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The history of the island of Euboea is largely that of its two principal cities, [[Chalcis]] and [[Eretria]], both mentioned in the [[Catalogue of Ships]]. Both cities were settled by [[Ionians|Ionian]] Greeks from [[Attica]], and would eventually settle numerous colonies in [[Magna Graecia]] and [[Sicily]], such as [[Cumae]] and [[Reggio Calabria|Rhegium]], and on the coast of [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]]. This opened new trade routes to the [[Greeks]], and extended the reach of western civilization.<ref>Lane Fox, Robin. ''Travelling Heroes'' (London: Penguin, 2008) ''passim''</ref> The commercial influence of these city-states is evident in the fact that the Euboic scale of weights and measures was used among the Ionic cities generally, and in [[Athens]] until the end of the 7th century BC, during the time of [[Solon]].{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} The classicist [[Barry B. Powell]] has proposed that Euboea may have been where the [[Greek alphabet]] was first employed, c. 775-750 BC, and that [[Homer]] may have spent part of his life on the island.<ref>http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ElAnt/V1N2/powell</ref>
Athens invaded Chalcis in 506 BC and settled 4,000 Attic Greeks on their lands.
Chalcis and Eretria were rival cities, and appear to have been equally powerful for a while. One of the earliest major military conflicts in Greek history took place between them, known as the [[Lelantine War]], in which many other Greek city-states also took part.<ref>Thucydides: [[History of the Peloponnesian War]]. I 15.</ref> In 490 BC, Eretria was utterly ruined and its inhabitants were transported to [[Persian Empire|Persia]]{{clarify|date=April 2012}}<!-- How/why did this happen?-->. Though it was restored nearby its original site after the [[Battle of Marathon]], the city never regained its former eminence. Following the infamous battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium, [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] forces captured and sacked [[Athens]] the first of the two times in less than one year this would happen,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=BHe0KeXyL_AC&pg=PA34&dq=persians+sack+athens&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=e0GaVI3CBsWzUdykg6gL&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=persians%20sack%20athens&f=false|title=Nothing Less than Victory: Decisive Wars and the Lessons of History|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> and also took [[Euboea]], [[Boeotia]], and [[Attica]],<ref name = L248>Lazenby, p. 248–253</ref> allowing them to overrun almost all of Greece.
Another struggle between Euboea and Athens broke out in 446. Led by [[Pericles]], the Athenians subdued the revolt, and captured [[Istiaia|Histiaea]] in the north of the island for their own settlement.
▲Athens invaded Chalcis in 506 BC and settled 4,000 Attic Greeks on their lands. After this conflict, the whole of the island was gradually reduced to an Athenian dependency.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} Another struggle between Euboea and Athens broke out in 446. Led by [[Pericles]], the Athenians subdued the revolt, and captured [[Istiaia|Histiaea]] in the north of the island for their own settlement.
By 410 BC, the island succeeded in regaining its independence. Euboea participated in Greek affairs until falling under the control of [[Philip II of Macedon]] after the [[Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)|Battle of Chaeronea]] in 338 BC, and eventually being incorporated into the [[Roman Republic]] in the second century BC. [[Aristotle]] died on the island in 322 BC soon after fleeing Athens for his mother's family estate in Chalcis.
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