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Jogye Order

The Jogye Order, officially the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism (대한불교조계종, 大韓佛敎 曹溪宗), is the representative order of traditional Korean Buddhism, with roots that date back 1200 years ago to the Late Silla National Master Doui, who brought Seon (known as Zen in the West) and the practice taught by the Sixth Patriarch, Huineng, from China around 820 CE. The name of the Order, Jogye, was adopted from the name of the village where Patriarch Huineng's home temple, Nanhua Temple, is located (Chinese: 曹溪; pinyin: cáo xī; Korean: 조계; romaja: Jogye).[1]

Jogye Order
Kyong Ho Seong-Wu, 75th Patriarch
Korean name
Hangul
조계종
Hanja
Revised RomanizationJogye-jong
McCune–ReischauerChogye-chong

The Jogye became a distinct school in the late 11th century when the monk Jinul sought to combine the direct practices of Korean Seon with the theological underpinnings of sutra-based Buddhist schools and with Pure Land Buddhism.[2]

In 1994, the Jogye order managed 1725 temples and 10,056 clerics and had 9,125,991 adherents.[3]

The international Kwan Um School of Zen is a Jogye school founded by Seon Master Seungsahn, 78th Patriarch, who received dharma transmission from Seon Master Gobong.

History

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The original "Nine Schools" of Seon that descended from Chan Buddhism were instrumental in the development of the nation during the Later Silla and thereafter. However, during the Goryeo period, the Cheontae under Uicheon rose to prominence and drew away many talented monks, forcing the Seon to innovate.[2] In response to this, Buddhist leaders Jinul and Taego Bou led major Seon movements. Jinul in particular sought to develop an order founded in the direct practices of Seon but also gave importance to sutra study and the recitation of the name of Amitābha as found in the Pure Land teachings.[2] The basic precept Jinul advocated was "sudden enlightenment followed by gradual cultivation".[1][2]

The Jogye was thus established as the representative Seon order until the persecution of the Joseon dynasty. Due to its inclusive nature and emphasis on continual discipline, the Jogye gained considerable support from the military establishment and developed across monasteries all over the Korean peninsula.[2]

However, during the Joseon period, Buddhism was repressed in favor of Neo-Confucianism. During the reign of Sejong (r. 1418-1450), two sects were formed, one of all the doctrinal schools and another of all the Seon schools. These were then temporarily disbanded under the reign of Yonsangun (r. 1494-1506), resulting in great confusion.

However, during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), National Masters Seosan and Samyeong raised armies that protected the nation, which improved the situation of Buddhism for a time. However it was not until the political reforms of 1895 that monks were permitted in the cities again. Then in 1899, under the leadership of Seon Master Gyeongheo (1849-1912), monks petitioned from Haeinsa to reestablish the traditions and the philosophical basis for a reconstructed Buddhist order. Eventually, the Wonjong and Imjejong orders of the Linji school were founded, and attempts were made to revive the doctrinal schools and to reestablish activities in the cities, but these movements were soon suppressed during the Japanese occupation, which began in 1910.

Reaction to the occupation by Japan was mixed in the Jogye. While some collaborated with the authorities,[4] monks such as Yongsong and Manhae led efforts to keep Korean Buddhist traditions alive. In 1921 the Sonhakwon Seon Meditation Center was established, and in 1929, a Monks’ Conference of Joseon was held. In 1937, a movement for the establishment of a Central Headquarters began, which was successful with the building of the Main Buddha Hall of Jogyesa in Seoul in 1938. Finally in 1941 the Joseon Buddhism Jogye Order which was distinctly Korean and free from Japanese influence, was established. This was the first legal Buddhist order in modern Korea and the precursor of today's Jogye Order.

Following liberation from Japan in 1945, Seon monks who had preserved and cherished Korean Buddhist traditions began a purification drive to re-establish the traditional celibate orders and take back the temples from married priests, a remnant of the Japanese Occupation. Finally, in 1955 the Jogye Order was established centered on celibate monks; however, as a result of mediation between the elder monks and the government, already-married priests were also included.

On April 11, 1962 Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism was officially established with three main goals: training and education; sutra translation into Korean from Hanja; and propagation. These goals continue to guide the Jogye Order today as well. It was in 1947-1949 that a group of monks at Bongamsa began a movement advocating "Living According to the Teachings of the Buddha" and this provided the opportunity for the establishment of fundamental principles and traditions as well as the accepted ceremonies of the order.

Internal Conflicts and Scandals

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In the late 1990s, a struggle broke out between two factions of the Order for who would appoint the heads of major temples in Korea.[4] Although the court ruled in favor of the Purification and Reform Committee (PRC), the ruling was not sufficiently enforced, and fighting broke out between hundreds of monks using makeshift weaponry.

