The Kambaniru River (Indonesian: Sungai Kambaniru; Sumba name: Luku Kambaniru) is a river in the island of Sumba, Indonesia, about 1,500 km east of the capital Jakarta.[1] With a length of approximately 118 km, it flows periodically through 9 districts in the East Sumba Regency, exiting to the Bay of Kambaniru (Indonesian: Teluk Kambaniru) near the city of Waingapu to the Sawu Sea, with high debit in the wet season, but very low in the dry season.[2]
| Kambaniru River Loekoe Kambaniroe; Sungai Kambera, Rivier Kambera, Kokok Kambaniroe, Loekoe Kambera, Kokok Kambera, Kambaniroe River | |
|---|---|
  Location of the mouth  Kambaniru River (Indonesia) | |
| Native name |
|
| Location | |
| Country | Indonesia |
| Province | East Nusa Tenggara |
| Region | East Sumba Regency |
| City | Waingapu |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Mount Wanggameti |
| • location | Wangga Meti, Matawai La Pawu |
| • elevation | 1,225 ft (373 m) |
| Mouth | Sawu Sea |
• location | Kawangu, Pandawai |
• coordinates | 9°40′04″S 120°19′23″E / 9.6678°S 120.3231°E |
• elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
Hydrology
editThe drainage basin of Kambaniru covers an area of 111,000 hectare, comprising 34 villages and 8 administrative districts.[2] The area suffers from heavy degradation, requiring massive rehabilitation.[3] Although quite low in water during the dry season, the river floods the banks yearly during the wet season, due to the minimal flood control programs.[4] The lack of bridges forces elementary school students of Bidipraing to cross the river width of 65 metres and the depth of 1.2 metres daily to go to school in the village of Kiritanah, Kambera.[5]
Kambaniru Dam was finished on 8 September 1992, located 10 km from the city of Waingapu, is the biggest dam in the regency, providing water to 1,440 hectares of rice fields in Mauliru, Kawangu and Kambaniru.[6] The dam is located in the village of Malumbi, Kambera.[7]
Geography
editThe river flows along the northern area of Sumba with predominantly tropical savanna climate (designated as As in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification).[8] The annual average temperature in the area is 27 °C. The warmest month is October, when the average temperature is around 31 °C, and the coldest is June, at 24 °C.[9] The average annual rainfall is 1203 mm. The wettest month is December, with an average of 257 mm rainfall, and the driest is August, with 2 mm rainfall.[10]
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Song
editIn 1963 Ms. Mathilda Taka (Mrs. Daniswan Anwar) composed a song about this river titled "Kambaniru" which was famous in the 1960s.[11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Luku Kambaniru at Geonames.org (cc-by); Last updated 2012-01-17; Database dump downloaded 2015-11-27
- ^ a b (in Indonesian) Laporan Ringkasan Penyusunan Standart Operasional Pengendali Banjir (DAS Kambaniru & Melolo) - PT. Multimera Harapan, November 2014.
- ^ (in Indonesian) Gerson ND. Njurumana. Kajian Degradasi Lahan Pada Daerah Aliran Sungai Kambaniru, Kabupaten Sumba Timur (Study of Land Degradation on Kambaniru Watershed, East Sumba Regency). Info Hutan. Vol. V No. 3:241-254, 2008. Abstracts in English.
- ^ (in Indonesian) Penyusunan Pedoman Umum Evakuasi Bencana Banjir DAS Kambaniru. UPTD/Balai PSDA Wilayah Sumba Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur, 2014.
- ^ (in Indonesian) Melihat Perjuangan Siswa SD saat Berangkat ke Sekolah - Tempo.co 24 March 2017.
- ^ Bendungan Kambaniru, Bendungan Terbesar di Sumba Timur NTT - Kamera Budaya, 13 April 2017.
- ^ Keindahan Bendungan Kambaniru – Sumba Timur. Micowendy - 20 October 2016.
- ^ Peel, M C; Finlayson, B L; McMahon, T A (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007.
- ^ a b "NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index". NASA. 30 January 2016.
- ^ "NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)". NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission. 30 January 2016.
- ^ (in Indonesian) Frans Wora Hebi. Nilai Puitis Di Balik Lagu Sungai Kambaniru - 2 Agustus 2017. Referring to an older article in Pos Kupang "Dendang Kambaniru Nyaris Terlupakan" - 5 Juni 1996.
External links
edit- (in Indonesian) Name and Length of Rivers in the Province of East Nusa Tenggara