Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study

The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA)'s Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)^[1] is a series of international assessments of the mathematics and science knowledge of students around the world. The participating students come from a diverse set of educational systems (countries or regional jurisdictions of countries) in terms of economic development, geographical location, and population size. In each of the participating educational systems, a minimum of 4,000 to 5,000 students is evaluated. Contextual data about the conditions in which participating students learn mathematics and science are collected from the students and their teachers, their principals, and their parents via questionnaires.^[2]

TIMSS is one of the studies established by IEA aimed at allowing educational systems worldwide to compare students' educational achievement and learn from the experiences of others in designing effective education policy. This assessment was first conducted in 1995, and has been administered every four years thereafter. Therefore, some of the participating educational systems have trend data across assessments from 1995 to 2019.^[3] TIMSS assesses 4th and 8th grade students, while TIMSS Advanced assesses students in the final year of secondary school in advanced mathematics and physics.

"Eighth grade" in the United States is approximately 13–14 years of age and equivalent to:

• Year 9 (Y9) in England and Wales
• 2nd Year (S2) in Scotland
• 2nd Year in the Republic of Ireland
• 1st Year in South Africa
• Form 2 in Hong Kong
• 4ème in France
• Year 9 in New Zealand
• Form 2 in Malaysia

"Fourth grade" in the United States is approximately equivalent to 9–10 years of age and equivalent to:

• Year 5 (Y5) in England and Wales
• Primary 6 (P6) in Scotland
• Group 6 in the Netherlands
• CM1 in France
• Fourth Class in the Republic of Ireland
• Standard 3 or Year 5 in New Zealand

A precursor to TIMSS was the First International Mathematics Study (FIMS) performed in 1964 in 11 countries for students aged 13 and in the final year of secondary education (FS) under the auspices of the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA). This was followed in 1970–1971 by the First International Science Study (FISS) for students aged 10, 14, and FS. Fourteen countries tested 10-year-olds; 16 countries tested the older two groups. These were replicated between 1980 and 1984.^[4]

These early studies were revised and combined by the IEA to create TIMSS, which was first administered in 1995. It was the largest international student assessment study of its time and evaluated students in five grades. In the second cycle (1999) only eighth-grade students were tested. In the next cycles (2003, 2007, 2011, and 2015) both 4th and 8th grade students were assessed. The 2011 cycle was performed in the same year as the IEA's Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS), offering a comprehensive assessment of mathematics, science and reading for the countries participating in both studies. The sixth cycle was conducted in 2015, and the results were released in 2016;^[5] the data set was published in February 2017. TIMSS 2015 included data collected from parents for the first time.^[6] TIMSS Advanced, previously conducted in 1995 and 2008, was also conducted in 2015, and assessed final-year secondary students' achievement in advanced mathematics and physics. Policy-relevant data about curriculum emphasis, technology use, and teacher preparation and training accompanies the TIMSS Advanced results.

The seventh cycle of TIMSS was conducted in 2019 and marked the beginning of the transition to a digital assessment format, with the digital assessment administered to half of participating countries, and the paper assessment administered to the remaining half. 64 countries and 8 benchmarking systems participating in TIMSS 2019. Results were released in December 2020.^[7]

Preparations are underway for TIMSS 2023.

Along with the overall students' achievement data, TIMSS comprehensive assessments include data on student performance in various mathematics and science domains (algebra, geometry, biology, chemistry, etc.) and on performance in the problem solving challenges in each of these contexts. In addition, TIMSS provides contextual data on crucial curricular, instructional, and resource-related factors that can impact the teaching and learning process. These data are gathered using student, teacher, school, and curriculum (national) questionnaires filled out by students, teachers, school principals and National Research Coordinators, respectively.

According to the TIMSS 2019 Assessment Frameworks, "The TIMSS mathematics and science achievement scales were created with the first TIMSS assessment in 1995, separately for each subject and each grade. The scale units were established so that 100 points on the scale was equivalent to one standard deviation of the distribution of achievement across all of the countries that participated in TIMSS 1995, and the scale midpoint of 500 was located at the mean of this international achievement distribution. The TIMSS achievement scales were first used for reporting TIMSS results with TIMSS 1995, and all results from subsequent TIMSS assessments have been reported on the same scale metrics, making it possible to measure growth or decline in countries' achievement distributions from assessment to assessment."^[8]

Because TIMSS is administered in four-year cycles, it enables participating counties to use the results between the fourth and eighth grades to track the changes in achievement and certain background factors from an earlier study. For example, results of the fourth grade in TIMSS 1995 can be compared with the results of the eighth grade in TIMSS 1999, as fourth graders had become eighth graders in the next cycle of study.^[9]

The collected information is presented in different formats. For example, for TIMSS 2019 the results are presented as TIMSS 2019 International Results in Mathematics and Science TIMSS 2019 International Results in Mathematics and Science.^[10] The TIMSS 2019 Encyclopedia^[11] provides an overview of how mathematics and science are taught in each participating country. Methods and Procedures: TIMSS 2019 Technical Report^[12] documents the development of the TIMSS assessments and questionnaires, and describes the methods used. The TIMSS 2019 User Guide for the International Database describes the content and format of the data in the TIMSS 2019 International Database^[13]

The IEA has developed an application for working with data from TIMSS and other IEA large-scale assessments called the IEA International Database (IDB) Analyzer.^[14] This application allows researchers to combine data files and facilitates some types of statistical analysis (such as computing means, percentages, percentiles, correlations, and estimating single level multiple linear regression). The application takes into account the complex sample structure of the databases when calculating the statistics and their standard errors. It also allows researchers to estimate achievement scores and their standard errors.

For an overview of the IEA study results and interpretation of information, see IEA's Data Visualizer.^[15]

TIMSS 2019 was the seventh cycle of TIMSS and reported overall achievement as well as results according to international benchmarks, by major content domains (number, algebra, and geometry in mathematics, and earth science, biology, and chemistry in science) and by cognitive domains (knowing, applying, reasoning).^[16] TIMSS 2019 collected detailed information about curriculum and curriculum implementation of participating countries and published this information the TIMSS 2019 Encyclopedia: Education Policy and Curriculum in Mathematics and Science.^[17]

TIMSS 2019 marked the transition to a digital assessment format, allowing for new and innovative item types. In the digital assessment, students solved problems by interacting with shapes and patterns, arranging items on the screen, dragging and dropping items, and drawing. The digital version of TIMSS 2019 also introduced Problem Solving and Inquiry tasks that simulated real-world and laboratory situations and called for students to integrate and apply process skills and content knowledge. Half of the participating countries took the paper version of TIMSS and half of the participating countries took the digital version of TIMSS.

