Voiced retroflex flap

Voiced retroflex flap
Voiced retroflex flap
ɽ
IPA number	125
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ɽ
Unicode (hex)	U+027D
X-SAMPA	r`
Braille
Image

The voiced retroflex flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɽ⟩, a letter r with tail, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r`.

Features

Features of the voiced retroflex flap:

Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (usually the tongue) is thrown against another.
Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Bengali^[1]		গাড়ি	[ɡäɽiː]	'car'	Apical postalveolar.^[1] See Bengali phonology
Dutch^[2]^[3]	North Brabant^[4]	riem	[ɽim]	'belt'	A rare word-initial variant of /r/.^[5]^[6] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
Dutch^[2]^[3]	Northern Netherlands^[4]^[7]	riem	[ɽim]	'belt'
Elfdalian		luv	[ɽʏːv]	'permission'
Enga		yála	[jɑɽɑ]	'shame'
Gokana^[8]		bele	[beːɽeː]	'we'	Apical postalveolar. Allophone of /l/, medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme before a following vowel in the same word. It can be a postalveolar trill or simply [l] instead.^[8]
Hausa		bara	[bəɽä]	'servant'	Represented in Arabic script with ⟨ر⟩
Hindustani^[9]	Hindi	बड़ा	[bəɽäː]	'big'	Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.^[9] See Hindustani phonology
Hindustani^[9]	Urdu	بڑا	[bəɽäː]	'big'
Nepali^[10]		भाडा	[bʱäɽä]	'rent'	Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of /ɖ, ɖʱ/.^[11] See Nepali phonology
Norwegian	Central dialects^[12]	blad	[bɽɑː]	'leaf'	Allophone of /l/ and /r/. In Urban East Norwegian it often alternates with the alveolar [ɾ], save for a small number of words.^[12]^[13] See Norwegian phonology
Norwegian	Eastern dialects^[12]^[13]	blad	[bɽɑː]	'leaf'
Odia^[14]		ଗାଡ଼ି	[ɡäɽiː]	'car'	Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of /ɖ, ɖʱ/.^[14]
Okinawan		karatii	[kaɽatii]	'karate'	Intervocalic allophone of /ɾ/.
Parkari Koli		ۿُونَواڙ‎	[ɦuːnaʋaːɽ]	'desolate, deserted'
Portuguese	Some European speakers^[15]	falar	[fɐˈläɽ]	'to speak'	Allophone of /ɾ/. See Portuguese phonology
	Brazilian caipira speakers^[16]^[17]	madeira	[mäˈd̪eɽə]	'wood'
	Some sertanejo speakers^[18]	gargalhar	[ɡäɽɡäˈʎäɽ]	'to guffaw'
Punjabi^[19]	Gurmukhi	ਘੋੜਾ	[gʱòːɽaː]	'horse'
Punjabi^[19]	Shahmukhi	گھوڑا	[gʱòːɽaː]	'horse'
Scottish Gaelic	Lewis	thuirt	[hʉɽʈ]	'said'	Possible realisation of /rˠ/.
Shipibo^[20]		roro	[ˈɽo̽ɽo̽]	'to break'	Apical postalveolar; possible realization of /r/.^[20]
Swedish	Some dialects^[13]	blad	[bɽɑː(d)]	'leaf'	Allophone of /l/ and /ɖ/. See Swedish phonology
Tamil		நாடு / نَاڊُ‎	[naːɽɯ]	'country'	Intervocalic and word-medial allophone of /ʈ/. See Tamil phonology
Telugu		గోడు	[goːɽu]	'grief'	Allophone of /ɖ/
Tukano^[21]	Ye’pâ-Masa	petâ-de	[pɛ̀ɛ̥̀táɽɛ᷆]	'(relative to the) port'	Realisation of ⟨d⟩ in certain positions. Nasalised [ɽ͂] in nasal contexts.^[21]
Wapishana^[22]		[pɨɖaɽɨ]		'your father'
Warlpiri		jarda	[caɽa]	'sleep'	Transcribes /ɽ/ as rd.
Yidiny^[23]		[gambi:ɽ]		'tablelands'

