The Lopez de Bertodano Formation is a geological formation in the James Ross archipelago of the Antarctic Peninsula. The strata date from the end of the Late Cretaceous (upper-lower Maastrichtian stage[1]) to the Danian stage of the lower Paleocene, from about 70 to 65.5 million years ago, straddling the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary.[2]
Lopez de Bertodano Formation | |
---|---|
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian-Danian ~ | |
Type | Geological formation |
Unit of | Marambio & Seymour Island Groups |
Sub-units | Cape Lamb & Lower Sandwich Bluff Members |
Underlies | Sobral Fm., La Meseta Fm. |
Overlies | Snow Hill Island Formation |
Lithology | |
Primary | Siltstone, mudstone |
Other | Sandstone with concretions |
Location | |
Coordinates | 64°00′S 57°24′W / 64.0°S 57.4°W |
Approximate paleocoordinates | 61°54′S 68°06′W / 61.9°S 68.1°W |
Region | Seymour Island, James Ross Island group, Vega Island |
Country | Antarctica |
Type section | |
Named for | López de Bertodano Bay |
Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary
editThe Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–Pg) crops out on Seymour Island in the upper levels of the Lopez de Bertodano Formation.[3] A small (but significant) iridium anomaly occurs at the boundary on Seymour Island, as at lower latitudes, thought to be fallout from the Chicxulub impactor in the Gulf of Mexico.[4] Directly above the boundary a layer of disarticulated fish fossils occurs, victims of a disturbed ecosystem immediately following the impact event.[3] Multiple reports have described evidence for climatic changes in Antarctica prior to the mass extinction,[5] but the extent to which these affected marine biodiversity is debated. Based on extensive marine fossil collections from Seymour Island, recent work has confirmed that a single and severe mass extinction event occurred at this time in Antarctica just as at lower latitudes.[6]
Climate
editDuring the Maastrichtian, Seymour Island was located within the Antarctic polar circle at around ~65°S latitude.[7] Chemical studies on oxygen-18 isotopes found in shells and benthic foraminifera have calculated intermediate-depth and deep-sea ocean temperatures at a mean average of 6 °C (43 °F) with fluctuations of 4–12 °C (39–54 °F) throughout the Maastrichtian; one of the same studies has also suggested that sea surface temperatures may have been colder, possibly dropping below freezing and forming sea ice at times.[8][9] Alternatively, a study using data acquired from ancient bacterial membrane lipids yielded a slightly warmer temperature of 12 ± 5 °C (54 ± 9 °F) around 66 Ma. Nevertheless, these estimated climates characterize primarily cool temperate environments with possible subpolar and warm episodes.[7]
Fossil content
editThe Lopez de Bertodano Formation has provided many fossils of flora, dinosaurs and birds.[10][11][12] Also the first fossil egg from Antarctica, Antarcticoolithus, was found in the formation.[13]
Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation[14] and include at least two and probably as much as six lineages of indisputably modern birds: one related to waterfowl, a primitive shorebird or related form, 1 to 2 species of possible loons, a large and possibly flightless bird belonging to a lineage extinct today as well as a partial skull that might belong to either of the smaller species or represent yet another one. The formation also contains a rich fossil invertebrate fauna, including bivalves, gastropods,[15] and cephalopods (ammonites and nautiloids).[16]