TIMSS 2019 results are summarized in TIMSS 2019 International Results in Mathematics and Science.^[7] This detailed report presents achievement and contextual data from participating countries and benchmarking entities. The TIMSS 2019 Encyclopedia: Education Policy and Curriculum in Mathematics and Science describes various features of the education systems in each participating country, including the mathematics and science curriculum, professional development requirements for teachers, and methods of monitoring student progress in mathematics and science. Each country's "chapter" in the encyclopedia was authored by that country's TIMSS representative.^[17]

Mathematics[18] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  Singapore 616 5 points 2  Chinese Taipei 612 13 points 3  South Korea 607 1 point 4  Japan 594 8 points 5  Hong Kong 578 16 points 6  Russia 543 5 points 7  Ireland 524 1 point 8  Lithuania 520 9 points 9  Israel 519 8 points 10  Australia 517 12 points 10  Hungary 517 3 points 12  United States 515 3 points 12  England 515 3 points 14  Finland 509 N/A 15  Norway[a] 503 9 points 15  Sweden 503 2 points 17  Cyprus 501 N/A 18  Portugal 500 N/A International average 500 19  Italy 497 3 points 20  Turkey 496 38 points 21  Kazakhstan 488 40 points 22  France 483 N/A 23  New Zealand 482 11 points 24  Bahrain 481 27 points 25  Romania 479 N/A 26  United Arab Emirates 473 8 points 27  Georgia 461 8 points 27  Malaysia 461 4 points 29  Iran 446 8 points 30  Qatar 443 6 points 31  Chile 441 14 points 32  Lebanon 429 13 points 33  Jordan 420 34 points 34  Egypt 413 21 points 35  Oman 411 8 points 36  Kuwait 403 11 points 37  Saudi Arabia 394 26 points 38  South Africa[a] 389 17 points 39  Morocco 388 4 points Benchmarking participants – Moscow (Russia) 575 N/A – Quebec (Canada) 543 – Dubai (United Arab Emirates) 537 25 points – Ontario (Canada) 530 8 points – Western Cape (South Africa)[a] 441 N/A – Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) 436 6 points – Gauteng (South Africa)[a] 421 N/A

Science[19] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  Singapore 608 11 points 2  Chinese Taipei 574 5 points 3  Japan 570 1 point 4  South Korea 561 5 points 5  Russia 543 1 point 5  Finland 543 N/A 7  Lithuania 534 15 points 8  Hungary 530 3 points 9  Australia 528 16 points 10  Ireland 523 7 points 11  United States 522 8 points 12  Sweden 521 1 point 13  Portugal 519 N/A 14  England 517 20 points 15  Turkey 515 22 points 16  Israel 513 6 points 17  Hong Kong 504 42 points 18  Italy 500 1 point International average 500 19  New Zealand 499 14 points 20  Norway[a] 495 14 points 21  France 489 N/A 22  Bahrain 486 20 points 23  Cyprus 484 N/A 24  Kazakhstan 478 55 points 25  Qatar 475 18 points 26  United Arab Emirates 473 4 points 27  Romania 470 N/A 28  Chile 462 8 points 29  Malaysia 460 11 points 30  Oman 457 2 points 31  Jordan 452 26 points 32  Iran 449 7 points 33  Georgia 447 4 points 34  Kuwait 444 33 points 35  Saudi Arabia 431 35 points 36  Morocco 394 1 point 37  Egypt 389 18 points 38  Lebanon 377 21 points 39  South Africa[a] 370 12 points Benchmarking participants – Moscow (Russia) 567 N/A – Quebec (Canada) 548 18 points – Dubai (United Arab Emirates) 537 12 points – Ontario (Canada) 522 2 points – Western Cape (South Africa)[a] 439 N/A – Gauteng (South Africa)[a] 422 N/A – Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) 420 34 points

Mathematics[20] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  Singapore 625 7 points 2  Hong Kong 602 13 points 3  South Korea 600 8 points 4  Chinese Taipei 599 2 points 5  Japan 593 6  Russia 567 3 points 7 Northern Ireland 566 4 points 8  England 556 10 points 9  Ireland 548 1 point 10  Latvia 546 N/A 11  Norway[a] 543 6 points 12  Lithuania 542 7 points 13  Austria 539 N/A 14  Netherlands 538 8 points 15  United States 535 4 points 16  Czech Republic 533 5 points 17  Belgium (Flemish) 532 14 points 17  Cyprus 532 9 points 17  Finland 532 3 points 20  Portugal 525 16 points 20  Denmark 525 14 points 22  Hungary 523 6 points 22  Turkey[a] 523 N/A 24  Sweden 521 2 points 24  Germany 521 1 point 26  Poland 520 15 points 27  Australia 516 1 point 28  Azerbaijan 515 N/A 28  Bulgaria 515 9 points 28  Italy 515 8 points 31  Kazakhstan 512 32 points 31  Canada 512 1 point 33  Slovakia 510 12 points 34  Croatia 509 7 points 34  Malta 509 N/A 36  Serbia 508 10 points 37  Spain 502 3 points International average 500 38  Armenia 498 N/A 39  Albania 494 N/A 40  New Zealand 487 4 points 41  France 485 3 points 42  Georgia 482 19 points 43  United Arab Emirates 481 29 points 44  Bahrain 480 29 points 45  North Macedonia 472 N/A 46  Montenegro 453 N/A 47  Bosnia and Herzegovina 452 N/A 48  Qatar 449 10 points 49  Kosovo 444 N/A 50  Iran 443 12 points 51  Chile 441 18 points 52  Oman 431 6 points 53  Saudi Arabia 398 15 points 54  Morocco 383 6 points 54  Kuwait 383 30 points 56  South Africa[a] 374 2 points 57  Pakistan 328 N/A 58  Philippines 297 N/A Benchmarking participants – Moscow (Russia) 593 N/A – Dubai (United Arab Emirates) 544 33 points – Quebec (Canada) 532 4 points – Madrid (Spain) 518 N/A – Ontario (Canada) 512 – Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) 441 22 points

Science[21] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  Singapore 595 5 points 2  South Korea 588 1 point 3  Russia 567 4  Japan 562 7 points 5  Chinese Taipei 558 3 points 6  Finland 555 1 point 7  Latvia 542 N/A 8  Norway[a] 539 1 point 8  United States 539 7 points 10  Lithuania 538 10 points 11  Sweden 537 3 points 11  England 537 1 point 13  Czech Republic 534 14  Australia 533 9 points 15  Hong Kong 531 26 points 15  Poland 531 16 points 17  Hungary 529 13 points 18  Ireland 528 1 point 19  Turkey[a] 526 N/A 20  Croatia 524 9 points 21  Canada 523 2 points 22  Denmark 522 5 points 22  Austria 522 N/A 24  Bulgaria 521 15 points 24  Slovakia 521 1 point 26 Northern Ireland 518 2 points 26  Netherlands 518 1 point 26  Germany 518 10 points 29  Serbia 517 8 points 30  Cyprus 511 30 points 30  Spain 511 7 points 32  Italy 510 6 points 33  Portugal 504 4 points 34  New Zealand 503 3 points 35  Belgium (Flemish) 501 11 points International average 500 36  Malta 496 N/A 37  Kazakhstan 494 56 points 38  Bahrain 493 34 points 39  Albania 489 N/A 40  France 488 1 point 41  United Arab Emirates 473 22 points 42  Chile 469 9 points 43  Armenia 466 N/A 44  Bosnia and Herzegovina 459 N/A 45  Georgia 454 3 points 46  Montenegro 453 N/A 47  Qatar 449 13 points 48  Iran 441 20 points 49  Oman 435 4 points 50  Azerbaijan 427 N/A 51  North Macedonia 426 N/A 52  Kosovo 413 N/A 53  Saudi Arabia 402 12 points 54  Kuwait 392 55 points 54  Morocco 374 17 points 56  South Africa[a] 324 N/A 57  Pakistan 290 N/A 58  Philippines 249 N/A Benchmarking participants – Moscow (Russia) 595 N/A – Dubai (United Arab Emirates) 545 27 points – Ontario (Canada) 524 6 points – Madrid (Spain) 523 N/A – Quebec (Canada) 522 3 points – Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) 418 3 points

