VIVA (German TV channel)

The concept behind VIVA originated in 1992, when major record labels were frustrated by MTV Europe's decision to program mostly English-language music videos to the Germanophone markets, in what was perceived as its refusal to play major German-speaking artists. Executives at US media giant Time Warner, keen on increasing their market share of its music repertoire and business in Germany, planned the new TV station in 1992. Eventually, they recruited DoRo Productions, producers of music videos for notable acts such as Queen, The Rolling Stones, David Bowie, in the design of the music channel. Time Warner executives Tom McGrath and Peter Bogner assembled a group of record labels that included its very own Warner Music, EMI Music, Polygram Records and Sony Television along with Frank Otto, Apax Partners, and Austrian producers Rudi Dolezal and Hannes Rossacher of DoRo Productions. In a concept paper of Time Warner, Peter Bogner analyzed MTV's market position as vulnerable, and "while MTV is betting on a diet of pure Anglo-American video clips, VIVA should broadcast at least 40% more German music."^[3]

VIVA started broadcasting on December 1, 1993 as Germany's second music channel, after the first channel, musicbox, became Tele 5 in 1988 and its lineup, which was initially dominated by music, was gradually reduced. VIVA advanced to fill this gap. The broadcasting studio was located in the rented rooms of Bertelsmann's VOX studios in Cologne-Ossendorf. Originally, VIVA was started by the media giant Time Warner to boost the German business of its company Warner Music Group. The Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) declined an invitation to take part in VIVA because they feared possible reprisals from their competitor MTV Europe and were not convinced that a German-language music channel could prevail against MTV. Undeterred by this, Time Warner executives Tom McGrath and Peter Bogner, along with their competitors Sony, PolyGram and EMI Music, and media executive Michael Oplesch (VIVA GF, MTV GF, MME GF), founded producer Rudi Dolezal and Hannes Rossacher, the founders of the TV production company Me, Myself & Eye (MME), Christoph Post, Jörg A. Hoppe and Marcus O. Rosenmüller, and the media lawyer Helge Sasse the Viva Medien GmbH.^[4] The first VJs included the moderators Stefan Raab and Heike Makatsch, who were still unknown at the time. After their time at VIVA, they rose to become successful film and television personalities in Germany.

From its beginning, the channel broadcast from Cologne. The studios were in Cologne-Mülheim for most years, in the same building as Brainpool. The first (and subsequently last in 2018) music video played was "Zu geil für diese Welt" (Too Awesome for This World). The channel's profile was largely defined by Rudi Dolezal and Hannes Rossacher (DoRo production).^[5] In 1994, market leadership was achieved for the first time (according to their own statements). After MTV re-entered free TV, VIVA temporarily lost the upper hand. From the middle of 2004, however, VIVA was again slightly in the lead in terms of viewership in the advertising-relevant target group.

VIVA became an immediate success with the audience, while ultimately providing German artists with a music channel that could expose their music to the German audience.

With Dieter Gorny eventually as its second managing director on board, VIVA applied for cable carriage licenses in the various German states. DoRo Productions designed the original programming format which while clearly a music video channel, sought to differentiate itself from MTV not just by having a German-speaking voice, but by speaking directly to the differences in pop culture between Germany and the anglophone MTV.^{[clarification needed]}

Before launching the channel, the labels offered to fund MTV in a German-speaking version but were rejected by MTV management at the time, as it espoused a "one world, one language" programming philosophy (at least in Europe, as the Latin American channels used Spanish and Portuguese).

On 21 March 1995, a second channel, Viva Zwei ("VIVA Two"), was created, initially a channel for classic music videos which later focused on lesser known and more independently produced music, mostly indie, alternative rock, metal, electronic music and alternative hip hop.

However, Viva Zwei was not financially successful, and on 7 January 2002, it was replaced by VIVA Plus, a channel dedicated purely to pop and mainstream music for a younger target audience. Nonetheless, some Viva Zwei formats managed to continue on Viva Plus for some time, and Fast Forward was even included in the main channel's program. VIVA Plus itself was discontinued on 14 January 2007 and got replaced by Comedy Central Deutschland the next day.

Since 1995, VIVA held an annual pop music award ceremony known as the Comet. During the 2003 award ceremonies, VIVA openly expressed an anti-Iraq War view. The awards were last held in 2011. The 2012 awards ceremony was cancelled as Viacom wanted to focus more on the MTV Europe Music Awards instead.^[6] In 2013, it was cancelled again.^[7] Although the awards were never officially canceled altogether, they weren't held ever since.

