real; genuine
(Cantonese) really; very
72nd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "hardness" (𝍍)

Compounds

Etymology 2

trad.		堅
simp.		坚
alternative forms		虔 Quanzhou 凝 Quanzhou

Pronunciation

Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kian / kiân

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian
  - Tâi-lô: kian
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiefn
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiân
  - Tâi-lô: kiân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kieen
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛn²⁴/

Definitions

堅

(Hokkien) to become dry and form a crust; to congeal

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

堅

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Proper noun

堅(けん) • (Ken)

a male given name

Korean

Hanja

堅 (eumhun 굳을 견 (gudeul gyeon))

hanja form^? of 경 (“hard, stiff”)

Vietnamese

Han character

堅: Hán Nôm readings: kiên

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