In TIMSS 2015,^[22] nationally representative samples of students in 57 countries and 7 benchmarking entities participated in the fourth grade assessment, the eighth grade assessment, or both.^[23]

Mathematics[24] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  Singapore 621 10 points 2  South Korea 606 7 points 3  Chinese Taipei 599 10 points 4  Hong Kong 594 8 points 5  Japan 586 16 points 6  Russia 538 1 point 7  Kazakhstan 528 41 points 8  Canada 527 N/A 9  Ireland 523 N/A 10  United States 518 9 points 10  England 518 11 points 12  Slovenia 516 11 points 13  Hungary 514 9 points 14  Norway[a] 512 N/A 15  Lithuania 511 9 points 15  Israel 511 5 points 17  Australia 505 18  Sweden 501 17 points International average 500 19  Italy 494 4 points 19  Malta 494 N/A 21  New Zealand 493 5 points 22  Malaysia 465 25 points 23  United Arab Emirates 465 9 points 24  Turkey 458 6 points 25  Bahrain 454 45 points 26  Georgia 453 22 points 27  Lebanon 442 7 points 28  Qatar 437 27 points 29  Iran 436 21 points 30  Thailand 431 4 points 31  Chile 427 11 points 32  Oman 403 37 points 33  Kuwait 392 N/A 33  Egypt 392 N/A 35  Botswana[a] 391 6 points 36  Jordan 386 20 points 37  Morocco 384 13 points 38  South Africa[a] 372 20 points 39  Saudi Arabia 368 26 points Benchmarking participants – Quebec (Canada) 543 11 points – Ontario (Canada) 522 10 points – Dubai (United Arab Emirates) 512 34 points – Florida (United States) 493 20 points –  Norway[b] 487 12 points – Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) 442 7 points – Buenos Aires (Argentina) 396 N/A

Science[25] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  Singapore 597 7 points 2  Japan 571 13 points 3  Chinese Taipei 569 5 points 4  South Korea 556 4 points 5  Slovenia 551 8 points 6  Hong Kong 546 11 points 7  Russia 544 2 points 8  England 537 4 points 9  Kazakhstan 533 43 points 10  Ireland 530 N/A 10  United States 530 5 points 12  Hungary 527 5 points 13  Canada 526 N/A 14  Sweden 522 13 points 15  Lithuania 519 5 points 16  New Zealand 513 1 point 17  Australia 512 7 points 18  Norway[a] 509 N/A 19  Israel 507 9 points International average 500 20  Italy 499 2 points 21  Turkey 493 10 points 22  Malta 481 N/A 23  United Arab Emirates 477 12 points 24  Malaysia 471 45 points 25  Bahrain 466 14 points 26  Qatar 457 38 points 27  Iran 456 18 points 27  Thailand 456 5 points 29  Oman 455 35 points 30  Chile 454 7 points 31  Georgia 443 23 points 32  Jordan 426 23 points 33  Kuwait 411 N/A 34  Lebanon 398 8 points 35  Saudi Arabia 396 40 points 36  Morocco 393 17 points 37  Botswana[a] 392 12 points 38  Egypt 371 N/A 39  South Africa[a] 358 26 points Benchmarking participants – Quebec (Canada) 530 10 points – Dubai (United Arab Emirates) 525 40 points – Ontario (Canada) 524 3 points – Florida (United States) 508 22 points –  Norway[b] 489 5 points – Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) 454 7 points – Buenos Aires (Argentina) 386 N/A

Mathematics[24] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  Singapore 618 12 points 2  Hong Kong 615 13 points 3  South Korea 608 3 points 4  Chinese Taipei 597 6 points 5  Japan 593 8 points 6 Northern Ireland 570 8 points 7  Russia 564 22 points 8  Norway[a] 549 N/A 9  Ireland 547 20 points 10  England 546 4 points 10  Belgium (Flemish) 546 3 points 12  Kazakhstan 544 43 points 13  Portugal 541 9 points 14  United States 539 2 points 14  Denmark 539 2 points 16  Lithuania 535 1 point 16  Finland 535 10 points 16  Poland 535 54 points 19  Netherlands 530 10 points 20  Hungary 529 14 points 21  Czech Republic 528 17 points 22  Bulgaria 524 N/A 23  Cyprus 523 N/A 24  Germany 522 6 points 25  Slovenia 520 7 points 26  Sweden 519 15 points 27  Serbia 518 2 points 28  Australia 517 1 point 29  Canada 511 N/A 30  Italy 507 1 point 31  Spain 505 23 points 32  Croatia 502 12 points International average 500 33  Slovakia 498 9 points 34  New Zealand 491 5 points 35  France 488 N/A 36  Turkey 483 14 points 37  Georgia 463 13 points 38  Chile 459 3 points 39  United Arab Emirates 452 18 points 40  Bahrain 451 15 points 41  Qatar 439 26 points 42  Iran 431 43  Oman 425 40 points 44  Indonesia 397 N/A 45  Jordan 388 N/A 46  Saudi Arabia 383 27 points 47  Morocco 377 42 points 48  South Africa[a] 376 N/A 49  Kuwait 353 11 points Benchmarking participants – Florida (United States) 546 1 point – Quebec (Canada) 536 3 points – Ontario (Canada) 512 6 points – Dubai (United Arab Emirates) 511 43 points –  Norway[b] 493 2 points – Buenos Aires (Argentina) 432 N/A – Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) 419 2 points

Science[25] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  Singapore 590 7 points 2  South Korea 589 2 points 3  Japan 569 10 points 4  Russia 567 15 points 5  Hong Kong 557 22 points 6  Chinese Taipei 555 3 points 7  Finland 554 16 points 8  Kazakhstan 550 55 points 9  Poland 547 42 points 10  United States 546 2 points 11  Slovenia 543 23 points 12  Hungary 542 8 points 13  Sweden 540 7 points 14  Norway[a] 538 N/A 15  England 536 7 points 15  Bulgaria 536 N/A 17  Czech Republic 534 2 points 18  Croatia 533 17 points 19  Ireland 529 13 points 20  Germany 528 20  Lithuania 528 13 points 22  Denmark 527 1 point 23  Canada 525 N/A 23  Serbia 525 9 points 25  Australia 524 8 points 26  Slovakia 520 12 points 26 Northern Ireland 520 3 points 28  Spain 518 13 points 29  Netherlands 517 14 points 30  Italy 516 8 points 31  Belgium (Flemish) 512 3 points 32  Portugal 508 14 points 33  New Zealand 506 9 points International average 500 34  France 487 N/A 35  Turkey 483 20 points 36  Cyprus 481 N/A 37  Chile 478 2 points 38  Bahrain 459 10 points 39  Georgia 451 4 points 39  United Arab Emirates 451 23 points 41  Qatar 436 42 points 42  Oman 431 54 points 43  Iran 421 32 points 44  Indonesia 397 N/A 45  Saudi Arabia 390 39 points 46  Morocco 357 93 points 47  Kuwait 337 10 points Benchmarking participants – Florida (United States) 549 4 points – Ontario (Canada) 530 2 points – Quebec (Canada) 525 9 points – Dubai (United Arab Emirates) 518 57 points –  Norway[b] 493 1 point – Buenos Aires (Argentina) 418 N/A – Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) 415 4 points

