The South African Republic, which existed from 1852 to 1877, 1881 to 1902, and 1914 to 1915, used two flags: (1) the so-called 'Vierkleur' (English: Four-colour) from 1857 to 1874, and again from 1875 to 1877 and 1881 to 1902, and (2) the so-called 'Burgers Flag' from 1874 to 1875. They were superseded by the flag of Transvaal. The Vierkleur was also used by the South African Republic declared in 1914 during the Maritz Rebellion, which lasted into February 1915.
History
editIn 1856, the Voortrekker territories north of the Vaal River agreed to unite as the "South African Republic". A constitution was drawn up and a flag designed. The flag, known as the Vierkleur (English: "Four colour") was raised in Potchefstroom on 6 January 1857, and was ratified by the Volksraad of the South African Republic (legislature) on 18 February 1858.[1][2] The Vierkleur was flown until October 1874.
The new flag, introduced by state president Thomas François Burgers, was approved by the Volksraad on 24 October 1874. It was an improved version of a flag which some of the Voortrekkers are believed to have used in the 1830s and '40s. However, it was very unpopular, and on 10 May 1875, the Volksraad restored the Vierkleur as the official flag.[1][2][3]
The 'Vierkleur' was in abeyance during the British occupation of the Transvaal, from 12 April 1877 to 7 August 1881. It flew again until the republic came to a final end on 31 May 1902. It was later used by the Maritz Revolt rebels who declared a resurrection of the South African Republic in 1914 and later incorporated into the national flag of South Africa from 1928 to 1994.
After the adoption of the 1928 flag, the Vierkleur has been used by far-right groups opposed to societal reform and racial integration,[4][5][6] such as the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging.[7][8]
The Anglo-Boer War Museum in Bloemfontein flies the Vierkleur (together with the flag of the Orange Free State and that of the present Republic of South Africa). The Vierkleur and the Burgers Flag figure among other flags of Boer republics on display in the Cenotaph Hall of the Voortrekker Monument near Pretoria.
Potchefstroom adopted the Burgers Flag as city flag.
Vierkleur Revival
editToday the flag represents freedom under the Boer or Afrikaner people,[citation needed] and is often displayed in places like Orania and Kleinfontein which is known as Afrikaner cultural settlements and located in the Northern Cape and Pretoria respectively. The Vierkleur flag has also seen steady increases in sales to younger Afrikaner people who may feel displaced or marginalized under the current South African government. The Vierkleur will often be displayed as a longing to freedom and a right to self-determination rather than the negative connotation of the years prior to 1994.[citation needed]
Descriptions and Symbolism
edit'Vierkleur'
editThe flag was simply the flag of the Netherlands with the addition of a green vertical band at the hoist. The Volksraad resolution of 18 February 1858 which confirmed the design stated that the motto 'Eendracht maakt macht' (cf. coat of arms of the Transvaal) should be placed on the flag, but this was never done.[1][2]
The symbolism of the flag, according to Ds. Dirk van der Hoff (one of the designers), can be briefly summarized as follows:
The flag symbolises freedom, glory and divinity. The red colour represents freedom; the white colour represents purity and cleanliness; the blue colour shows the faith which the Republic placed in God and the green colour represents hope.[9]
| Scheme | Bright Vermillion | White | Cobalt Blue | Green |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RGB | (174,28,40) | (255,255,255) | (33,70,139) | (0,122,77) |
| Hexadecimal | #AE1C28 | #FFFFFF | #21468B | #007A4D |
'Burgers Flag'
editThe flag is blue, charged with a red saltire fimbriated in white.
| Scheme | Blue | White | Red |
|---|---|---|---|
| RGB | (0,35,149) | (255,255,255) | (222,56,49) |
| Hex | #002395 | #FFFFFF | #DE3831 |
See also
edit- Coat of arms of the Transvaal
- List of South African flags
- Flag of the Cape Colony
- Flag of Goshen
- Flag of Natal
- Flag of the Natalia Republic
- Flag of the Nieuwe Republiek
- Flag of the Orange Free State
- Flag of the Orange River Colony
- Flag of South Africa (1928–1994)
- Flag of Stellaland
- Flag of Transvaal
References
edit- ^ a b c Pama, C. (1965). Lions and Virgins.
- ^ a b c Brownell, F.G. (1993). National and Provincial Symbols.
- ^ Appelgryn, M.S. (1976). 'Pogings van Pres T.F. Burgers om die Vlag en Wapen van die ZAR te Verander' in Historia (September 1976).
- ^ Ashplant, T.G.; Dawson, Graham; Roper, Michael, eds. (2013). The Politics of War: Memory and Commemoration. Routledge. p. 121. ISBN 9781134696574.
- ^ Hopkins, compiled by Pat; Hilton-Barber, Bridget (2005). Worst journeys : an anthology of South African travel disasters. Cape Town: Zebra Press. p. 204. ISBN 9781770071018. Retrieved 10 March 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Dawjee, Haji Mohamed (16 July 2014). "Steve Hofmeyr, 'Die Stem' and living in the past".
- ^ Coucher, Susannah, ed. (1995). All about South Africa (2nd ed. rev. and updated. ed.). Cape Town: Struik. p. 48. ISBN 9781868256754. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
- ^ Alprazolam08 (26 May 2012). "Dangerous Ground - Part 5_8 (Ice Cube, Liz Hurley) [www.keepvid.com]_chunk_1.mp4" – via YouTube.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ BEYERS, C. (1934-08-03). "VIae van die Voortrekkers". Die Huisgenoot.
Bibliography
edit- Brownell, F.G. (1993). National and Provincial Symbols.
- Burgers, A.P. (1997). Sovereign Flags over Southern Africa.
- Burgers, A.P. (2008). The South African Flag Book.
- Pama, C. (1965). Lions and Virgins.