The Women's Tax Resistance League (WTRL) was from 1909 to 1918 a direct action group associated with the Women's Freedom League that used tax resistance to protest against the disenfranchisement of women during the British women's suffrage movement.
Dora Montefiore proposed the formation of the league in 1897, and it was formally established on 22 October 1909.[1] The league's activities peaked in the years before the First World War but were largely deflated in 1914 by the onset of that war, when the league membership passed a resolution to temporarily suspend their tax resistance.
Members saw themselves in a tradition of British tax resistance that included John Hampden. According to one source: "Tax resistance proved to be the longest-lived form of militancy, and the most difficult to prosecute. More than 220 women, mostly middle-class, participated in tax resistance between 1906 and 1918, some continuing to resist through the First World War, despite a general suspension of militancy."[2]
Program
editLeague member and author Beatrice Harraden said in 1913:
The least any woman can do is to refuse to pay taxes, especially the tax on actually earned income. This is certainly the most logical phase of the fight for suffrage. It is a culmination of the Government's injustice and stupidity to ask that we pay an income tax on income earned by brains, when they are refusing to consider us eligible to vote.
The league was formed three years ago with the slogan: "No vote, no tax". It is non-partisan—an association of constitutional and militant suffragists, recruited from various suffrage societies for the purpose of resisting taxes.[3]
Action
editIn several cases, the government seized and sold at auction items owned by the resisters. The League used these occasions as opportunities for demonstrations and publicity, for instance the "Siege of Montefiore" in 1906:
The house, surrounded by a wall, could be reached only through an arched doorway, which Montefiore and her maid barred against the bailiffs. For six weeks, Montefiore resisted payment of her taxes, addressing the frequent crowds through the upper windows of the house.[2]
Elizabeth Wilks, who was the treasurer of the league, refused to pay her tax in 1908.[4] Married women were not required to pay tax in Britain at that time. According to the law, the joint income of a couple was added together and the husband paid the tax. However, Elizabeth, who earned more than her husband, refused to tell her husband, Mark Wilks, how much she earned. This put the authorities into a quandary, as Elizabeth was not liable to pay tax and her husband said he was willing to pay the tax but had no idea how much to pay.[5] In 1910, the authorities illegally seized some of Elizabeth's goods in an attempt to levy the tax on her income. The authorities then tried to claim the tax as coming either from both Wilkses or from Mark Wilks alone. This was legally unsatisfactory, as Mark Wilks was being asked for tax on an income of about £600 per annum that he was nominally unaware of. Subsequently, 3,000 teachers signed a petition when Mark Wilks was placed in Brixton prison, and there was a demonstration in Trafalgar Square to protest his treatment. He was released after a fortnight to celebrations from the supporters of the Women's Tax Resistance League,[6] which included George Bernard Shaw.[4]
When tax resistance members had goods seized and auctioned to pay back taxes, processions from the auction house and celebrations took place with other supporters, with public speeches from decorated carriages, to explain their protest.[7]
Despite a debate in the House of Lords where it was realised that the law[clarification needed] was unfair,[5] British law did not get amended until 1972.[6]
Membership
editAmong the members or those who had to have their goods auctioned to pay overdue taxes,[8] were as follows
- Janie Allan[9]
- Bertha Bacon[10]
- Sarah Benett[4]
- Anne Cobden-Sanderson[7]
- Alice Davies[7]
- Charlotte Despard[11]
- Dr. Margaret Dobson[8]
- Mary Sargant Florence[12][page needed]
- Katharine Gatty[4]
- Cicely Hamilton [citation needed]
- Dr. Mabel Hardie[8]
- Beatrice Harraden[3][13]
- Kate Harvey[14]
- Kate Haslam [citation needed]
- Isabella Eliza Harrison[15]
- Dr. Katherine Heaney[7]
- Amy Hicks or Bull[7]
- Lilian Hicks[7]
- Clemence Housman[4]
- Edith How-Martyn[7]
- Emily Juson Kerr[7]
- Anna Martin[7]
- Agnes Metcalfe[7]
- Dora Montefiore[1][2]
- Anna Munro [citation needed]
- Dorinda Neligan[8]
- Margaret Nevison[7]
- Margaret Kineton Parkes[7]
- Winifred Patch[16]
- Louisa Thompson Price[7]
- Ethel Ayres Purdie[17]
- Caroline Frances Purves[18]
- Mary Russell, Duchess of Bedford[19]
- Princess Sophia Duleep Singh[20]
- Flora Annie Steel[21][3]
- Elizabeth Wilks[4]
- Edith Zangwill[7]
- and Stanton Coit (a member of "the men's branch").[7][3]
Others included:[7] Dr Garrett Anderson, the Misses Collier, the Misses Dawes Thompson, Mrs. Hartley, Mrs Merivale Mayer, Mrs. Milligan, Miss Raleigh, Mrs. Vaughan and Miss Green,[8] Mrs. Bormann Wells.[citation needed]
Women's Tax Resistance in the United States
editThe women's suffrage movement in the United States came to adopt some of the same techniques. Anna Howard Shaw said "I hold it is unfair to the women of this country to have taxation without representation, and I have urged [members of the National Woman Suffrage Association] to adopt a course of passive resistance like the Quakers instead of aggressive resistance. I say to the Government, 'you may pick my pocket because you are stronger than I, but I'm not going to turn my pockets wrongside out for you.' ... I believe that the spirit of 'no taxation without representation' that resulted in the Revolutionary War is inherent and just as actual in the women of the country as it was then in the men of the country."[22]
Notes
edit- ^ a b Gross, David M. (2014). 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns. Picket Line Press. pp. 44, 67, 94, 189. ISBN 978-1490572741.