TIMSS 2011^[26] had 52 participating educational systems for the fourth grade and 45 for the eighth grade.^[6]

Mathematics[27] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  South Korea 613 16 points 2  Singapore 611 18 points 3  Chinese Taipei 609 11 points 4  Hong Kong 586 14 points 5  Japan 570 6  Russia 539 27 points 7  Israel 516 53 points 8  Finland 514 N/A 9  United States 509 1 point 10  England 507 6 points 11  Hungary 505 12 points 11  Australia 505 9 points 11  Slovenia 505 4 points 14  Lithuania 502 4 points International average 500 15  Italy 498 18 points 16  New Zealand 488 N/A 17  Kazakhstan 487 N/A 18  Sweden 484 7 points 19  Ukraine 479 17 points 20  Norway 475 6 points 21  Armenia 467 32 points 22  Romania 458 3 points 23  United Arab Emirates 456 N/A 24  Turkey 452 20 points 25  Lebanon 449 26  Malaysia 440 34 points 27  Georgia 431 21 points 28  Thailand 427 14 points 29  Republic of Macedonia 426 N/A 30  Tunisia 425 5 points 31  Chile 416 N/A 32  Iran 415 12 points 33  Qatar 410 103 points 34  Bahrain 409 N/A 35  Jordan 406 21 points 36  Palestine 404 37 points 37  Saudi Arabia 394 65 points 38  Indonesia 386 11 points 39  Syria 380 15 points 40  Morocco 371 10 points 41  Oman 366 6 points 42  Ghana 331 22 points Ninth grade participants –  Botswana[a] 397 N/A –  South Africa[a] 352 N/A –  Honduras[a] 338 N/A Benchmarking participants – Massachusetts (United States) 561 14 points – Minnesota (United States) 545 13 points – North Carolina (United States) 537 N/A – Quebec (Canada) 532 4 points – Indiana (United States) 522 N/A – Colorado (United States) 518 N/A – Connecticut (United States) 518 N/A – Florida (United States) 513 N/A – Ontario (Canada) 512 5 points – Alberta (Canada) 505 N/A – California (United States) 493 N/A – Dubai (United Arab Emirates) 478 17 points – Alabama (United States) 466 N/A – Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) 449 N/A

Science[28] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  Singapore 590 23 points 2  Chinese Taipei 564 3 points 3  South Korea 560 7 points 4  Japan 558 4 points 5  Finland 552 N/A 6  Slovenia 543 5 points 7  Russia 542 12 points 8  Hong Kong 535 5 points 9  England 533 9 points 10  United States 525 5 points 11  Hungary 522 17 points 12  Australia 519 4 points 13  Israel 516 48 points 14  Lithuania 514 5 points 15  New Zealand 512 N/A 16  Sweden 509 2 points 17  Italy 501 6 points 17  Ukraine 501 16 points International average 500 19  Norway 494 7 points 20  Kazakhstan 490 N/A 21  Turkey 483 29 points 22  Iran 474 15 points 23  Romania 465 3 points 23  United Arab Emirates 465 N/A 25  Chile 461 N/A 26  Bahrain 452 N/A 27  Thailand 451 20 points 28  Jordan 449 33 points 29  Tunisia 439 6 points 30  Armenia 437 51 points 31  Saudi Arabia 436 33 points 32  Malaysia 426 45 points 32  Syria 426 26 points 34  Palestine 420 16 points 34  Georgia 420 1 point 34  Oman 420 3 points 37  Qatar 419 100 points 38  Republic of Macedonia 407 N/A 39  Lebanon 406 8 points 39  Indonesia 406 21 points 41  Morocco 376 26 points 42  Ghana 306 3 points Ninth grade participants –  Botswana[a] 404 N/A –  Honduras[a] 369 N/A –  South Africa[a] 332 N/A Benchmarking participants – Massachusetts (United States) 567 11 points – Minnesota (United States) 553 14 points – Alberta (Canada) 546 N/A – Colorado (United States) 542 N/A – Indiana (United States) 533 N/A – Connecticut (United States) 532 N/A – North Carolina (United States) 532 N/A – Florida (United States) 530 N/A – Ontario (Canada) 521 5 points – Quebec (Canada) 520 6 points – California (United States) 499 N/A – Alabama (United States) 485 N/A – Dubai (United Arab Emirates) 485 4 points – Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) 461 N/A

Mathematics[27] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  Singapore 606 7 points 2  South Korea 605 N/A 3  Hong Kong 602 5 points 4  Chinese Taipei 591 15 points 5  Japan 585 17 points 6 Northern Ireland 562 N/A 7  Belgium (Flemish) 549 N/A 8  Finland 545 N/A 9  England 542 1 point 9  Russia 542 2 points 11  United States 541 12 points 12  Netherlands 540 5 points 13  Denmark 537 14 points 14  Lithuania 534 4 points 15  Portugal 532 N/A 16  Germany 528 3 points 17  Ireland 527 N/A 18  Serbia 516 N/A 18  Australia 516 20  Hungary 515 5 points 21  Slovenia 513 11 points 22  Czech Republic 511 25 points 23  Austria 508 3 points 23  Italy 508 1 point 25  Slovakia 507 11 points 26  Sweden 504 1 point 27  Kazakhstan 501 48 points International average 500 28  Malta 496 N/A 29  Norway 495 22 points 30  Croatia 490 N/A 31  New Zealand 486 6 points 32  Spain 482 N/A 32  Romania 482 N/A 34  Poland 481 N/A 35  Turkey 469 N/A 36  Azerbaijan 463 N/A 37  Chile 462 N/A 38  Thailand 458 N/A 39  Armenia 452 48 points 40  Georgia 450 12 points 41  Bahrain 436 N/A 42  United Arab Emirates 434 N/A 43  Iran 431 29 points 44  Qatar 413 117 points 45  Saudi Arabia 410 N/A 46  Oman 385 N/A 47  Tunisia 359 32 points 48  Kuwait 342 26 points 49  Morocco 335 6 points 50  Yemen 248 24 points Sixth grade participants –  Botswana[a] 419 N/A –  Honduras[a] 396 N/A –  Yemen[a] 348 N/A Benchmarking participants – North Carolina (United States) 554 N/A – Florida (United States) 545 N/A – Quebec (Canada) 533 14 points – Ontario (Canada) 518 6 points – Alberta (Canada) 507 2 points – Dubai (United Arab Emirates) 468 24 points – Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) 417 N/A