The fish assemblage of the López de Bertodano Formation was dominated by Enchodus and ichthyodectiformes, accounting for 21.95% and 45.6% of local fish diversity respectively. Of the remaining percentages, sand sharks made up 10.5%, the cow shark Notidanodon 6.8%, chimaeras 3.9%, saw sharks 2.7%, various other teleost fish 2.4%, and the remaining 6% were shared between other sharks like Paraorthacodus, frilled sharks, Protosqualus, and Cretalamna.[17]
Vertebrates
editDinosaurs
editColor key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Ornithischians
editOrnithischians recorded from Lopez de Bertodano Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Member/Location | Material | Description | Image |
Elasmaria | Indeterminate | Sandwich Bluff Member | CM 93790, right prox. Metatarsal II; Rt. Prox. Metatarsal IV; left. Prox. Fibula [18] | ||
Indeterminate | Sandwich Bluff Member | MLP 98-I-10-70, pedal ungual[18] | Also considered Ornithischia Indet | ||
Hadrosauridae | Indeterminate | Sandwich Bluff, Vega Island | Isolated cheek tooth, MLP 98-I-10-1.[19] | The 1st Hadrosaur remains of Antarctica | |
Indeterminate | Seymour Island | MLP 96-1-6-2, Distal end of metatarsal[20] | |||
Parankylosauria | Indeterminate | Sandwich Bluff Member | Right pedal ungual IV, CM93791, and osteoderm[18] |
Theropods
editTheropods recorded from Lopez de Bertodano Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Member/Location | Material | Description | Image |
Charadriiform[21] | Indeterminate | Cape Lamb | Partial skeleton | ||
Conflicto[22] | C. antarcticus | Seymour Island | MLP 07-III-1-1, a three-dimensionally preserved, partly complete skeleton | An anseriform | |
Gaviiformes | Indeterminate | VEG IAA 2/98, Isla Vega | MLP 98-I-10-47, MLP 98-I-10-50, MLP 98-I-10-52, MLP 98-I-10-76: tarsometatarsus;MLP 98-I-10-59: diaphysis of left tibiotarsus; MLP 98-I-10-51: proximal end of left femur; MLP 98-I-10-48: distal end of left tibiotarsus; MLP 98-I-10-60 and MLP 98-I-10-61: distal end and partial corpus of pedal phalanges.[23] | Very similar to that of Gavia immer | |
Cf.Gaviiformes | Indeterminate | VEG IAA 2/98, Isla Vega | MLP 98-I-10-54, MLP 98-I-10-27: tarsometatarsus; MLP 98-I-10-53: distal end of left tibiotarsus; MLP 98-I-10-49 distal end of right tibiotarsus[23] | Very similar to that of Gavia immer | |
Megaraptora[18] | Indeterminate | Sandwich Bluff, Cape Lamb | SDSM 159537, maxilla | Has oblong and narrow tooth alveoli, seen in Megaraptorans | |
Indeterminate | Sandwich Bluff, Cape Lamb | SDSM 9918, left maxillary | |||
Neornithes | Indeterminate | Sandwich Bluff, Cape Lamb | Partial skull | Relationships undetermined, cranium some 5–6 centimetres (2.0–2.4 in) long | |
Polarornis | P. gregorii | Sandwich Bluff, Seymour Island | Partial skull and skeleton, holotype | A Vegaviid of uncertain relative. Possibly a more primitive form with strong flight ability and lighter bones[14] | |
P.? sp. | Sandwich Bluff, Cape Lamb | Partial skeleton including wing and hindlimbs | |||
Cf. P. sp.[24] | Sandwich Bluff, Cape Lamb | MN 7833-V, distal portion of a tarsometatarsus | |||
P. sp. | IAA 10/13, Marambio Island | MLP 96-I-6-2, incomplete skeleton[23] | |||
Vegavis[25] | V. iaai[26] | Lower Sandwich Bluff | Partial skeleton, holotype | An anseriform | |
