The Pyithu Hluttaw (Burmese: ပြည်သူ့ လွှတ်တော်, pronounced [pjìðṵ l̥ʊʔtɔ̀]; House of Representatives) is the de jure lower house of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, the bicameral legislature of Myanmar (Burma). It consists of 440 members, of which 330 are directly elected through the first-past-the-post system in each townships (the third-level administrative divisions of Myanmar), and 110 are appointed by the Myanmar Armed Forces, under a constitutional provision that has no parallel in the world.
House of Representatives ပြည်သူ့ လွှတ်တော် Pyithu Hluttaw | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | |
| Type | of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw |
| History | |
| Founded | 31 January 2011 |
| Preceded by | People's Assembly (1974–1988) |
| Leadership | |
Deputy Speaker | Vacant since 31 January 2021 |
| Seats | 440 MPs |
| Elections | |
Last Pyithu Hluttaw election | 8 November 2020 (annulled) |
| Meeting place | |
 | |
| Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Complex, Naypyidaw | |
| Website | |
| www | |
After the 2010 general election, Thura Shwe Mann was elected as the first Speaker of House of Representatives. The last elections to the Pyithu Hluttaw were held in November 2015.[2] At its first meeting on 1 February 2016, Win Myint and T Khun Myat were elected as Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Pyithu Hluttaw.[3]
As of 8 November 2015, 90% of the members are men (389 members) and 10% are women (44 members).[4]
After the coup d'état on 1 February 2021, the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw was dissolved by Acting President Myint Swe, who declared a one-year state of emergency and transferred all legislative powers to Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Min Aung Hlaing.[5]
Composition
edit2016–2021
edit| House of Representatives elections, 2015 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Seats | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− | |||
| NLD | 255 | 57.95 | |||||||
| USDP | 30 | 6.82 | |||||||
| ANP | 12 | 2.73 | |||||||
| SNLD | 12 | 2.73 | |||||||
| PNO | 3 | 0.68 | |||||||
| TNP | 3 | 0.68 | |||||||
| LNDP | 2 | 0.45 | |||||||
| ZCD | 2 | 0.45 | |||||||
| KSDP | 1 | 0.23 | |||||||
| KDUP | 1 | 0.23 | |||||||
| WDP | 1 | 0.23 | |||||||
| Independent | 1 | 0.23 | |||||||
| Cancelled due to insurgency[6] | 7 | 1.59 | |||||||
| Military appointees | 110 | 25.00 | – | – | 0 | ||||
| Total | 440 | 100 | 100 | ||||||
Results are as of 20 November 2015.[7][8]
2011–2016
edit| Pyithu Hluttaw elections, 2010 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Seats | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− | |||
| USDP | 259 | 58.86 | 56.76 | 11,858,125 | |||||
| SNDP | 18 | 4.09 | 2.44 | 508,780 | |||||
| NUP | 12 | 2.73 | 19.44 | 4,060,802 | |||||
| RNDP | 9 | 2.05 | 2.87 | 599,008 | |||||
| NDF | 8 | 1.82 | 7.10 | 1,483,329 | |||||
| AMRDP | 3 | 0.68 | 0.80 | 167,928 | |||||
| PNO | 3 | 0.68 | |||||||
| CNP | 2 | 0.45 | 0.17 | 36,098 | |||||
| CPP | 2 | 0.45 | 0.36 | 76,463 | |||||
| PSDP | 2 | 0.45 | 0.39 | 82,038 | |||||
| WDP | 2 | 0.45 | 0.13 | 27,546 | |||||
| Others | 10 | 2.29 | 9.54 | 1,992,590 | |||||
| Military appointees | 110 | 25.00 | – | – | |||||
| Total | 440 | 100 | 100 | 20,892,707 | |||||
- The 3 Pa-O National Organisation candidates ran unopposed.
