The aristocracy[1] is historically associated with a "hereditary" or a "ruling" social class. In many states, the aristocracy included the upper class of people (aristocrats) with hereditary rank and titles.[2] In some, such as ancient Greece, ancient Rome, or India, aristocratic status came from belonging to a military class. It has also been common, notably in African and Oriental societies, for aristocrats to belong to priestly dynasties. Aristocratic status can involve feudal or legal privileges.[3] They are usually below only the monarch of a country or nation in its social hierarchy.[4] In modern European societies, the aristocracy has often coincided with the nobility, a specific class that arose in the Middle Ages, but the term "aristocracy" is sometimes also applied to other elites, and is used as a more general term when describing earlier and non-European societies.[5] Aristocracy may be abolished within a country as the result of a revolution against them, such as the French Revolution.
Etymology
editThe term aristocracy derives from the Greek ἀριστοκρατία (aristokratia from ἄριστος (aristos) 'excellent' and κράτος (kratos) 'power').[6] In most cases, aristocratic titles were and are hereditary.
The term aristokratia was first used in Athens with reference to young citizens (the men of the ruling class) who led armies at the front line. Aristokratia roughly translates to "rule of the best born". Due to martial bravery being highly regarded as a virtue in ancient Greece, it was assumed that the armies were being led by "the best". This virtue was called arete (ἀρετή). Etymologically, as the word developed, it also produced a more political term: aristoi (ἄριστοι). The term aristocracy is a compound word stemming from the singular of aristoi, aristos (ἄριστος), and the Greek word for power, kratos (κράτος).
From the ancient Greeks, the term passed to the European Middle Ages for a similar hereditary class of military leaders, often referred to as the nobility. As in Greece, this was a class of privileged men and women whose familial connections to the regional armies allowed them to present themselves as the most "noble" or "best" of society.
See also
edit- Gentry
- Landed gentry (United Kingdom)
- Landed gentry in China
- Landed gentry in Poland
- Honorifics
- Nobility
- Upper class
- Imtiaz (Egypt)
- Chieftaincy (Nigeria)
- Old money
- Peerage (United Kingdom)
- Royal and noble ranks
- Styles (manner of address)
- Titles
- Social capital
- Symbolic capital
- Honour
- Yangban (Korea)
- Kuge (Japan)
- Samanta, Thakur, Zamindar and Jenmi (India)
References
edit- ^ "Definition of Aristocracy". Archived from the original on 2019-03-26. Retrieved 2019-09-18.
- ^ Definition (2) of Aristocracy
- ^ The Aristocrats: a portrait of Britain's nobility and their way of life today, by Roy Perrott, (London 1968), pp. 5–10.
- ^ Native Wood Preservation Ltd, on British Aristocracy and Hierarchy
- ^ Modern European societies and the nobility of aristocracy
- ^ The Oxford Companion to British History, John Cannon (editor), Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-19-866176-4