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Gross national income

(Redirected from GNP)
Not to be confused with Gross domestic product or Modified gross national income (GNI*).
"GNP" redirects here. For other uses, see GNP (disambiguation).
"Gross National Product" redirects here. For the satirical group, see Gross National Product (comedy group).

The gross national income (GNI), previously known as gross national product (GNP), is the total amount of factor incomes earned by the residents of a country. it is equal to gross domestic product (GDP), plus factor incomes received from non-resident by residents, minus factor income paid by residents to non-resident.[2]: 44 

Map of countries by income groups, based on their gross national income (GNI) per capita, 2023, according to World Bank[1]

In contrast to GDP, GNI is not a concept of value added, but a concept of income. GNI is the basis of calculation of the largest part of contributions to the Budget of the European Union.[3] In February 2017, Ireland's GDP became so distorted from the base erosion and profit shifting ("BEPS") tax planning tools of U.S. multinationals, that the Central Bank of Ireland replaced Irish GDP with a new metric, Irish Modified GNI (or "GNI*"). In 2017, Irish GDP was 162% of Irish Modified GNI.[4]

GNI contrast with net national income : GNI = NNI - Depreciation

The Atlas method can be applied to correct for fluctuating exchange rates.[5]

History and name change

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The modern concept of GNP, along with GDP, was first developed by Simon Kuznets for a 1934 U.S. Congress report. Countries like the US and the UK originally preferred GNP as a mesure of economic activity while other like Norway preferred GDP. [6]Overtime communication harmonize around GDP included in the US which switched in 1991.

GNP was defined in the 1953 SNA as :

“the market value of product before deduction of provisions of consumption of fixed capital, attributable to factors of production supplied by normal residents of the given country”

Despite framing GNP as concept of production, the attribution of the value was define by the income earned by owner of the factor of production.

In the 1993 revision to the SNA, GNP definition was reframed from the point of view of the residents receiving income rather than the point of view of the factor of production. To reflect this, GNP was renamed GNI; the “national” part was keep as it is embedded in economic usage, even though the same concept of residence is use to defined both GDP and GNI.[7]

GNP continue to be uses in the National income and product accounts to referd to GNI calculated for expenditure data.

Type of income included in GNI

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GNI include the salaries and wages of cross-border commuter and seasonal worker working oversea but do not include remittance send by worker to their family oversea. This explain why France GNI is higher than it’s GDP as a lot of french residents work in Luxembourg, Monaco or Switzerland; while India GNI is lower than it’s GDP despite being the larger receiver of remittance.

GNI also include the propriety income: rent, interest and “profit”. The “profit” included both distributed income of corporation (dividends) and reinvested earning on foreign direct investment, those are profit retained by the corporation. Like in the IMF balance of payments manual they are treated as if they were distributed to foreign direct investors in proportion to their ownership of the equity of the enterprise and then reinvested by them by means of additions in equity.

The GNI of EU countries also included subsided received from the EU institution and excluded tariff as those are received by EU institution.

GNI contrast with Gross national disposable income with included all current transfer income like international cooperation and remittance.