Science[28] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  South Korea 587 N/A 2  Singapore 583 4 points 3  Finland 570 N/A 4  Japan 559 11 points 5  Russia 552 6 points 5  Chinese Taipei 552 5 points 7  United States 544 5 points 8  Czech Republic 536 21 points 9  Hong Kong 535 19 points 10  Hungary 534 2 points 11  Sweden 533 8 points 12  Slovakia 532 6 points 12  Austria 532 6 points 14  Netherlands 531 8 points 15  England 529 13 points 16  Denmark 528 11 points 16  Germany 528 18  Italy 524 11 points 19  Portugal 522 N/A 20  Slovenia 520 2 points 21 Northern Ireland 517 N/A 22  Ireland 516 N/A 22  Croatia 516 N/A 22  Australia 516 11 points 22  Serbia 516 N/A 26  Lithuania 515 1 point 27  Belgium (Flemish) 509 N/A 28  Romania 505 N/A 28  Spain 505 N/A 28  Poland 505 N/A International average 500 31  New Zealand 497 7 points 32  Kazakhstan 495 38 points 33  Norway 494 17 points 34  Chile 480 N/A 35  Thailand 472 N/A 36  Turkey 463 N/A 37  Georgia 455 37 points 38  Iran 453 17 points 39  Bahrain 449 N/A 40  Malta 446 N/A 41  Azerbaijan 438 N/A 42  Saudi Arabia 429 N/A 43  United Arab Emirates 428 N/A 44  Armenia 416 68 points 45  Qatar 394 100 points 46  Oman 377 N/A 47  Kuwait 347 1 point 48  Tunisia 346 28 points 49  Morocco 264 33 points 50  Yemen 209 12 points Sixth grade participants –  Honduras[a] 432 N/A –  Botswana[a] 367 N/A –  Yemen[a] 345 N/A Benchmarking participants – Florida (United States) 545 N/A – Alberta (Canada) 541 2 points – North Carolina (United States) 538 N/A – Ontario (Canada) 528 8 points – Quebec (Canada) 516 1 point – Dubai (United Arab Emirates) 461 1 point – Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) 411 N/A

In TIMSS 2007,^[29] 43 educational systems participated in the fourth grade and 56 educational systems in the eighth grade.

Mathematics[30] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  Chinese Taipei 598 13 points 2  South Korea 597 8 points 3  Singapore 593 12 points 4  Hong Kong 572 14 points 5  Japan 570 6  Hungary 517 12 points 7  England 513 N/A 8  Russia 512 4 points 9  United States 508 4 points 10  Lithuania 506 4 points 11  Czech Republic 504 N/A 12  Slovenia 501 8 points International average 500 33 points 13  Armenia 499 21 points 14  Australia 496 9 points 15  Sweden 491 8 points 16  Malta 488 N/A 17  Scotland 487 11 points 18  Serbia 486 9 points 19  Italy 480 4 points 20  Malaysia 474 34 points 21  Norway 469 8 points 22  Cyprus 465 6 points 23  Bulgaria 464 12 points 24  Israel 463 33 points 25  Ukraine 462 N/A 26  Romania 461 14 points 27  Bosnia and Herzegovina 456 N/A 28  Lebanon 449 16 points 29  Thailand 441 N/A 30  Turkey 432 N/A 31  Jordan 427 3 points 32  Tunisia 420 10 points 33  Georgia 410 N/A 34  Iran 403 8 points 35  Bahrain 398 3 points 36  Indonesia 397 14 points 37  Syria 395 N/A 38  Egypt 391 N/A 39  Algeria 387 N/A 40  Morocco 381 6 points 41  Colombia 380 N/A 42  Oman 372 N/A 43  Palestine 367 23 points 44  Botswana 364 2 points 45  Kuwait 354 N/A 46  El Salvador 340 N/A 47  Saudi Arabia 329 3 points 48  Ghana 309 33 points 49  Qatar 307 N/A Benchmarking participants – Massachusetts (United States) 547 N/A – Minnesota (United States) 532 N/A – Quebec (Canada) 528 15 points – Ontario (Canada) 517 4 points – British Columbia (Canada) 509 N/A – Basque Country (Spain) 499 12 points – Dubai (United Arab Emirates) 461 N/A

Science[31] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  Singapore 567 11 points 2  Chinese Taipei 561 10 points 3  Japan 554 2 points 4  South Korea 553 5 points 5  England 542 N/A 6  Hungary 539 4 points 6  Czech Republic 539 N/A 8  Slovenia 538 18 points 9  Hong Kong 530 26 points 9  Russia 530 16 points 11  United States 520 7 points 12  Lithuania 519 13  Australia 515 12 points 14  Sweden 511 13 points International average 500 26 points 15  Scotland 496 16 points 16  Italy 495 4 points 17  Armenia 488 27 points 18  Norway 487 7 points 19  Ukraine 485 N/A 20  Jordan 482 7 points 21  Malaysia 471 39 points 21  Thailand 471 N/A 23  Serbia 470 2 points 23  Bulgaria 470 9 points 25  Israel 468 20 points 26  Bahrain 467 29 points 27  Bosnia and Herzegovina 466 N/A 28  Romania 462 8 points 29  Iran 459 6 points 30  Malta 457 N/A 31  Turkey 454 N/A 32  Syria 452 N/A 32  Cyprus 452 11 points 34  Tunisia 445 41 points 35  Indonesia 427 7 points 36  Oman 423 N/A 37  Georgia 421 N/A 38  Kuwait 418 N/A 39  Colombia 417 N/A 40  Lebanon 414 21 points 41  Egypt 408 N/A 41  Algeria 408 N/A 43  Palestine 404 31 points 44  Saudi Arabia 403 5 points 45  Morocco 402 6 points 46  El Salvador 387 N/A 47  Botswana 355 10 points 48  Qatar 319 N/A 49  Ghana 303 48 points Benchmarking participants – Massachusetts (United States) 556 N/A – Minnesota (United States) 539 N/A – Quebec (Canada) 526 5 points – Ontario (Canada) 526 7 points – British Columbia (Canada) 507 N/A – Basque Country (Spain) 498 9 points – Dubai (United Arab Emirates) 489 N/A

Mathematics[30] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  Hong Kong 607 32 points 2  Singapore 599 5 points 3  Chinese Taipei 576 12 points 4  Japan 568 3 points 5  Kazakhstan 549 N/A 6  Russia 544 12 points 7  England 541 10 points 8  Latvia 537 1 point 9  Netherlands 535 5 points 10  Lithuania 530 4 points 11  United States 529 11 points 12  Germany 525 N/A 13  Denmark 523 N/A 14  Australia 516 17 points 15  Hungary 510 19 points 16  Italy 507 4 points 17  Austria 505 N/A 18  Sweden 503 N/A 19  Slovenia 502 23 points International average 500 5 points 20  Armenia 500 44 points 21  Slovakia 496 N/A 22  Scotland 494 4 points 23  New Zealand 492 1 point 24  Czech Republic 486 N/A 25  Norway 473 22 points 26  Ukraine 469 N/A 27  Georgia 438 N/A 28  Iran 402 13 points 29  Algeria 378 N/A 30  Colombia 355 N/A 31  Morocco 341 6 points 32  El Salvador 330 N/A 33  Tunisia 327 12 points 34  Kuwait 316 N/A 35  Qatar 296 N/A 36  Yemen 224 N/A Benchmarking participants – Massachusetts (United States) 572 N/A – Minnesota (United States) 554 N/A – Quebec (Canada) 519 13 points – Ontario (Canada) 512 1 point – Alberta (Canada) 505 N/A – British Columbia (Canada) 505 N/A – Dubai (United Arab Emirates) 444 N/A

