Protein-sparing modified fast (diet)

A PSMF attempts to spare the dieter the health risks of a complete fast by introducing the minimum amount of protein necessary to prevent muscle-wasting effects, while still eliminating fats and carbohydrates.^[4] Typically, depending on activity level, 0.8–1.2 g of protein per pound of lean body mass (not total body weight) is consumed. Protein beyond this minimum amount is also eliminated, as the body would use it for energy in a process called gluconeogenesis.^[5] Further lean body mass (muscle, organs, etc.) are spared through resistance training and limiting aerobic activity.^[6][7]

The concept of "protein-sparing modified fast" (PSMF) was described by George Blackburn in the early 1970s as an intensive weight-loss diet designed to mitigate the harms associated with protein-calorie malnutrition^[8] and nitrogen losses induced by either acute illness or hypocaloric diets in patients with obesity, in order to adapt the patient's metabolism sufficiently to use endogenous fat stores as well as to preserve the protein contained in the body cell mass.^[9][10]

The "liquid protein" PSMF diet described in the book The Last Chance Diet in 1976,^[11] motivates that the liquid protein diets of varying composition became widely popular. Three years later, in 1979, Isner published a report of 17 deaths associated with liquid protein VLCD, due to heart-related causes.^[12] These serious effects caused a substantial concern about the safety of clinical use of PSMF and VLCD. As a result, a review was published that highlighted the differences between these liquid protein diets, arguing that the fatal diets typically used hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin) supplemented with the amino acid tryptophan for protein but that this omitted the other 8 essential amino acids; it further emphasized the importance of close medical monitoring during the fast and refeeding periods.^[13]

Instead of hydrolyzed collagen, modern medically supervised PSMF diets include foods of higher biological value, such as meat, fish, eggs, cheese, and/or tofu.^[2] PSMF is used as a treatment for highly motivated patients to achieve rapid weight loss and usually is administered for 6 – 16 weeks.^[10][14]

Before an individual starts a PSMF diet, their doctor should order an electrocardiogram, to check for signs of heart disease and also will prescribe specific vitamins minerals and electrolytes to be taken daily as long as the diet persists.^[2][15]

• Atkins diet: a low-carbohydrate diet
• Dukan Diet: a high-protein, low-carbohydrate, low-fat diet
• Fasting
• Intermittent fasting
• Low-carbohydrate diet
• Stillman diet: a high-protein, low-carbohydrate, low-fat diet