A medicine man (from Ojibwe mashkikiiwinini) or medicine woman (from Ojibwe mashkikiiwininiikwe) is a traditional healer and spiritual leader who serves a community of Indigenous people of the Americas. Each culture has its own name in its language for spiritual healers and ceremonial leaders.
Cultural context
editIn the ceremonial context of Indigenous North American communities, "medicine" usually refers to spiritual healing. Medicine people use many practices, including specialized knowledge of Native American ethnobotany.[2] Herbal healing is a common practice in many Indigenous households of the Americas;[3][4][5] however, medicine people often have more in-depth knowledge of using plants for healing or other purposes.[2]
The terms medicine people or ceremonial people are sometimes used in Native American and First Nations communities, for example, when Arwen Nuttall (Cherokee) of the National Museum of the American Indian writes, "The knowledge possessed by medicine people is privileged, and it often remains in particular families."[6]
Native Americans tend to be quite reluctant to discuss issues about medicine or medicine people with non-Indians. In some cultures, the people will not even discuss these matters with American Indians from other tribes. In most tribes, medicine elders are prohibited from advertising or introducing themselves as such. As Nuttall writes, "An inquiry to a Native person about religious beliefs or ceremonies is often viewed with suspicion."[6] One example of this is the Apache medicine cord or Izze-kloth whose purpose and use by Apache medicine elders was a mystery to nineteenth century ethnologists because "the Apache look upon these cords as so sacred that strangers are not allowed to see them, much less handle them or talk about them."[7]
The term medicine man/woman, like the term shaman, has been criticized by Native Americans, as well as other specialists in the fields of religion and anthropology.
While non-Native anthropologists often use the term shaman for Indigenous healers worldwide, including the Americas, shaman is the specific name for a spiritual mediator from the Tungusic peoples of Siberia,[8] which has been adopted by some Inuit communities but is not preferred by Native American or First Nations communities.
Frauds and scams
editThere are many fraudulent healers and scam artists, known as plastic shamans who pose as Native American "shamans", and the Cherokee Nation has had to speak out against these people, even forming a task force to handle the issue. In order to seek help from a medicine person, a person needs to know someone in the community who can vouch for them and provide a referral. Usually one makes contact through a relative who knows the healer.[9]
See also
edit- Bomoh – Malay shaman and traditional medicine practitioner
- Dukun – Indonesian term for shaman
- Cultural appropriation – Adoption of culture and cultural identity perceived as inappropriate
- Curandero – Traditional healer found in Latin America and the United States
- Folk healer – Unlicensed traditional health practitioner
- Herbalism – Study and use of supposed medicinal properties of plants
- Holism – A system as a whole, not just its parts
- Keewaydinoquay Peschel – Herbalist and author from Michigan, U.S. (1919–1999)
- Kallawaya – Indigenous group in the Andes
- Kennekuk – Kickapoo religious leader
- Medicine bag – traditional North American Indian container for various items of supernatural power
- Native American ethnobotany – List of plants used by indigenous peoples of North America
- Native American religion – Systems of faith and worship of the Native Americans
- Plastic shaman – Fraudulent spiritual practitioner
- Prehistoric medicine – Medicine in the time before the invention of writing
- Quesalid – Canadian shaman
- Shamanism – Religious practice
- Trance – Abnormal state of wakefulness or altered state of consciousness
Notes
edit- ^ Fienup-Riordan, Ann. (1994). Boundaries & Passages: Rule and Ritual in Yup'ik Eskimo Oral Tradition. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, p. 206. Nushagak, located on Nushagak Bay of the Bering Sea in southwest Alaska, is part of the territory of the Yup'ik, speakers of the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language.
- ^ a b Thomas, William Isaac (1906). "The relation of the medicine-man to the origin of the professional occupations". The Decennial Publicatoins. 4 (6). University of Chicago: 6.
- ^ Alcoze, Dr Thomas M. "Ethnobotany from a Native American Perspective: Restoring Our Relationship with the Earth Archived 4 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine" in Botanic Gardens Conservation International Volume 1 Number 19 - December 1999
- ^ Moerman, Daniel E. (1979). "Symbols and selectivity: A statistical analysis of native american medical ethnobotany" (PDF). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1 (2): 111–119. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(79)90002-3. hdl:2027.42/23587. PMID 94415.
- ^ Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry, "Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Sustaining Our Lives and the Natural World" at United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Newtown Square, PA. December 2011
- ^ a b National Museum of the American Indian. Do All Indians Live in Tipis? Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2007. ISBN 978-0-06-115301-3.
- ^ Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology (1892), Annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Issue 9, Government Printing Office, United States Government, 1892,
There is probably no more mysterious or interesting portion of the religious or 'medicinal' equipment of the Apache Indian, whether he be medicine-man or simply a member of the laity, than the 'izze-kloth' or medicine cord... the Apache look upon these cords as so sacred that strangers are not allowed to see them, much less handle them or talk about them....
- ^ Smith, C. R. "Shamanism." Archived 12 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Cabrillo College. (Retrieved 28 June 2011)
- ^ "Cherokee Medicine Men and Women". cherokee.org. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2016.