V. sp. | Plesiosaur Papoose, Cape Lamb | Isolated femur | Initially identified as a fossil of a member of Cariamae,[27] but subsequently reinterpreted as a fossil of an unnamed large-bodied member of the genus Vegavis.[28] | ||
Cf. V. sp.[24] | Sandwich Bluff, Cape Lamb | MN 7832-V, synsacrum | |||
Vegaviidae | Indeterminate | Seymour Island | [23] | ||
Theropoda | Indeterminate | Sandwich Bluff, Cape Lamb | Fragments[1] |
Fish
editBony Fishes
editBony Fish recorded from Lopez de Bertodano Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Member/Location | Material | Description | Image |
Antarctiberyx[29] | A. seymouri | Seymour Island | TTU P9210. A poorly preserved anterior skull section with partial dentary attached | A member of Beryciformes | |
Enchodus | E. sp. | Seymour Island | One palatine tooth, MLP 12-XI-29-43; five teeth, MLP 12-XI-29-25 to 28; one tooth, MLP 12-XI-29-53; thirty-five teeth, MLP 12-XI-29-55; fifty-three teeth, MLP 12-XI-29-56[17] | A member of Enchodontidae | |
Ichthyodectiformes | Indeterminate | Seymour Island | One tooth, MLP 12-XI-29-21; ninety-four teeth, MLP 12-XI-29-38; thirteen teeth, MLP 12-XI-29-51; seventy-eight teeth, MLP 12-XI-29-52; one tooth, MLP 12-XI-29-54.[17] | ||
Pachycormidae | Indeterminate | Seymour Island | Isolated and fragmentary caudal fin-rays, MLP 13XI-29-57.[17] |
Chondrichthyes
editChondrichthyes recorded from Lopez de Bertodano Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Member/Location | Material | Description | Image |
Callorhinchus | C. sp. [30] | Seymour Island | Teeth | A Chimaera | |
Carcharias | cf. C. sp. | Seymour Island | Two left upper lateral teeth preserving one root branch and lateral denticle, MLP 13-XI-29-35, MLP 13-XI-29-37; one right upper lateral tooth preserving one root branch and lateral denticle, MLP 13-XI-29-36; several fragmentary teeth, MLP 13-XI29-4, MLP13-XI-29-44 to46, MLP13-XI-29-16, MLP 13-XI-29-13 to 14.[17] | A Odontaspididae Shark | |
"Cretalamna" | “C. appendiculata” | Seymour Island | One lateral lower tooth which lacks crown tip, distal lateral cusplet, and distal root branch, MLP 13XI-29-47; one anterior upper tooth lacking the distal root branch, distal lateral cusplet, and crown tip, MLP 13-XI-29-2[17] | A Otodontidae Shark | |
Lamniformes | Indeterminate | Seymour Island | Four crowns, MLP 13-XI-29-30.[17] | ||
Notidanodon[29] | N. sp. | Seymour Island | Teeth | A Hexanchidae Shark | |
?N. sp.[30] | Seymour Island | Teeth | A Hexanchidae Shark | ||
Paraorthacodus | P. sp. | Seymour Island | Four fragmentary teeth, MLP 13-XI-29-8, MLP 13XI-29-18, MLP 13-XI-29-31, and MLP 13-XI-29-32.[17] | A Paraorthacodontidae Shark | |
Propristiophorus | aff. P. sp. | Seymour Island | Three fragmentary rostral spines, MLP 13-XI-2939, MLP 13-XI-29-40, and MLP 13-XI-29-41.[17] | A Pristiophoridae Shark | |
Protosqualus | P. sp. | Seymour Island | Two lateral, almost complete teeth, MLP 13-XI29-9, MLP 13-XI-29-33; one latero-posterior, complete tooth, MLP 13-XI-29-10[17] | A Squalidae Shark | |
Sphenodus[29] | S. sp. | Seymour Island | Teeth | A Orthacodontidae Shark | |
S. sp. | Seymour Island | Two fragmentary teeth, MLP 13-XI-29-20, MLP 13-XI-29-11[17] | A Orthacodontidae Shark | ||
Xampylodon[31] | X. diastemacron | Filo Negro Section, Klb 9 | MN 7825-V (holotype),incomplete posterolateral tooth of the lower jaw, with only its anterior portion still preserved | A Hexanchidae Shark |
Reptiles
editElasmosaurs
editElasmosaurs recorded from Lopez de Bertodano Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Member/Location | Material | Description | Image |