Science[31] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  Singapore 587 22 points 2  Chinese Taipei 557 6 points 3  Hong Kong 554 12 points 4  Japan 548 5 points 5  Russia 546 20 points 6  Latvia 542 10 points 6  England 542 2 points 8  United States 539 3 points 9  Hungary 536 6 points 10  Italy 535 19 points 11  Kazakhstan 533 N/A 12  Germany 528 N/A 13  Australia 527 6 points 14  Slovakia 526 N/A 14  Austria 526 N/A 16  Sweden 525 N/A 17  Netherlands 523 2 points 18  Slovenia 518 28 points 19  Denmark 517 N/A 20  Czech Republic 515 N/A 21  Lithuania 514 2 points 22  New Zealand 504 16 points 23  Scotland 500 2 points International average 500 11 points 24  Armenia 484 47 points 25  Norway 477 11 points 26  Ukraine 474 N/A 27  Iran 436 22 points 28  Georgia 418 N/A 29  Colombia 400 N/A 30  El Salvador 390 N/A 31  Algeria 354 N/A 32  Kuwait 348 N/A 33  Tunisia 318 4 points 34  Morocco 297 7 points 35  Qatar 294 N/A 36  Yemen 197 N/A Benchmarking participants – Massachusetts (United States) 571 N/A – Minnesota (United States) 551 N/A – Alberta (Canada) 543 N/A – British Columbia (Canada) 537 N/A – Ontario (Canada) 536 4 points – Quebec (Canada) 517 17 points – Dubai (United Arab Emirates) 460 N/A

In TIMSS 2003,^[32] there were 26 educational systems for the fourth grade and 48 for the eighth grade.^[33]

Mathematics[34] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  Singapore 605 1 point 2  South Korea 589 2 points 3  Hong Kong 586 4 points 4  Chinese Taipei 585 5  Japan 570 9 points 6  Belgium (Flemish) 537 21 points 7  Netherlands 536 4 points 8  Estonia 531 N/A 9  Hungary 529 3 points 10  Malaysia 508 11 points 10  Latvia 508 N/A 10  Russia 508 18 points 10  Slovakia 508 26 points 14  Australia 505 20 points 15  United States 504 2 points 16  Lithuania 502 20 points 17  Sweden 499 N/A 18  Scotland 498 N/A 19  Israel 496 30 points 20  New Zealand 494 3 points 21  Slovenia 493 37 points 22  Italy 484 5 points 23  Armenia 478 N/A 24  Serbia 477 N/A 25  Bulgaria 476 35 points 26  Romania 475 3 points International average 467 20 points 27  Norway 461 N/A 28  Moldova 460 9 points 29  Cyprus 459 17 points 30  Republic of Macedonia 435 12 points 31  Lebanon 433 N/A 32  Jordan 424 4 points 33  Iran 411 11 points 33  Indonesia 411 8 points 35  Tunisia 410 38 points 36  Egypt 406 N/A 37  Bahrain 401 N/A 38  Palestine 390 N/A 39  Chile 387 5 points 39  Morocco 387 50 points 41  Philippines 376 31 points 42  Botswana 366 N/A 43  Saudi Arabia 332 N/A 44  Ghana 276 N/A 45  South Africa 264 11 points Ninth grade participants –  England[a] 498 N/A Benchmarking participants – Quebec (Canada) 543 N/A – Ontario (Canada) 521 N/A – Indiana (United States) 508 N/A – Basque Country (Spain) 487 N/A

Science[35] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  Singapore 578 10 points 2  Chinese Taipei 571 2 points 3  South Korea 558 9 points 4  Hong Kong 556 26 points 5  Estonia 552 N/A 5  Japan 552 2 points 7  Hungary 543 9 points 8  Netherlands 536 9 points 9  United States 527 12 points 9  Australia 527 13 points 11  Sweden 524 N/A 12  Slovenia 520 13 points 12  New Zealand 520 10 points 14  Lithuania 519 31 points 15  Slovakia 517 18 points 16  Belgium (Flemish) 516 19 points 17  Russia 514 15 points 18  Latvia 512 N/A 18  Scotland 512 N/A 20  Malaysia 510 18 points 21  Norway 494 N/A 22  Italy 491 2 points 23  Israel 488 20 points 24  Bulgaria 479 39 points 25  Jordan 475 25 points International average 474 14 points 26  Moldova 472 13 points 27  Romania 470 2 points 28  Serbia 468 N/A 29  Armenia 461 N/A 30  Iran 453 5 points 31  Republic of Macedonia 449 9 points 32  Cyprus 441 19 points 33  Bahrain 438 N/A 34  Palestine 435 N/A 35  Egypt 421 N/A 36  Indonesia 420 15 points 37  Chile 413 7 points 38  Tunisia 404 26 points 39  Saudi Arabia 398 N/A 40  Morocco 396 73 points 41  Lebanon 393 N/A 42  Philippines 377 32 points 43  Botswana 365 N/A 44  Ghana 255 N/A 45  South Africa 244 1 point Ninth grade participants –  England[a] 544 N/A Benchmarking participants – Ontario (Canada) 533 N/A – Indiana (United States) 531 N/A – Quebec (Canada) 531 N/A – Basque Country (Spain) 489 N/A

Mathematics[34] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 8 years 1  Singapore 594 31 points 2  Hong Kong 575 12 points 3  Japan 565 32 points 4  Chinese Taipei 564 N/A 5  Belgium (Flemish) 551 N/A 6  Netherlands 540 37 points 7  Latvia 536 N/A 8  Lithuania 534 N/A 9  Russia 532 N/A 10  England 531 18 points 11  Hungary 529 19 points 12  United States 518 27 points 13  Cyprus 510 8 points 14  Moldova 504 N/A 15  Italy 503 N/A 16  Australia 499 47 points International average 495 34 points 17  New Zealand 493 6 points 18  Scotland 490 30 points 19  Slovenia 479 73 points 20  Armenia 456 N/A 21  Norway 451 51 points 22  Iran 389 40 points 23  Philippines 358 N/A 24  Morocco 347 N/A 25  Tunisia 339 N/A Benchmarking participants – Indiana (United States) 533 N/A – Ontario (Canada) 511 N/A – Quebec (Canada) 506 N/A

Science[35] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 8 years 1  Singapore 565 18 points 2  Chinese Taipei 551 N/A 3  Japan 543 31 points 4  Hong Kong 542 9 points 5  England 540 11 points 6  United States 536 29 points 7  Latvia 532 N/A 8  Hungary 530 2 points 9  Russia 526 N/A 10  Netherlands 525 28 points 11  Australia 521 41 points 12  New Zealand 520 11 points 13  Belgium (Flemish) 518 N/A 14  Italy 516 N/A 15  Lithuania 512 N/A 16  Scotland 502 34 points 17  Moldova 496 N/A 18  Slovenia 490 56 points International average 489 35 points 19  Cyprus 480 5 points 20  Norway 466 64 points 21  Armenia 437 N/A 22  Iran 414 2 points 23  Philippines 332 N/A 24  Tunisia 314 N/A 25  Morocco 304 N/A Benchmarking participants – Indiana (United States) 553 N/A – Ontario (Canada) 540 N/A – Quebec (Canada) 500 N/A

