Sahaptian (also Sahaptianic, Sahaptin, Shahaptian) is a two-language branch of the Plateau Penutian family spoken by Native American peoples in the Columbia Plateau region of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho in the northwestern United States.
| Sahaptian | |
|---|---|
| Sħaptian | |
| Geographic distribution | Pacific Northwest |
| Linguistic classification | Penutian?
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | saha1239 |
The terms Sahaptian (the family) and Sahaptin (the language) have often been confused and used interchangeably in the literature.
Family division
editSahaptian includes two languages:
Nez Perce has two principal dialects, Upper and Lower. Sahaptin has somewhat greater internal diversity, with its main dialects being Umatilla and Yakama.
Noel Rude's (2012) classification of Sahaptian is as follows.[1]
- Proto-Sahaptian
- Nez Perce
- Sahaptin
- Columbia River dialect
- Northern dialect
- Northwest dialect
- Northeast dialect
Proto-language
edit| Proto-Sahaptian | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Sahaptian languages |
Work on Proto-Sahaptian reconstruction has been undertaken by Aoki (1962) and Noel Rude (2006,[2] 2012[1]).
Proto-Sahaptian consonants:[1]: 306
Bilabial Alveolar Post-
alveolarVelar Uvular Glottal plain lateral central plain labialized plain labialized Stop/Affricate p t ƛ c č k kʷ q qʷ ʔ Ejective p̓ t̓ ƛ̓ c̓ č k̓ k̓ʷ q̓ q̓ʷ Fricative ł s š x xʷ x̣ x̣ʷ h Sonorant plain m n l y w glottalized m̓ n̓ l̓ y̓ w̓
Proto-Sahaptian vowels:[1]: 293
front central back high i ɨ u mid o low æ ɑ
Bibliography
edit- Aoki, Haruo. 1962. Nez Perce and Northern Sahaptin: A binary comparison. International Journal of American Linguistics 28(3). 172–182.
- Aoki, Haruo (1963). On Sahaptian-Klamath Linguistic Affiliations. International Journal of American Linguistics 29, no. 2: 107–112.
- Aoki, Haruo (1966). Nez Percé vowel harmony and proto-Sahaptian vowels. Language, 42, 759-767.
- Aoki, Haruo (1970). Nez Percé grammar. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 62). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-09259-7.
- Mithun, Marianne (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Rigsby, Bruce (1965). Continuity and change in Sahaptian vowel systems. International Journal of American Linguistics, 31, 306-311.
- Rigsby, Bruce; & Silverstein, Michael (1969). Nez Percé vowels and proto-Sahaptian vowel harmony. Language, 45, 45-59.
- Rude, Noel. (2012). Reconstructing Proto-Sahaptian Sounds. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 32, pp. 292–324. Papers for the Forty-seventh International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages, Cranbrook, British Columbia, Canada, August 3–5, 2012, edited by Joel Dunham, John Lyon & Natalie Weber.
References
edit- ^ a b c d Rude, Noel. 2012. Reconstructing Proto-Sahaptian Sounds. In Papers for the 47th International Conference on Salish and neighbouring languages, 292-324. Working Papers in Linguistics (UBCWPL). Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
- ^ Rude, Noel. 2006. Proto-Sahaptian vocalism. In Papers for the 41st International Conference on Salish and neighbouring languages, 264-277. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.