Aristonectes[32] | A. parvidens | Seymour Island | Partial postcranial skeleton (MLP 89-III-3-1) | A giant elasmosaur | |
A. sp[33] | Sandwich Bluff, Cape Lamb | MLP 11-I-1-15, caudal vertebra | |||
A. sp[34][35] | Seymour Island | TTU.P.9219 (holotype skull and cervical vertebrae) | |||
Elasmosauridae[36] | Indeterminate | SW corner, Seymour Island | MLP 82-I-28-1, an incomplete skeleton comprising 15 cervical, three pectorals, 21 dorsal, three sacral, and 22 caudal vertebrae, an almost complete left hind limb, some dorsal ribs, incomplete coracoids and fragments of the scapulae | ||
Indeterminate[37] | SW corner, Seymour Island | ZPAL R.8, pectoral, dorsal, and caudal vertebral centra, femur, tibia, and fragments of the humerus, scapula, and ischia | |||
Indeterminate[38] | Seymour Island | TTU P 9240; dorsal, sacral and caudal vertebrae, limbs and paddle fragments | |||
Indeterminate[39] | Seymour Island | SGO.PV.6523, postcranial remains of a single adult individual, including remains of 9 mid-to-posterior cervical vertebrae (6 of them preserving parts of their centra), the right scapula, several fragments of ribs and gastralia, and one phalanx. | |||
Indeterminate[38] | Seymour Island | TTU P 9238; part of cervicals, rib fragments, isolated paddles, and gastroliths | |||
Indeterminate[34] | Seymour Island | TTU P 9239; isolated vertebrae, limb bones, paddle elements, and ribs | |||
Indeterminate | Seymour Island | IAA Pv 443, an incomplete skeleton comprising the mandibular symphysis and part of right and left mandibular rami, cervical and dorsal centra, an incomplete humerus, radius, ulna, ulnare, intermedium, radiale and distal carpal 1, 2 þ 3 and 4, other fragmentary postcranial bones and associated gastroliths[40] | |||
Euelasmosaurida[33] | Indeterminate | Sandwich Bluff, Cape Lamb | CM 93780; left and right pubes and ischia: MLP 15-I-7-8, left ilium and indeterminate fragments | ||
Marambionectes[41] | M. molinai | Seymour Island | Partially articulated incomplete skeleton including cranial material, many vertebrae, ribs, an ilium, limb bones (right humerus and ulna, a femur), and gastroliths (IAA-Pv 752) | A weddellonectian elasmosaur | |
Morturneria[34] | M. seymourensis | Seymour Island | several cervical vertebrae, a right humerus, a nearly complete left forelimb missing the proximal end of the humerus, and a left femur (TTU P9217) | An elasmosaur | |
Weddellonectia[42] | Indeterminate | Sandwich Bluff, Cape Lamb | MLP 15-I-7-48, right humerus, ulna, ulnare, intermedium, distal carpal I, distal carpal II+III, pisiform, phalanges and one rib | ||
Indeterminate | Seymour Island | MLP 14-I-20-16, 12 cervical vertebrae, three pectoral vertebrae, 11 dorsal vertebrae, one sacral vertebra, 11 caudal vertebrae, right femur, tibia, fibula and mesopodial elements, fragments of pectoral and pelvic girdles and gastroliths[42] |
Mosasaurs
editMosasaurs recorded from Lopez de Bertodano Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Member/Location | Material | Description | Image |
Antarcticoolithus | A. bradyi | Seymour Island. | A fossilized eggshell. | A mosasaur. | |
Kaikaifilu[43] | K. hervei | Seymour Island | Several incomplete parts of a skull, jawbone, 30 isolated teeth, and a partial left humerus (SGO.PV.6509) | A tylosaurine mosasaur | |
Liodon[44] | L sp. | Vega Island Sandwich Bluff | MLP 98-I-10-1 is a fragment of a maxilla; MLP 98-I-10-12/15/23 are a teeth[44] | A Mosasauridae mosasaur | |
