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The Manzanares (Spanish pronunciation: [manθaˈnaɾes]) is a river in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, which flows from the Sierra de Guadarrama, passes through Madrid, and eventually empties into the Jarama river, which in turn is a right-bank tributary to the Tagus.
| Manzanares | |
|---|---|
 The Manzanares through El Pardo | |
 The Manzanares river | |
| Location | |
| Country | Spain |
| Region | Iberian Peninsula |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Confluence of Arroyo de la Condesa and Arroyo de Valdemartín |
| • location | Manzanares el Real |
| • coordinates | 40°46′28″N 3°57′20″W / 40.77444°N 3.95556°W |
| • elevation | c. 1,810 m (5,940 ft) |
| Mouth | Jarama river |
• location | Rivas Vaciamadrid |
• coordinates | 40°18′13″N 3°32′23″W / 40.30361°N 3.53972°W |
• elevation | 533 m (1,749 ft) |
| Length | 92 km (57 mi) |
| Discharge | |
| • average | 10–15 m3/s (350–530 cu ft/s) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Jarama→ Tagus→ Atlantic Ocean |
In its urban section, the Manzanares River was modified to create a section of water several meters deep, in some parts navigable by canoes. This project of channeling and damming has been partially reversed in a re-naturalization project.
Hydronym
editThe name of Manzanares was in use already in the 16th century, although up until the 17th century alternative names such as Guadarrama, Henarejos, and Jarama were used.[1] It was widely popularised by the height of the 18th century.[2] The origin of the name for the river and the village of the same name through which it flows (founded not earlier than the 13th century) is moot.[3]
Course
editSources
editThe Manzanares has its sources in the southern slope of the Cuerda Larga, a branch of the Sierra de Guadarrama (the main eastern section of the Sistema Central), in the municipality of Manzanares el Real, in the Madrid region.
It is formally called Manzanares after the confluence of the Arroyo de la Condesa and the Arroyo de Valdemartín.[4]
The Arroyo de la Condesa is in turn born in the ventisquero de la Condesa, a traditionally resilient snowdrift, and its watershed comprises the slopes in between La Maliciosa (2,227 m), the Alto de las Guarramillas—aka the Bola del Mundo (2,258 m)—and the Alto de Valdemartín (2,282 m).[5]
The Arroyo de Valdemartín's watershed spans from the Alto de Valdemartín to the Cabeza de Hierro Menor (2,373 m).[5]
Upper course
editThe upper river basin is protected as the Parque Regional de la Cuenca Alta del Manzanares, a nature reserve which is recognised as a biosphere reserve by UNESCO.
The Manzanares flows in a south-eastern direction from its sources and passes through the medieval town of Manzanares el Real where it is dammed to form the Santillana reservoir, one of the most important water supplies for the capital.
The river then takes a southern direction and enters the Monte de El Pardo, an ecologically valuable area on the edge of Madrid.
Urban course
editThe river was canalised where it passes through the built-up areas of the city. In the 21st century the river was restored to provide biodiversity and facilities for Madrid residents.
The Manzanares skims past the westernmost part of the city and further downstream serves as a dividing line between the old centre of the city and the Carabanchel and Usera neighbourhoods to the southwest. It is along this stretch that it passes next to Atlético Madrid's former football ground, the Vicente Calderón. The river leaves the city at its southernmost tip.
Lower course
editIt makes a strong eastern turn which takes it past the village of Perales del Río. It empties into the Jarama within the municipal limits of Rivas Vaciamadrid.[6]
Historical importance
editThe river Manzanares, although small and relatively unimportant geographically, has had a great historical importance due to its close relation to the city of Madrid, which was founded by the Moors as a citadel overlooking the river in the ninth century.
The river is also featured in many paintings of the late 18th to early 19th-century painter Francisco de Goya, which show traditionally dressed Madrileños in activities like dancing or having picnics next to the river.
The Manzanares was also an important defence line for the Republican forces during the Siege of Madrid in the Spanish Civil War, and many bunkers can still be seen near the village of Perales del Río. The Bridge of the French was of crucial importance because of its strategic location. There, nationalist forces were repeatedly repelled and denied access to Madrid’s city centre.[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- Citations
- ^ Ramón-Laca Menéndez de Luarca, Luis (2004). "Fisionomía del Madrid medieval" (PDF). Anales del Instituto de Estudios Madrileños (44). Instituto de Estudios Madrileños: 922. ISSN 0584-6374.
- ^ Sanz García 2002, p. 45.
- ^ Sanz García, José María (2002). "Madrid. Mitos y utopía". Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense. Madrid: Ediciones Complutense: 45. ISSN 0211-9803.
- ^ Andrés de Pablo & Palacios Estremera 2004, pp. 85, 87–88.
- ^ a b Andrés de Pablo & Palacios Estremera 2004, pp. 87–88.
- ^ Lambertucci, Constanza (7 July 2019). "Excursión al nuevo Manzanares, el legado verde de Carmena". eldiario.es.
- ^ See: Coronel Carlos Romero Giménez
- Bibliography
- Andrés de Pablo, N.; Palacios Estremera, David (2004). "Interrelación nieve/geomorfología en la Sierra de Guadarrama: altas cuencas del Ventisquero de La Condesa y Valdemartín". Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica (30): 85–116. doi:10.18172/cig.1136. ISSN 0211-6820.