Mwambutsa IV Bangiricenge (6 May 1912 – 26 March 1977) was the penultimate king (mwami) of Burundi who ruled between 1915 and 1966. He succeeded to the throne on the death of his father Mutaga IV Mbikije (reigned 1908–15).[1] Born while Burundi was under German colonial rule, Mwambutsa's reign mostly coincided with Belgian colonial rule (1916–62). The Belgians retained the monarchs of both Rwanda and Burundi under the policy of indirect rule.[1]
| Mwambutsa IV | |
|---|---|
 Mwambutsa on a visit to Israel in 1962 | |
| King of Burundi | |
| Reign | 16 December 1915 – 8 July 1966 |
| Coronation | 16 December 1915 |
| Predecessor | Mutaga IV Mbikije |
| Successor | Ntare V Ndizeye |
| Prime ministers | |
| Born | Prince Bangiricenge of Burundi 6 May 1912 Nyabiyogi, Burundi, German East Africa |
| Died | 26 March 1977 (aged 64) Geneva, Switzerland |
| Burial | Meyrin, Switzerland |
| Spouse | Thérèse Kanyonga Baramparaye Ruhasha |
| Issue |
|
| House | Ntwero |
| Father | Mutaga IV Mbikije |
| Mother | Princess Ngenzahago |
| Religion | Catholicism |
Early life and regency
editMwambutsa IV was born Prince Bangiricenge in c. 1912[1] at Nyabiyogi, chiefdom of Buyenzi, Ruanda-Urundi. He was one of two sons of Mwami (king) Mutaga IV and Ngenzahayo.[2] Like other Burundian kings, he was an ethnic Ganwa. He became king, taking the regnal name Mwambutsa, on 16 December 1915 when he was still a child following the death of his father in a family dispute.[1] Because of his age, a regency was declared. Several family members, including Queen Mother Ririkumutima, served as regent. At the time of his coronation, Burundi was part of German East Africa but was captured by Belgium in 1916 during the East African campaign in World War I. In 1925, a full regency council was established with Belgian approval.[1]
Mwambutsa underwent a traditional Burundian education until he was about the age of 13. In 1925 the Belgians opened a primary school in Muramvya so he could attend it. Two years later a Roman Catholic mission was established in Bukeye with the goal of further educating the prince and one day converting him to Catholicism. Mwambutsa's performance in school was undistinguished and he never converted.[2]
Colonial reign
editMwambutsa became a ruler in his own right on 28 August 1929,[1] when the regency council declared he was of-age for the throne. On 24 December 1930 he married Thérèse Kanyonga, a Tutsi of the Abasine clan. He married her because she was Catholic.[2]
Mwambutsa actively distanced himself from partisan politics, saying on 8 February 1960, "I do not belong to any political party...I do not authorize anyone and no party to claim exclusivity of my patronage or to discredit, in my name, any other party having as its goal the interest of the Barundi."[3] In June 1962, shortly before Urundi's independence, he went on a tour of villages throughout the country to present a speech appealing to residents to commit to hard work and to respect law and order.[4]
Post-independence rule and exile
editUrundi became independent as the Kingdom of Burundi on 1 July 1962. Mwambutsa attended ceremonies in Bujumbura to mark the occasion, reviewing troops of the Burundian National Army (Armée Nationale Burundaise). He delivered a speech in which he asked Burundians and foreign technicians to "work together in a common effort to make this Burundi a peaceful, hard-working, prosperous, and perfectly happy country."[5]
On 15 December Mwambutsa was made a member of the Order of Pope Pius IX. He met with Pope John XXIII at Vatican City the following day.[6]
On the independence of Burundi, Mwambutsa IV became the head of state of Burundi with far reaching political power. In Rwanda, the monarchy had been overthrown between 1959–62. He attempted to balance ethnic tensions between ethnic Hutu and Tutsi subjects by choosing his prime ministers from each ethnic group alternately.[1] In October 1965, Hutu officers attempted a coup against the monarchy. Despite their failure to take power, Mwambutsa fled into exile in the Republic of the Congo, eventually moving to Switzerland. In March 1966 he designated his only surviving son Charles Ndizeye to exercise his powers in the country. Still in exile, Mwambutsa was officially deposed in a second coup that brought his son to power as Ntare V on 8 July 1966. The monarchy was finally abolished altogether in a third coup in November 1966 and its leader, Michel Micombero, came to power as president and dictator. Mwambutsa spent the rest of his life in Switzerland where he died in 1977.[7][1]
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Mwambutsa IV and David Ben-Gurion in 1962
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Modern-day view of the ceremonially planted tree (ikigabiro) from the coronation of Mwambutsa IV
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Modern-day view of the traditional palace (ibwami) of Mwambutsa IV
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Grave of Mwambutsa IV
Exhumation
editMwambutsa's remains were exhumed from their burial site in Switzerland in 2012 with a view to repatriating them to Burundi for a state funeral. After a legal battle, however, the remains were re-interred in Switzerland in 2016 in accordance with his family's wishes.[8]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h Dictionary of African Biography 2008.
- ^ a b c Weinstein 1976, p. 199.
- ^ Banshimiyubusa 2018, p. 229.
- ^ Halberstam, David (27 June 1962). "Urundi King Warns of Freedom's Responsibility". The New York Times. p. 4.
- ^ "King Attends Ceremony". The New York Times. Associated Press. 2 July 1962. p. 8.
- ^ "King of Burundi Praised by Pope in Vatican Visit". The New York Times. 17 December 1962. p. 2.
- ^ "Ex-King of Burundi Dies". The New York Times. 1 May 1977. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
- ^ "Court says remains of former Burundi king can stay in Geneva". Swiss Info. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Bibliography
edit- Banshimiyubusa, Denis (2018). Les enjeux et défis de la démocratisation au Burundi. Essai d'analyse et d'interprétation à partir des partis politiques (PDF) (PhD thesis) (in French). University of Pau and the Adour Region. OCLC 1085890695.
- Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2008). "Mwambutsa IV Bangiricenge". In Gates, Louis Jr.; Akyeampong, Emmanuel K. (eds.). Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Weinstein, Warren (1976). Historical Dictionary of Burundi. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-0962-8.
External links
editMedia related to Mwambutsa IV Bangiricenge at Wikimedia Commons