L sp. | Seymour Island | DJ.952.266, a tooth[45] | |||
Mosasauridae | Indeterminate | Bahía Fósiles | MLP 80-I-1-1, a cervical vertebra; MLP 80-I-1-2, a mandibular fragment; MLP 80-I-1-3, a cranial fragment; MLP 82-I-28-2, a vertebra; MLP 82-I-3-1/4, four caudal centers[46] | ||
Indeterminate | Seymour Island | DJ.957.133, 18 partially articulated caudal vertebrae, four of which possess transverse process, and DJ.957.505 a caudal vertebra[45] | |||
Indeterminate | Filo Negro Section | MLP 82-I-26-1, a pygal vertebra[31] | |||
Indeterminate | Seymour Island | IAA-Pv 819, an almost complete right humerus.[47] | |||
Indeterminate | Seymour Island | MLP 82-I-5-1, fragments of vertebrae and ribs[48] | |||
Mosasaurus | aff. M. hoffmanni | Seymour Island | DJ.1053.10, a large, fragmentary skull[45] | A Mosasauridae mosasaur | |
M. sp. | Seymour Island | DJ.1020.2-A, DJ.1020.2-B and DJ.1053.14- A, teeth; MLP 83-X-12-2, a caudal vertebra; MLP 92-XII-30, skull fragments including one tooth and a relatively short, and medially constricted suprastapedial process of the quadrate[45] | |||
M. sp. | Seymour Island | MLP 15-I-24-41, a partial skull including, partial frontal, right postorbital, parietal, right quadrate, right posterior end of basisphenoid, right coronoid, right angular, splenial and right surangular, a broken marginal tooth and several pterygoid teeth have been associated to this specimen.[49] | |||
Plioplatecarpus | P. sp. | Seymour Island | DJ.1020.2-C, DJ.1020.2-H and DJ.952.266, teeth[45] | A Mosasauridae mosasaur | |
P. sp. | Quebrada de la Foca muerta | MLP 79-I-1/20, several vertebrae[46] | |||
Tylosaurinae | Indeterminate | Bahía Fósiles | MLP 87-II-7-1, a vertebra; MLP 86-X-28-7, an anterior caudal vertebra[46] | ||
Indeterminate | Seymour Island | DJ.956.41, two or three caudal vertebrae[45] | |||
Indeterminate | Filo Negro Section | lam. II, 7-8, a vertebra[31] |
Other fossils
edit- Ammonites[16]
Ammonites recorded from Lopez de Bertodano Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Member/Location | Material | Description | Image |
Diplomoceras | D. cylindraceum | A paperclip-shaped Ammonite. | |||
Gaudryceras | G. seymouriense | ||||
Grossouvrites | G. joharae | ||||
Kitchinites | K. laurae | ||||
Maorites | M. densicostatus | ||||
Pachydiscus | P. (Pachydiscus) ultimus | ||||
Pseudophyllites | P. cf. loryi | ||||
Zelandites | Z. varuna |
- Other invertebrates
Invertebrates recorded from Lopez de Bertodano Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Member/Location | Material | Description | Image |
Eutrephoceras | E. dorbignyanum | ||||
Cyathocidaris | C. nordenskjoldi | ||||
C. patera | |||||
Rotularia | R. fallax |
- Flora
- Antarctoxylon juglandoides
- Eucryphiaceoxylon eucryphioides
- Myrceugenelloxylon antarcticus
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Olivero, E.B.; Ponce, J.J.; Marsicano, C.A.; Martinioni, D.R. (2007). "Depositional settings of the basal Lopez de Bertodano Formation, Maastrichtian, Antarctica". Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina. 62 (4): 521–529.
- ^ Bowman, V.; Ineson, J.; Riding, J.; Crame, J.; Francis, J.; Condon, D.; Whittle, R.; Ferraccioli, F. (2016). "The Paleocene of Antarctica: Dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy and implications for the palaeo-Pacific margin of Gondwana". Gondwana Research. 38: 132–148. Bibcode:2016GondR..38..132B. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2015.10.018.