After MTV introduced a German-language version of itself in 1997, the competition between the two stations increased. VIVA was widely perceived as the more mainstream-oriented channel for younger viewers, while MTV Germany was directed at youths and young adults with some edgier programming. In 2003, VIVA received bad press after it was discovered that it had given Universal Music an unfair advantage in the placement of their music videos.

On June 24, 2004, VIVA was acquired (for the sum of €310 million) by Viacom International, which also owns MTV, thus ending the VIVA-MTV rivalry and fostering cooperation instead. After the acquisition of VIVA by Viacom, MTV Germany shifted to mostly broadcasting reality and comedy shows. VIVA became the music channel with chart shows and other similar programs which were mostly directed at a mainstream audience. Although the new owners had outlined that, with four channels under their helm, they were going to "offer a greater variety of content for a wider public and a larger range of tastes" while still promising to continue the "strong national and cultural identity" of the channel,^[8] Viacom introduced a programming scheme that allowed the station to be run by just 40 people, making many previous employees redundant. The studios and headquarters in Cologne were closed in March 2005 (Viacom became the sole owner of the former VIVA Media properties in January), and from then on VIVA broadcast from the same studios as MTV Germany in Berlin.

From January 2011, under a major shakeup at MTV Networks Germany, VIVA continued to be part of MTV Networks Germany's free-to-air package, and the channel became the main music and entertainment brand within Germany. VIVA was complemented by its sister channels MTV Germany and MTV Brand New, which then became paid TV,^[9] although in late 2017 MTV Germany was returned to free TV. VIVA Germany received a new look and on-air branding on 1 January 2011.^[10] The new look of VIVA joined the four triangles of the new logo into one triangle, putting the angle of VIVA into one heart.

Starting 22 March 2011, VIVA broadcast only in 16:9. Programs produced in 4:3 were cropped to 14:9 and black bars were added left and right. VIVA HD Germany, a simulcast in 1080i high-definition, launched on 16 May 2011. It was available via IPTV from Deutsche Telekom.

On January 1, 2012, VIVA shut down its analog signal from Astra 19,2º East.^[11]

In June 2018, Viacom announced its decision to discontinue VIVA at the end of the year. Viacom general manager Mark Specht said in an interview that the channel is profitable, but that Viacom wants to focus on its three core brands, MTV, Comedy Central and Nickelodeon, as it sees bigger growth opportunities there.^[12] The slot was filled by Comedy Central, which had already shared its slot with VIVA since 2014 and was to become a 24-hour channel. Comedy Central had so far been broadcast only during evening and night hours, while VIVA was broadcast at daytime.^[13]

On 31 December 2018 at 14:00 CET, the channel aired its final music video, "Viva Forever", by the Spice Girls, which had also been aired when the sister channel in the UK and Ireland ceased broadcast earlier in the year. Shortly after, the channel aired end-of-broadcast shows, featuring several music artists, former hosts and other celebrities (including DJ BoBo, Loona, Alex Christensen, Udo Lindenberg and Oliver Pocher) saying their goodbyes. After the end-of-broadcast specials concluded, the channel aired the music video of "Zu geil für diese Welt" by Die Fantastischen Vier (which was also the first music video that was aired back in 1993) and then faded to a black screen featuring the old 2002-2004 VIVA logo with the words "Rest In Peace" and "1993-2018" below. Shortly after, the channel faded to dark, followed by the startup of Comedy Central, officially ending 25 years of broadcast. However, the broadcast was unintentionally "extended"; in the first seconds of the Comedy Central broadcast, the station briefly failed to transition from the VIVA logo.^[14]

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  First logo used from 1 December 1993 to 19 April 1998
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  Redesigned first logo used from 20 April 1998 to 31 December 2001
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  Logo used from 1 January 2002 to 29 August 2004
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  Logo used from 30 August 2004 to 31 December 2010. From 5 November 2007 it was shown in orange, green and blue, before then it was white.

Note that from 1 December 2018 to 31 December 2018, each VIVA logo design was displayed, cycling every two minutes, as a tribute to VIVA due to its shutdown.

Viacom also operated VIVA channels in Austria (VIVA Austria), Hungary (VIVA Hungary), Poland (VIVA Polska), the United Kingdom and Ireland (Viva UK and Ireland) and Switzerland (VIVA Switzerland). All of these channels are now defunct as well and have since been replaced with Comedy Central- or MTV-branded channels.

• TMF, a similar defunct channel to VIVA that was available in the Netherlands and Flemish-speaking parts of Belgium before being replaced by localized versions of MTV. Both VIVA and TMF are operated by Viacom International Media Networks Europe.
• Viva Zwei

• VIVA Website for Germany, Austria and Switzerland
• (in German) website of Viacom International Media Networks Germany
• (in German) report in Die Welt about the planned massive reduction of staff in VIVA