Comparison of GNI and GDP

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Comparison of GNI (Atlas method). GNI and GDP
2023 World Bank (millions of current US$)
Country GNI (Atlas method)[8] GNI[9] GDP[10]
a a - c b b - c c
  United States 26894542.7 −466392.3 27525100.0 164165.0 27360935.0
  China 18899260.2 1104478.2 17663711.9 −131070.1 17794782.0
  Japan 4859877.5 646932.4 4416932.4 203987.2 4212945.2
  Germany 4559133.2 103052.1 4634489.3 178408.2 4456081.0
  India 3630236.7 80317.8 3497821.6 −52097.4 3549918.9
  United Kingdom 3266989.6 −73042.8 3296697.0 −43335.4 3340032.4
  France 3072463.7 41559.7 3078891.3 47987.2 3030904.1
  Italy 2244584.9 −10266.3 2250908.4 −3942.8 2254851.2
  Canada 2162632.6 22547.1 2109385.7 −30699.9 2140085.6
  Russia 2084758.0 63336.6 1994419.8 −27001.6 2021421.5
  Brazil 1962339.3 −211326.4 2110557.0 −63108.6 2173665.7
  South Korea 1835475.7 122682.9 1744702.6 31909.8 1712792.9
  Australia 1681999.5 −41827.8 1652506.4 −71320.8 1723827.2
  Spain 1556447.5 −24247.2 1569858.0 −10836.8 1580694.7
  Mexico 1554336.1 −234550.7 1744711.4 −44175.4 1788886.8
  Indonesia 1352588.3 −18582.8 1335866.4 −35304.8 1371171.2
  Netherlands 1084789.7 −33335.0 1111451.5 −6673.3 1118124.7
  Saudi Arabia 1059856.0 −7726.9 1073418.4 5835.5 1067582.9
  Turkey 994012.3 −114010.1 1096809.4 −11213.0 1108022.4
  Switzerland 842132.1 −42808.3 857292.6 −27647.8 884940.4
  Poland 723682.0 −87547.1 777106.5 −34122.6 811229.1
  Sweden 649619.6 56351.9 616804.9 23537.2 593267.7
  Belgium 644688.2 12471.7 646019.9 13803.3 632216.6
  Argentina 584110.0 −56481.4 626338.1 −14253.3 640591.4
  Norway 565538.2 80024.9 505660.4 20147.1 485513.3
  Israel 536857.8 26956.3 508979.3 −922.2 509901.5
  Thailand 515549.3 604.3 502920.8 −12024.2 514945.0
  United Arab Emirates 507149.0 2975.6 503253.8 −919.6 504173.5
  Austria 502931.2 −13102.9 514443.6 −1590.5 516034.1
  Philippines 496166.2 59019.8 485154.6 48008.2 437146.4
  Bangladesh 493932.0 56516.6 454873.5 17458.1 437415.3
  Egypt 439247.2 43321.1 378607.7 −17318.4 395926.1
  Denmark 436283.0 32084.2 418427.5 14228.7 404198.8
  Nigeria 432496.7 69681.8 355832.5 −6982.4 362815.0
  Ireland 423058.9 −122570.6 421766.9 −123862.6 545629.5
  Singapore 417722.2 −83705.3 420675.1 −80752.4 501427.5
  Iran 417389.0 15884.5 401036.3 −468.3 401504.5
  Hong Kong 415973.1 33918.5 416242.1 34187.5 382054.6
  Vietnam 412944.1 −16772.8 407254.0 −22463.0 429717.0
  Malaysia 410754.5 11105.6 387578.2 −12070.6 399648.8
  South Africa 407575.9 29794.3 372625.7 −5155.9 377781.6
  Pakistan 360729.3 22360.9 332603.5 −5765.0 338368.5
  Colombia 357640.3 −5899.9 361333.8 −2206.4 363540.2
  Romania 317743.0 −33259.6 341578.5 −9424.1 351002.6
  Chile 310627.6 −24905.7 318450.1 −17083.2 335533.3
  Finland 298118.3 −2068.9 299653.1 −534.1 300187.2
  Czech Republic 294826.0 −36032.4 315842.0 −15016.4 330858.3
  Portugal 276490.3 −10589.7 281729.0 −5351.1 287080.0
  Iraq 254601.2 3758.4 252096.7 1253.9 250842.8
  New Zealand 253873.8 408.1 247095.5 −6370.2 253465.7
  Peru 240295.2 −27308.1 253910.6 −13692.7 267603.2
  Greece 233934.8 −4271.5 236451.9 −1754.4 238206.3