- ^ a b Zinsmeister, W.J. (1998). "Discovery of fish mortality horizon at the K-T Boundary on Seymour Island: Re-evaluation of events at the end of the Cretaceous". Journal of Paleontology. 72 (3): 556–571. Bibcode:1998JPal...72..556Z. doi:10.1017/S0022336000024331. S2CID 132206016.
- ^ Elliot D.H.; Askin RA; Kyte FT; Zinsmeister WJ (1994). "Iridium and dinocysts at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary on Seymour Island, Antarctica: Implications for the K-T event". Geology. 22 (8): 675. Bibcode:1994Geo....22..675E. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0675:IADATC>2.3.CO;2.
- ^ Petersen, S.V.; Dutton A; Lohmann KC (2016). "End-Cretaceous extinction in Antarctica linked to both Deccan volcanism and meteorite impact via climate change". Nature Communications. 7: 12079. Bibcode:2016NatCo...712079P. doi:10.1038/ncomms12079. PMC 4935969. PMID 27377632.
- ^ Witts J.D.; Whittle RJ; Wignall PB; Crame JA; Francis JE; Newton RJ; Bowman VC (2016). "Macrofossil evidence for a rapid and severe Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction in Antarctica". Nature Communications. 7: 11738. Bibcode:2016NatCo...711738W. doi:10.1038/ncomms11738. PMC 4894978. PMID 27226414.
- ^ a b David B. Kemp; Stuart A. Robinson; J. Alistair Crame; Jane E. Francis; Jon Ineson; Rowan J. Whittle; Vanessa Bowman; Charlotte O'Brien (2014). "A cool temperate climate on the Antarctic Peninsula through the latest Cretaceous to early Paleogene". Geology. 42 (7): 583–586. Bibcode:2014Geo....42..583K. doi:10.1130/g35512.1. hdl:2164/4380.
- ^ Vanessa C. Bowman; Jane E. Francis; James B. Riding (2013). "Late Cretaceous winter sea ice in Antarctica?" (PDF). Geology. 41 (12): 1227–1230. Bibcode:2013Geo....41.1227B. doi:10.1130/G34891.1. S2CID 128885087.
- ^ Thomas S. Tobin; Peter D. Ward; Eric J. Steig; Eduardo B. Olivero; Isaac A. Hilburn; Ross N. Mitchell; Matthew R. Diamond; Timothy D. Raub; Joseph L. Kirschvink (2012). "Extinction patterns, δ18 O trends, and magnetostratigraphy from a southern high-latitude Cretaceous–Paleogene section: Links with Deccan volcanism". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 350–352 (2012): 180–188. Bibcode:2012PPP...350..180T. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.06.029.
- ^ Marambio Group - Lopez de Bertodano Formation at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Seymour Island Group - Lopez de Bertodano Formation at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Upper Lopez de Bertodano Formation at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Legendre et al., 2020
- ^ a b Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, Antarctica)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 606. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
- ^ Crame, J.A.; Beu, A.G.; Ineson J.R.; Francis J.A.; Whittle R.J.; Bowman V.C. (2014). "The Early Origin of the Antarctic Marine Fauna and Its Evolutionary Implications". PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e114743. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k4743C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114743. PMC 4262473. PMID 25493546.
- ^ a b Witts, J.D.; Bowman V.C.; Wignall P.B.; Crame J.A.; Francis, J.E.; Newont, R.J. (2015). "Evolution and extinction of Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) cephalopods from the López de Bertodano Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica" (PDF). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 418: 193–212. Bibcode:2015PPP...418..193W. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.11.002.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Alberto L. Cione; Sergio Santillana; Soledad Gouiric-Cavalli; Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche; Javier N. Gelfo; Guillermo M. Lopez; Marcelo Reguero (2018). "Before and after the K/Pg extinction in West Antarctica: New marine fish records from Marambio (Seymour) Island". Cretaceous Research. 85: 250–265. Bibcode:2018CrRes..85..250C. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.01.004. hdl:11336/99687.