In 1999,^[36] TIMSS only focused on the eighth grade in 38 educational systems; there was no study done for the fourth grade in that year.^[37]

Mathematics[38] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  Singapore 604 39 points 2  South Korea 587 20 points 3  Chinese Taipei 585 N/A 4  Hong Kong 582 6 points 5  Japan 579 26 points 6  Belgium (Flemish) 558 7 points 7  Netherlands 540 1 point 8  Slovakia 534 13 points 9  Hungary 532 5 points 10  Canada 531 4 points 11  Slovenia 530 11 points 12  Russia 526 9 points 13  Australia 525 5 points 14  Finland 520 N/A 14  Czech Republic 520 44 points 16  Malaysia 519 N/A 17  Bulgaria 511 29 points 18  Latvia (Latvian) 505 12 points 19  United States 502 2 points 20  England 496 10 points 21  New Zealand 491 17 points International average 487 26 points 22  Lithuania 482 5 points 23  Italy 479 N/A 24  Cyprus 476 2 points 25  Romania 472 10 points 26  Moldova 469 N/A 27  Thailand 467 55 points 28  Israel 466 56 points 29  Tunisia 448 N/A 30  Republic of Macedonia 447 N/A 31  Turkey 429 N/A 32  Jordan 428 N/A 33  Iran 422 6 points 34  Indonesia 403 N/A 35  Chile 392 N/A 36  Philippines 345 N/A 37  Morocco 337 N/A 38  South Africa 275 79 points

Science[39] Rank Country Average scale score Change over 4 years 1  Chinese Taipei 569 N/A 2  Singapore 568 39 points 3  Hungary 552 2 points 4  Japan 550 21 points 5  South Korea 549 16 points 6  Netherlands 545 15 points 7  Australia 540 5 points 8  Czech Republic 539 35 points 9  England 538 14 points 10  Finland 535 N/A 10  Slovakia 535 9 points 10  Belgium (Flemish) 535 15 points 13  Slovenia 533 27 points 13  Canada 533 2 points 15  Hong Kong 530 8 points 16  Russia 529 9 points 17  Bulgaria 518 47 points 18  United States 515 19 points 19  New Zealand 510 15 points 20  Latvia (Latvian) 503 18 points 21  Italy 493 N/A 22  Malaysia 492 N/A 23  Lithuania 488 12 points International average 488 28 points 24  Thailand 482 43 points 25  Romania 472 14 points 26  Israel 468 56 points 27  Cyprus 460 3 points 28  Moldova 459 N/A 29  Republic of Macedonia 458 N/A 30  Jordan 450 N/A 31  Iran 448 22 points 32  Indonesia 435 N/A 33  Turkey 433 N/A 34  Tunisia 430 N/A 35  Chile 420 N/A 36  Philippines 345 N/A 37  Morocco 323 N/A 38  South Africa 243 83 points

In TIMSS 1995,^[40] there were 41 educational systems in five grades (third, fourth, seventh, eighth, and the final year of secondary school).^[6]

Mathematics[41] Rank Country Average scale score 1  Singapore 643 2  South Korea 607 3  Japan 605 4  Hong Kong 588 5  Belgium (Flemish) 565 6  Czech Republic 564 7  Slovakia 547 8   Switzerland 545 9  Netherlands 541 9  Slovenia 541 11  Bulgaria 540 12  Austria 539 13  France 538 14  Hungary 537 15  Russia 535 16  Australia 530 17  Ireland 527 17  Canada 527 19  Belgium (French) 526 20  Thailand 522 20  Israel 522 22  Sweden 519 International average 513 23  Germany 509 24  New Zealand 508 25  England 506 26  Norway 503 27  Denmark 502 28  United States 500 29  Scotland 498 30  Latvia (Latvian) 493 31  Spain 487 31  Iceland 487 33  Greece 484 34  Romania 482 35  Lithuania 477 36  Cyprus 474 37  Portugal 454 38  Iran 428 39  Kuwait 392 40  Colombia 385 41  South Africa 354

Science[42] Rank Country Average scale score 1  Singapore 607 2  Czech Republic 574 3  Japan 571 4  South Korea 565 4  Bulgaria 565 6  Netherlands 560 6  Slovenia 560 8  Austria 558 9  Hungary 554 10  England 552 11  Belgium (Flemish) 550 12  Australia 545 13  Slovakia 544 14  Russia 538 14  Ireland 538 16  Sweden 535 17  United States 534 18  Germany 531 18  Canada 531 20  Norway 527 21  New Zealand 525 21  Thailand 525 23  Israel 524 24  Hong Kong 522 24   Switzerland 522 26  Scotland 517 26  Spain 517 International average 516 28  France 498 29  Greece 497 30  Iceland 494 31  Romania 486 32  Latvia (Latvian) 485 33  Portugal 480 34  Denmark 478 35  Lithuania 476 36  Belgium (French) 471 37  Iran 470 38  Cyprus 463 39  Kuwait 430 40  Colombia 411 41  South Africa 326

Mathematics[43] Rank Country Average scale score 1  Singapore 625 2  South Korea 611 3  Japan 597 4  Hong Kong 587 5  Netherlands 577 6  Czech Republic 567 7  Austria 559 8  Slovenia 552 9  Ireland 550 10  Hungary 548 11  Australia 546 12  United States 545 13  Canada 532 14  Israel 531 International average 529 15  Latvia (Latvian) 525 16  Scotland 520 17  England 513 18  Cyprus 502 18  Norway 502 20  New Zealand 499 21  Greece 492 22  Thailand 490 23  Portugal 475 24  Iceland 474 25  Iran 429 26  Kuwait 400

Science[44] Rank Country Average scale score 1  South Korea 597 2  Japan 574 3  United States 565 3  Austria 565 5  Australia 562 6  Netherlands 557 6  Czech Republic 557 8  England 551 9  Canada 549 10  Singapore 547 11  Slovenia 546 12  Ireland 539 13  Scotland 536 14  Hong Kong 533 15  Hungary 532 16  New Zealand 531 International average 524 17  Norway 530 18  Latvia (Latvian) 512 19  Israel 505 19  Iceland 505 21  Greece 497 22  Portugal 480 23  Cyprus 475 24  Thailand 473 25  Iran 416 26  Kuwait 401

The TIMSS 1999 Video Study^[45] was a study of eighth-grade mathematics and science teaching in seven countries. The study involved videotaping and analyzing teaching practices in more than one thousand classrooms. In conjunction with the IEA, the study was conducted by the US National Center for Education Statistics, and the US Department of Education under a contract with LessonLab, Inc. of Los Angeles, California.