In more recent years, the Jogye Order has been beset with scandals involving gambling[5][6] and sexual misconduct.[7][8]

Conflicts with the Lee Myung-bak government

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The Jogye Order faced conflict with the government led by former President Lee Myung-bak, a conservative Presbyterian Christian. The government is at odds with the Jogye Order by the decreasing of Temple Stay fundings, the lack of government recognition of the Lantern Festival, and omitted Buddhist temples, even famous ones, while marking the locations of even minor Christian churches in the new address system.[9] After Lee's ascendence to the Presidency when the high proportion of Christians in relation to Buddhists in the public sector became known–particularly the president's cabinet, where there were 12 Christians to only one Buddhist,[10] among other reported incidences.[spelling?][11]

In 2006, according to the Asia Times, "Lee also sent a video prayer message to a Christian rally held in the southern city of Busan in which the worship leader prayed feverishly: 'Lord, let the Buddhist temples in this country crumble down!'"[12] Further, according to an article in Buddhist-Christian Studies: "Over the course of the last decade a fairly large number of Buddhist temples in South Korea have been destroyed or damaged by fire by misguided Protestant fundamentalists. More recently, Buddhist statues have been identified as idols, attacked and decapitated. Arrests are hard to effect, as the arsonists and vandals work by stealth of night."[13]

Proposal for Establishing 'World Meditation Day' Submitted to the UN

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On September 20, 2024, the Chief Administrator of the Jogye Order held a press conference at the Korean Buddhist History and Culture Memorial Hall in Jongno, Seoul, announcing plans to officially propose the establishment of "World Meditation Day" on May 21 (tentatively) during a visit to the UN headquarters in New York.[14]

Head temples

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The numerous temples of the Jogye order are arranged under 24 "head temples." The head temples each oversee a district (gyogu), containing a large number of subordinate temples.[1]

1. Jogyesa: Gyeonji-dong, Jongno District, central Seoul.
2. Yongjusa: Taean-eup, Hwaseong, southern Gyeonggi Province.
3. Sinheungsa: Seorak-dong, Sokcho, eastern Gangwon Province.
4. Woljeongsa: Jinbu-myeon, Pyeongchang County, central Gangwon Province.
5. Beopjusa: Naesongni-myeon, Boeun County, North Chungcheong Province.
6. Magoksa : Sagok-myeon, Gongju, South Chungcheong Province.
7. Sudeoksa: Deoksan-myeon, Yesan County, South Chungcheong Province.
8. Jikjisa : Daehang-myeon, Gimcheon, North Gyeongsang Province.
9. Donghwasa: Dohak-dong, Dong District, Daegu.
10. Eunhaesa: Cheongtong-myeon, Yeongcheon, North Gyeongsang Province.
11. Bulguksa: Jinhyeon-dong, Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province
12. Haeinsa: Gaya-myeon, Hapcheon County, South Gyeongsang Province.
13. Ssanggyesa: Hwagae-myeon, Hadong County, South Gyeongsang Province.
14. Beomeosa: Cheongnyong-dong, Geumjeong District, Busan.
15. Tongdosa: Habuk-myeon, Yangsan, South Gyeongsang Province.
16. Gounsa : Danchon-myeon, Uiseong County, North Gyeongsang Province.
17. Geumsansa: Geumsan-myeon, Gimje, North Jeolla Province.
18. Baegyangsa: Bukha-myeon, Jangseong County, South Jeolla Province.
19. Hwaeomsa: Masan-myeon, Gurye County, South Jeolla Province.
20. Songgwangsa: Songgwang-myeon, Suncheon, South Jeolla Province.
21. Daeheungsa: Samsan-myeon, Haenam County, South Jeolla Province.
22. Gwaneumsa: Ara-dong, Jeju City, Jeju Province.
23. Seonunsa: Asan-myeon, Gochang County, North Jeolla Province.
24. Bongseonsa: Jinjeop-eup, Namyangju, Gyeonggi Province.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Buswell, Robert E. (1993). "Chapter 1: Buddhism in Contemporary Korea". The Zen Monastic Experience. Princeton University Press. ISBN 069103477X.
  2. ^ a b c d e Carter J. Eckert (Author), Ki-Baik Lee, Young Ick Lew, Michael Robinson, Edward W. Wagner (1991). Korea Old And New: A History. Ilchokak Publishers. p. 94. ISBN 0962771309. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Grayson, James Huntley (2002). Korea: a religious history. Psychology Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-7007-1605-0.
  4. ^ a b "World: Asia-Pacific, Buddhist brawl in Seoul". BBC News UK. 12 October 1999. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  5. ^ "Buddhist Monks Gambling: South Korea Jogye Order Monks Offer To Resign Amid Gambling Scandal". Huffington Post. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  6. ^ "South Korea's Buddhists monks tackle modern challenges". BBC News UK. 26 June 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  7. ^ "Accusations fly as SKorea Buddhist monk scandal deepens". Asian Correspondent. 16 May 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  8. ^ ""성호스님, 여승 성폭행 하려다…" 연일 충격". Money Today News. 5 May 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  9. ^ Hwang (황), Yun-jeong (윤정) (2011-07-19). 불교계-정부 화해무드 다시 급랭하나. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 2011-09-25.
  10. ^ "Buddhists set to protest against Lee's religious bias". The Hankyoreh. August 22, 2008.
  11. ^ "South Korea Buddhists March Against Christian President, Alleging Religious Discrimination". Fox News. August 27, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-09-01. Retrieved 2008-12-22.
  12. ^ "A 'God-given' president-elect". Atimes.com. 2008-02-01. Archived from the original on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2012-03-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  13. ^ Wells, Harry L. (2000). "Korean Temple Burnings and Vandalism: The Response of the Society for Buddhist-Christian Studies". Buddhist-Christian Studies. 20 (1): 239–240. doi:10.1353/bcs.2000.0035. S2CID 170596276. Project MUSE 3495.
  14. ^ Lim, Hye Ji (20 September 2024). "조계종, UN에 '세계 명상의 날' 제정 제안한다… 총무원장 내달 방미" [Jogye Order Proposes Establishing 'World Meditation Day' at the UN… Chief Administrator to Visit U.S. Next Month]. Cheonji Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 23 September 2024.
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