- ^ a b c d Broxson, Ian (2023). "Reconstructing the ecological relationships of the latest Cretaceous Antarctic dinosaurs and how functional tooth Cretaceous Antarctic dinosaurs and how functional tooth morphology influenced diet and ecological niche among basal Ornithopod dinosaurs". EWU Masters Thesis Collection.
- ^ Case, Judd A.; Martin, James E.; Chaney, Dan S.; Reguero, Marcelo; Marenssi, Sergio A.; Santillana, Sergio M.; Woodburne, Michael O. (2000-09-25). "The first duck-billed dinosaur (Family Hadrosauridae) from Antarctica". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20 (3): 612–614. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0612:tfdbdf]2.0.co;2. hdl:11336/105444. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ^ Rich, T. H.; Vickers-Rich, P.; Fernandez, M.; Santillana, S. (1999). "A probable hadrosaur from Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula". Proceedings of the Second Gondwanan Dinosaur Symposium, National Science Museum Monographs. 15: 219–222.
- ^ Cordes (2002). "A new charadriiform avian specimen from the Early Maastrichtian of Cape Lamb, Vega Island, Antarctic Peninsula". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (3): 46A.
- ^ Tambussi, Claudia P; Degrange, Federico J; De Mendoza, Ricardo S; Sferco, Emilia; Santillana, Sergrio (2019-01-09). "A stem anseriform from the early Palaeocene of Antarctica provides new key evidence in the early evolution of waterfowl". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 186 (3): 673–700. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly085. ISSN 0024-4082.
- ^ a b c d Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Gelfo, Javier N. (2015). "New Antarctic findings of Upper Cretaceous and lower Eocene loons (Aves: Gaviiformes)". Annales de Paléontologie. 101 (4): 315–324. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2015.10.002. hdl:11336/53690. ISSN 0753-3969.
- ^ a b SOUZA, GEOVANE A. DE; BULAK, BRUNO A.; SOARES, MARINA B.; SAYÃO, JULIANA M.; WEINSCHÜTZ, LUIZ CARLOS; BATEZELLI, ALESSANDRO; KELLNER, ALEXANDER W.A. (2023). "The Cretaceous Neornithine record and new Vegaviidae specimens from the López de Bertodano Formation (Upper Maastrichthian) of Vega Island, Antarctic Peninsula". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 95 (suppl 3). doi:10.1590/0001-3765202320230802. ISSN 1678-2690.
- ^ Marsà, Jordi Alexis Garcia; Agnolín, Federico L.; Novas, Fernando (2017-07-11). "Bone microstructure of Vegavis iaai (Aves, Anseriformes) from the Upper Cretaceous of Vega Island, Antarctic Peninsula". Historical Biology. 31 (2): 163–167. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1348503. ISSN 0891-2963.
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Bibliography
edit- Legendre, Lucas J.; Rubilar Rogers, David; Musser, Grace M.; Davis, Sarah N.; Otero, Rodrigo A.; Vargas, Alexander O.; Clarke, Julia A. (2020), "A giant soft-shelled egg from the Late Cretaceous of Antarctica", Nature, 583 (7816): 411–414, Bibcode:2020Natur.583..411L, doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2377-7, PMID 32555453, retrieved 2020-06-17
Further reading
edit- Poole, I.; Mennega, A. M. W.; Cantrill, D. J. (2003). "Valdivian ecosystems in the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary of Antarctica: further evidence from myrtaceous and eucryphiaceous fossil wood". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 124 (1–2): 9–27. Bibcode:2003RPaPa.124....9P. doi:10.1016/s0034-6667(02)00244-0. hdl:1874/31608. S2CID 129281012.