Rabana Chhaya

Rabana Chhaya is a form of shadow puppetry from the eastern Indian state of Odisha.

History

Rabana Chhaya literally means 'the shadow of Ravana' and is named after the eponymous evil king of the Hindu epic Ramayana. The lyrics for the performance are taken from the Bichitra Ramayana by the Odia poet Biswanatha Khuntia.^[1]^[2] That it has been named after the villain of the Ramayana. Alternately it has been suggested that it was not named after Rama as he is an incarnation of the god Vishnu and it would have been inauspicious to refer to him as a shadow.^[3]

Puppets

Puppets used in Rabana Chhaya are made of deerskin, range from 6 inches to 2 feet in height and are mounted on bamboo poles. A complete performance requires as many as 700 puppets with multiple puppets being used to depict a diversity of moods for individual characters. Besides these puppets, there are others that set the background and the stock characters of the village barber and his grandson.^[2] The puppets are not coloured, have no joints and have perforations that outline their figures and costumes. The puppeteer manipulates the puppets using a split bamboo stick that runs down the middle of the puppet. The puppeteers magnify the shadows by holding the puppets away from the screen.^[4]^[5] These puppets are treated ceremonially, being blessed before they are first used and are cremated and the ashes strewn in a river when they become worn out and unusable.^[3] Another feature of the puppets is that the puppet form of Rabana is much larger than that of Rama with greater dramatic impact and casts an impressive shadow on the screen.^[6]

Performances

Rabana Chhaya performances are held at night, the shadow of the puppets being projected onto a white curtain against the light of an oil lamp. The performance begins with the breaking of a coconut and with invocations to the Hindu gods Rama and Ganesha. The story of the performance is narrated in prose by a narrator, called gayak, who is accompanied by two singers. The performers traditionally belong to the Bhata community and the singing is accompanied by musical instruments including ramatali (castanets), kabuji (cymbals) and the khanjani, a kind of tambourine.^[4]^[5] The dialogues and the songs in the performance are accompanied by lively, rhythmic music that combines elements of folk and classical Odissi music.^[7] Performances have little by way of dance or fight sequences, the action being limited by the jointless nature of the puppets, but the dramatic effect is elevated by the use of poetic language, music and the religious themes narrated.^[5]^[8] A full performance takes an entire week with a night each for each of the seven kandas of the Ramayana but in recent years performances have been shortened to only a few hours duration.^[1]

Influence and changes

Puppet theatre in South East Asia is thought to have emerged from India and the Javanese puppet theatre of Wayang has its origins in the Rabana Chhaya.^[9] In recent years it has seen changes in both content and performances with contemporary social and health issues also forming the themes of the performances.^[10] A rare art form, efforts have been made under the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, Delhi to revive and promote it.^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b Williams, Joanna Gottfried (1996). The Two-headed Deer: Illustrations of the Rāmāyaṇa in Orissa. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 39–40. ISBN 9780520080652.
^ ^a ^b "Ravana Chhaya". Sangeet Natak Akademi. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
^ ^a ^b Law, Jonathan (2011). The Methuen Drama Dictionary of the Theatre. London: Bloomsbury Methuen. p. 415. ISBN 9781408131480.
^ ^a ^b Ghosh, Sampa (2006). Indian Puppets. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. pp. 72–72. ISBN 9788170174356.
^ ^a ^b ^c "RAVAN CHHAYA". Retrieved 16 January 2014.
^ Kapoorv, Subodh (2002). Indian Encyclopaedia, Volume 1. Delhi: Cosmo Publications. p. 5860. ISBN 9788177552577.
^ Stanton, Sarah (1996). The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 305. ISBN 9780521446549.
^ Brandon, James R. (1993). The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 107. ISBN 9780521588225.
^ Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1987). History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 75. ISBN 9788170172215.
^ ^a ^b "From flicker to glow". The New Indian Express. 22 May 2011. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.

[books.google_b-1] Williams, Joanna Gottfried (1996). The Two-headed Deer: Illustrations of the Rāmāyaṇa in Orissa. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 39–40. ISBN 9780520080652.

[sangeetnatak-2] "Ravana Chhaya". Sangeet Natak Akademi. Retrieved 16 January 2014.

[books.google-3] Law, Jonathan (2011). The Methuen Drama Dictionary of the Theatre. London: Bloomsbury Methuen. p. 415. ISBN 9781408131480.

[books.google_a-4] Ghosh, Sampa (2006). Indian Puppets. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. pp. 72–72. ISBN 9788170174356.

[angul-5] "RAVAN CHHAYA". Retrieved 16 January 2014.

[6] Kapoorv, Subodh (2002). Indian Encyclopaedia, Volume 1. Delhi: Cosmo Publications. p. 5860. ISBN 9788177552577.

[7] Stanton, Sarah (1996). The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 305. ISBN 9780521446549.

[8] Brandon, James R. (1993). The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 107. ISBN 9780521588225.

[9] Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1987). History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 75. ISBN 9788170172215.

[newindianexpress-10] "From flicker to glow". The New Indian Express. 22 May 2011. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.

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