- ^ a b c Nym Mayhall, Laura E. (2003). The Militant Suffrage Movement: Citizenship and Resistance in Britain, 1860–1930. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195159936.
- ^ a b c d "Miss Harraden Hit in Eye: She Accuses London Police of Standing By While Roughs Assailed Her". New York Times. 3 May 1913. p. 3.
- ^ a b c d e f Elizabeth Crawford (1999). The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866–1928. Routledge. pp. 14–50, 424. ISBN 1-135-43401-8.
- ^ a b "Income Tax on Married Women's Property". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). HL Deb. 12. cc823–34. 14 October 1912.
- ^ a b Frances, Hilary (2004). "Wilks [née Bennett], Elizabeth (1861–1956)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/56258. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Other Societies – Women's Tax Resistance League". The Vote. 22 May 1914. p. 81.
- ^ a b c d e "Other Societies - Women's Tax Resistance League". The Vote. 8 May 1914. p. 45.
- ^ "Mackintosh Architecture: Biography". 25 October 2015. Archived from the original on 25 October 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ "Bertha Bacon, Jennie, George and George Wilfred Baines". RESEARCHING SUFFRAGETTES AND SUFFRAGISTS. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
- ^ Pedersen, Sarah (2017). The Scottish suffragettes and the press. London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-137-53834-5. OCLC 992988822.
- ^ Ouditt, Sharon (1994). Fighting forces, writing women: identity and ideology in the First World War. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-37592-1. OCLC 243607092.
- ^ Casey, Diana M. (2017). Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia - Beatrice Harraden. Salem Press.
- ^ "Women's Tax Resistance Movement. The Guardian. London, England. 15 September 1913, p 7". The Guardian. 15 September 1913. p. 7. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ Metcalfe, Agnes Edith (1917). Woman's Effort: a chronicle of British women's fifty years' struggle for citizenship. B.H. Blackwell. pp. 223, 303.
- ^
- "(untitled)". The Vote. 30 July 1910. p. 158.
- Patch, W.S. (10 September 1911). "Women and the Land Taxes". The Vote. p. 23.
- "Dr. Patch's Tax Resistance". The Vote. 9 February 1917. p. 109.
- ^ Walker, Stephen P. (1 January 2011). "Ethel Ayres Purdie: Critical practitioner and suffragist". Critical Perspectives on Accounting. 22 (1): 79–101. doi:10.1016/j.cpa.2010.09.001. hdl:20.500.11820/f62b8b51-115b-43b7-9403-ba910d79f865. ISSN 1045-2354.
- ^ Smith, Martin (11 August 2016). "Another Mrs Fagan... and Her Politics". Lost On Time.
- ^ "Tax Resistance". Votes For Women. 25 April 1913.
- ^ Anand, Anita (11 January 2015). "Sophia, the suffragette". The Times of India. TNN. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ "An Echo of Tax Resistance". The Vote. 19 April 1929. p. 124.
- ^ "Women's Tax Fight Will Be Passive" (PDF). New York Times. 30 December 1913.
Archives
editThe archives of the Women's Tax Resistance League are held at The Women's Library at London Metropolitan University, ref 2WTR
References
edit- Gross, David (ed.) We Won't Pay!: A Tax Resistance Reader ISBN 1-4348-9825-3 pp. 323–325
- Thornley, Helen "No Vote, No Tax! The Women’s Tax Resistance League from 1909 to 1918" in Contemporary Issues in Tax Research (4), 2021, pp. 7–48