Notes

^ ^a ^b Mazumdar (2000:57)
^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91, 94–95, 97, 101, 107)
^ Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:50–51, 53–55)
^ ^a ^b Goeman & van de Velde (2001:107)
^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:95, 97, 101, 107)
^ Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:50–51, 53–54)
^ Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:54)
^ ^a ^b L.F. Brosnahan. "Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
^ ^a ^b Tiwari (2004:?)
^ Khatiwada (2009:377)
^ Khatiwada (2009:374)
^ ^a ^b ^c Heide (2010:3–44)
^ ^a ^b ^c Kristoffersen (2000:24)
^ ^a ^b Masica (1991:107)
^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)
^ (in Portuguese) Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, Paraná Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 19–21
^ (in Portuguese) Syllable coda /r/ in the "capital" of the paulista hinterland: sociolinguistic analisis Archived 2013-09-26 at the Wayback Machine. Cândida Mara Britto LEITE. Page 111 (page 2 in the attached PDF)
^ (in Portuguese) Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty Archived 2017-10-11 at the Wayback Machine. Pages 22 and 23.
^ Bashir, Elena; J. Conners, Thomas (2019). "3.3.1". A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Vol. 4 of Mouton-CASL Grammar Series. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 24. ISBN 9781614512257.
^ ^a ^b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)
^ ^a ^b Ramirez (2019:22)
^ dos Santos (2006:34)
^ Dixon, R.M.W (1977). A Grammar of Yidiɲ. London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-521-14242-7.

References

dos Santos, Manoel Gomes (2006), Uma gramática do Wapixana (Aruak): aspectos da fonologia, da morfologia e da sintaxe (PhD thesis), Campinas: University of Campinas, doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2006.368861, hdl:20.500.12733/1602812
Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 91–112. ISSN 0777-3692. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Heide, Eldar (2010), "Tjukk l – Retroflektert tydeleggjering av kort kvantitet. Om kvalitetskløyvinga av det gamle kvantitetssystemet.", Maal og Minne (in Norwegian), 1, Novus forlag
Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 337–380, doi:10.1017/s0025100309990181
Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
Labrune, Laurence (2012), The Phonology of Japanese, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954583-4
Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920], The history of the Bengali language, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 8120614526
Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
Ramirez, Henri (2019), A Fala Tukano dos Ye'pâ-Masa: Tomo I, Porto Velho: CEDEM
Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966], Hindī Bhāshā, Kitāb Mahal: Kitāb Mahal, ISBN 81-225-0017-X
Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
Vance, Timothy J. (2008), The Sounds of Japanese, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-5216-1754-3
Verstraten, Bart; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Socio-geographical variation of /r/ in standard Dutch". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 45–61. ISSN 0777-3692. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.

External links

List of languages with [ɽ] on PHOIBLE

[mazumdar-1] Mazumdar (2000:57)

[2] Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91, 94–95, 97, 101, 107)

[3] Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:50–51, 53–55)

[GoVan107-4] Goeman & van de Velde (2001:107)

[5] Goeman & van de Velde (2001:95, 97, 101, 107)

[6] Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:50–51, 53–54)

[7] Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:54)

[brosnahan-8] L.F. Brosnahan. "Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-11-24.

[tiwari-9] Tiwari (2004:?)

[10] Khatiwada (2009:377)

[khatiwada374-11] Khatiwada (2009:374)

[heide-12] Heide (2010:3–44)

[kristoffersen-13] Kristoffersen (2000:24)

[masica-14] Masica (1991:107)

[15] Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)

[16] (in Portuguese) Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, Paraná Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 19–21

[17] (in Portuguese) Syllable coda /r/ in the "capital" of the paulista hinterland: sociolinguistic analisis Archived 2013-09-26 at the Wayback Machine. Cândida Mara Britto LEITE. Page 111 (page 2 in the attached PDF)

[18] (in Portuguese) Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty Archived 2017-10-11 at the Wayback Machine. Pages 22 and 23.

[19] Bashir, Elena; J. Conners, Thomas (2019). "3.3.1". A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Vol. 4 of Mouton-CASL Grammar Series. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 24. ISBN 9781614512257.

[val282-20] Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)

[:0-21] Ramirez (2019:22)

[22] s Santos (2006:34)

[23] Dixon, R.M.W (1977). A Grammar of Yidiɲ. London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-521-14242-7.

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