TIMSS depends on the collaboration of a large number of individuals and organizations around the world including the TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center at Boston College, IEA's offices in Amsterdam and Hamburg, Statistics Canada, and Educational Testing Service (ETS). In the United States, TIMSS is conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics of the US Department of Education. Data for US students is further tracked for ethnic and racial groups. TIMSS is mainly funded by the participating countries. Also, the US National Center for Education Statistics of the US Department of Education and the World Bank provide major support funding for the assessments.^[6]

Mathematics Race 2019[46] 2015[47] 2011[48] 2007[49] 2003[50] 1999[50] 1995[50] Score Score Score Score Score Score Score Asian 591 585 568 549 — — — White 548 541 530 533 525 525 516 Multiracial 540 521 513 506 — — — US Average 515 518 509 508 504 502 500 Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander — 495 — — — — — Hispanic 486 492 485 475 465 457 443 American Indian/Alaska Native 483 477 — — — — — Black 445 462 465 457 448 444 419

Science Race 2019[46] 2015[51] 2011[48] 2007[49] 2003[50] 1999[50] 1995[50] Score Score Score Score Score Score Score Asian 577 573 556 543 — — — White 559 557 553 551 552 547 544 Multiracial 547 536 534 522 — — — US Average 522 530 525 520 527 515 534 Hispanic 493 502 493 480 482 462 446 Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander — 498 — — — — — American Indian/Alaska Native 481 497 — — — — — Black 445 469 470 455 463 438 422

Mathematics Race 2019[46] 2015[52] 2011[48] 2007[49] 2003[50] 1995[50] Score Score Score Score Score Score Asian 586 605 583 582 — — White 559 559 559 550 542 541 Multiracial 554 565 554 534 — — US Average 535 539 541 529 518 545 American Indian/Alaska Native 515 527 — — — — Hispanic 508 515 520 504 492 493 Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 500 502 — — — — Black 494 495 489 482 472 457

Science Race 2019[46] 2015[53] 2011[48] 2007[49] 2003[50] 1995[50] Score Score Score Score Score Score Asian 581 598 570 573 — — White 565 570 568 567 565 572 Multiracial 561 571 559 550 — — US Average 539 546 544 539 536 565 American Indian/Alaska Native 519 530 — — — — Hispanic 508 518 517 502 498 503 Black 497 501 490 488 487 462 Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 495 503 — — — —

• TIMSS 1995: 4th grade [1]; 8th grade [2]
• TIMSS 1999: 8th grade [3]
• TIMSS 2003: 4th grade [4][5]; 8th grade [6][7]
• TIMSS 2007: 4th and 8th grades [8][9]
• TIMSS 2011: 4th grade [10][11]; 8th grade [12][13]
• TIMSS 2015: 4th and 8th grades [14][15]
• TIMSS 2019: [16]

Hanushek and Woessmann^[54] developed a methodology to rescale 14 different international comparisons of math and/or science achievement to make them comparable. This includes the FIMS, FISS, and PISA, mentioned above, with TIMSS.

This methodology is disputed amongst experts. Quantitative methods used in educational and psychological measurement disagree with the approach as it is basically only a linear scale transformation that cannot ensure or examine whether PISA and TIMSS scores are based on the same or at least comparable measurement constructs: The numerical values used to measure shoe size and intelligence can be transformed so that both have the same arithmetic mean and standard deviation, but they still represent two very different characteristics. The equivalency of what is being measured needs to be established in linking studies that utilize well-designed joint data collections such as the TIMSS NAEP link,^[55] or IEA's Rosetta Stone.^[56]

Wu (2003, 2010)^[57] has shown that TIMSS and PISA do not produce exchangeable scores. One reason may be reading load even for mathematics and science items. TIMSS questions focus on the mathematics curricula taught around the world as seen in TIMSS example items,^[58] while PISA attempts to assess mathematics embedded in descriptions of situations encountered outside of the classroom, see PISA examples.^[59]

Country	Years
Albania	2019, 2023
Algeria	2007
Argentina	2015[a]
Armenia	2003, 2007, 2011, 2019, 2023
Australia	1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Austria	1995, 2007, 2011, 2019, 2023
Azerbaijan	2011, 2019, 2023
Bahrain	2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Belgium	1995,[b] 1999,[c] 2003,[c] 2011,[c] 2015,[c] 2019,[c] 2023[b]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2007, 2019, 2023
Botswana	2003, 2007, 2011,[d] 2015[e]
Brazil	2023
Bulgaria	1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2015, 2019, 2023
Canada	1995, 1999, 2003,[f] 2007,[g] 2011,[h] 2015, 2019, 2023
Chile	1999, 2003, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Chinese Taipei	1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Colombia	1995, 2007
Croatia	2011, 2015, 2019
Cyprus	1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2015, 2019, 2023
Czech Republic	1995, 1999, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Denmark	1995, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Egypt	2003, 2007, 2015
El Salvador	2007
England	1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Estonia	2003
Finland	1999, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
France	1995, 2015, 2019, 2023
Georgia	2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Germany	1995, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Ghana	2003, 2007, 2011
Greece	1995
Honduras	2011[d]
Hong Kong	1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Hungary	1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Iceland	1995
Indonesia	1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015
Iran	1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Iraq	2023[i]
Ireland	1995, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Israel	1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2023
Italy	1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Ivory Coast	2023
Japan	1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Jordan	1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2023
Kazakhstan	2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Kosovo	2019, 2023
Kuwait	1995, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Latvia	1995,[j] 1999,[j] 2003, 2007, 2019, 2023
Lebanon	2003, 2007, 2011, 2015
Lithuania	1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Macau	2023
Malaysia	1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2023
Malta	2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Moldova	1999, 2003
Montenegro	2019, 2023
Morocco	1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Netherlands	1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
New Zealand	1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
North Macedonia	1999, 2003, 2011, 2019, 2023
Northern Ireland	2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Norway	1995, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,[k] 2023
Oman	2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Pakistan	2019
Palestine	2003, 2007, 2011, 2023
Philippines	1999, 2003, 2019
Poland	2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Portugal	1995, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Qatar	2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Romania	1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2023
Russia	1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019
Saudi Arabia	2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Scotland	1995, 2003, 2007
Serbia	2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Singapore	1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Slovakia	1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Slovenia	1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2023
South Africa	1995, 1999, 2003, 2011,[e] 2015,[k] 2019,[k] 2023
South Korea	1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Spain	1995, 2003,[l] 2007,[l] 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Sweden	1995, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2023
Switzerland	1995
Syria	2007, 2011
Thailand	1995, 1999, 2007, 2011, 2015
Tunisia	1999, 2003, 2007, 2011
Turkey	1999, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Ukraine	2007, 2011
United Arab Emirates	2007,[m] 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
United States	1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023
Uzbekistan	2023
Yemen	2007, 2011

• International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement
• Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), an educational ranking among OECD nations
• Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)

• Hanushek, Eric A.; Woessmann, Ludger (2015), The knowledge capital of nations, CESifo, ISBN 978-0-262-02917-9.

• IEA's TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center at Boston College
• www.iea.nl: TIMSS. Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
• U.S. Department of Education TIMSS
• TIMSS: What Have We Learned about Math and Science Teaching? Archived 2012-02-11 at the Wayback Machine - Education Resources Information Center Clearinghouse for Science Mathematics and Environmental Education, Columbus, Ohio.
• Benchmarking to the world's best in mathematics. Quality control in curriculum and instruction among the top performers in the TIMSS