| Pyithu Hluttaw by-election, 2012 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Seats | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− | |||
| USDP | 212 | 48.18 | |||||||
| NLD | 37 | 8.41 | |||||||
| SNDP | 18 | 4.09 | |||||||
| NUP | 12 | 2.73 | |||||||
| RNDP | 9 | 2.05 | |||||||
| NDF | 8 | 1.82 | |||||||
| AMRDP | 3 | 0.68 | |||||||
| PNO | 3 | 0.68 | |||||||
| CNP | 2 | 0.45 | |||||||
| CPP | 2 | 0.45 | |||||||
| PSDP | 2 | 0.45 | |||||||
| WDP | 2 | 0.45 | |||||||
| Others | 10 | 2.28 | |||||||
| Military appointees | 110 | 25.00 | – | – | |||||
| Vacant | 10 | 2.28 | |||||||
| Total | 440 | 100 | 100 |
| |||||
Voting seats by region and state
edit| Party | Region | State | Territory | Total seats by party | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ayeyarwady | Bago | Magway | Mandalay | Sagaing | Tanintharyi | Yangon | Chin | Kachin | Kayah | Kayin | Mon | Rakhine | Shan1 | Naypyidaw | ||
| Union Solidarity and Development Party | 20 | 21 | 18 | 25 | 31 | 8 | 31 | 5 | 14 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 23 | 1 | 221 |
| National League for Democracy | 5 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 6 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | 4 | 37 |
| Shan Nationalities League for Democracy | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | 17 | – | 18 |
| National Unity Party | 1 | 3 | 1 | – | 3 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | 2 | – | 12 |
| National Democratic Force | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8 |
| Rakhine Nationalities Development Party | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9 | – | – | 9 |
| All Mon Region Democracy Party | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | 3 |
| Pa-O National Organisation | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | – | 3 |
| Chin National Party | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 |
| Chin Progressive Party | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 |
| Phalon-Sawaw Democratic Party | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | 2 |
| Wa Democratic Party | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | 2 |
| Unity and Democracy Party of Kachin State | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Kayin People's Party | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Inn National Development Party | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 |
| Taaung (Palaung) National Party | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 |
| Other Parties and Independents | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 2 |
| Total seats | 26 | 28 | 25 | 31 | 37 | 10 | 45 | 9 | 17 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 17 | 51 | 5 | 325 |
Notes:
- ^ In Shan state voting the five seats is cancelled
| Pyithu Hluttaw seats elected by Regions and States (November 2015) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region/State | NLD | USDP | ANP | SNLD | TNP | PNO | ZCD | KSDP | KDUP | LNDP | WDP | Independent | Total |
| Kachin State | 12 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 18 | ||||||||
| Kayah State | 6 | 1 | 7 | ||||||||||
| Kayin State | 6 | 1 | 7 | ||||||||||
| Chin State | 7 | 2 | 9 | ||||||||||
| Mon State | 9 | 1 | 10 | ||||||||||
| Rakhine State | 4 | 1 | 12 | 17 | |||||||||
| Shan State | 12 | 15 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 48 | ||||
| Sagaing Region | 36 | 1 | 37 | ||||||||||
| Tanintharyi Region | 10 | 10 | |||||||||||
| Bago Region | 27 | 1 | 28 | ||||||||||
| Magway Region | 25 | 25 | |||||||||||
| Mandalay Region | 27 | 4 | 31 | ||||||||||
| Yangon Region | 44 | 1 | 45 | ||||||||||
| Ayeyarwady Region | 25 | 1 | 26 | ||||||||||
| Naypyidaw Territory | 4 | 1 | 5 | ||||||||||
| Total | 255 | 30 | 12 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 323 |
Note: Result as of 20 Nov 2015. Elections in seven townships of Shan State were cancelled due to armed conflicts. Military appointed were not included in this table.[10][11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "National Defence and Security Council (1/2022)" (in Burmese).
- ^ "Myanmar election commission publishes election final results". Xinhuanet. 17 November 2010. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010.
- ^ "Burma's parliament opens new session". BBC News. 31 January 2011.
- ^ Union, Inter-Parliamentary. "IPU PARLINE database: MYANMAR (Pyithu Hluttaw), Full text". ipu.org. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ^
- "Amid Coup, Myanmar's NLD Lawmakers Form Committee to Serve as Legitimate Parliament". The Irrawaddy. 8 February 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- "Myanmar coup: Week of Feb.1 to Feb. 21, EU action in focus as foreign ministers set to meet". Nikkei Asia. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- Ratcliffe, Rebecca (5 February 2021). "'We're not brainwashed': a week of turmoil in Myanmar". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- Smith, Patrick; Mogul, Rhea; Eppler, Kyle (1 February 2021). "Aung San Suu Kyi urges people to resist Myanmar military coup". NBC News. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ Oliver Holmes (11 November 2015). "Myanmar election: Aung San Suu Kyi calls for reconciliation talks with military". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
- ^ "The Myanmar Times Election Live, Eleven Media". Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
- ^ "Announcement 92/2015". Union Election Commission. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
- ^ "LEGISLATIVE ELECTION OF 7 NOVEMBER 2010". Adam Carr's Election Archive. 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ^ "The Myanmar Times Election Live". mmtimes.com/index.php/election-2015/. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^ "Announcement 92/2015". Union Election Commission. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.