  Algeria 226263.4 −13636.1 236495.6 −3403.9 239899.5
  Kazakhstan 217777.6 −43643.6 235418.9 −26002.2 261421.1
  Kuwait 198885.2 37113.0 194323.8 32551.6 161772.2
  Hungary 190073.7 −22315.2 206408.0 −5980.9 212388.9
  Ukraine 174919.0 −3838.0 184268.0 5511.0 178757.0
  Ethiopia 142605.3 −21092.6 163284.5 −413.4 163697.9
  Morocco 142288.8 1179.4 138989.9 −2119.5 141109.4
  Slovakia 123675.8 −9117.8 129363.5 −3430.1 132793.6
  Ecuador 118390.5 −454.4 116176.1 −2668.7 118844.8
  Kenya 116406.4 8965.9 105674.4 −1766.1 107440.6
  Dominican Republic 109970.1 −11474.2 116006.7 −5437.6 121444.3
  Oman 100047.1 −8145.4 100551.0 −7641.5 108192.5
  Guatemala 98164.7 −3885.8 100245.8 −1804.7 102050.5
  Bulgaria 92955.1 −8629.3 98154.8 −3429.6 101584.4
  Uzbekistan 86005.4 −4883.8 90128.1 −761.0 90889.1
  Puerto Rico 80926.1 −36976.2 81550.7 −36351.6 117902.3
  Panama 80479.7 −2902.7 80057.3 −3325.1 83382.4
  Ghana 79823.5 3453.1 75420.4 −950.0 76370.4
  Croatia 79658.8 −3030.0 82762.1 73.3 82688.8
  Tanzania 79293.0 134.8 77758.4 −1399.9 79158.3
  Angola 78319.3 −6403.7 77036.1 −7686.8 84723.0
  Sri Lanka 77922.9 −6434.0 81623.4 −2733.4 84356.9
  Ivory Coast 77059.7 −1729.1 75606.1 −3182.7 78788.8
  Costa Rica 72207.0 −14291.0 79835.0 −6662.9 86497.9
  Belarus 71440.1 −417.3 69257.3 −2600.1 71857.4
  Lithuania 71291.2 −6545.2 75164.4 −2672.0 77836.4
  Azerbaijan 67529.1 −4827.1 69157.1 −3199.1 72356.2
  Democratic Republic of the Congo 67082.2 699.0 64288.3 −2095.0 66383.3
  Uruguay 66854.0 −10386.8 71856.3 −5384.6 77240.8
  Serbia 66392.7 −8794.5 71011.8 −4175.3 75187.1
  Myanmar 65964.1 1149.1 63663.6 −1151.4 64815.0
  Slovenia 64938.3 −3278.5 67196.3 −1020.5 68216.8
  Turkmenistan 59682.1 −205.2 59381.9 −505.5 59887.3
  Luxembourg 59083.3 −26671.7 58922.1 −26832.9 85755.0
  Libya 52179.3 1687.6 50562.0 70.3 50491.7
  Jordan 50512.7 −301.0 50351.8 −461.8 50813.6
  Sudan 47595.1 −61731.9 108427.0 −900.0 109327.0
  Uganda 47399.0 −1873.9 48300.2 −972.7 49272.9
  Cameroon 47320.1 −625.5 46953.4 −992.1 47945.5
  Tunisia 46907.4 −1622.2 47219.7 −1309.9 48529.6
  Bolivia 44649.2 −1200.7 44844.2 −1005.6 45849.8
  Paraguay 42537.6 −418.6 41585.0 −1371.3 42956.3
  Nepal 42332.9 1424.8 41385.1 477.0 40908.1
  Bahrain 42014.0 −1191.0 40659.8 −2545.2 43205.0
  Latvia 41337.1 −2290.0 42515.0 −1112.1 43627.1
  Estonia 37217.0 −3527.9 39377.3 −1367.6 40744.8
  Iceland 31424.8 404.8 31707.5 687.5 31020.0
  El Salvador 31320.4 −2695.2 31874.0 −2141.6 34015.6
  Honduras 30718.6 −3681.9 31872.8 −2527.7 34400.5
  Cambodia 30702.3 −1070.5 30819.4 −953.4 31772.8
  Senegal 29421.1 −1592.9 29981.0 −1033.0 31014.0
  Papua New Guinea 29337.9 −1594.6 29106.1 −1826.4 30932.5
  Zimbabwe 29075.3 2537.0 26187.2 −351.0 26538.3
  Cyprus 28780.3 −3449.3 28974.2 −3255.4 32229.6
  Trinidad and Tobago 27538.8 −601.2 27093.9 −1046.0 28139.9
  Zambia 27196.3 −966.3 27020.1 −1142.6 28162.6
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 26211.2 −843.7 26986.0 −68.9 27054.9
  Georgia 25119.5 −5416.0 28505.4 −2030.1 30535.5
  Palestine 21800.7 4404.4 20858.3 3462.0 17396.3
  Albania 20773.7 −2204.0 22674.9 −302.8 22977.7
  Haiti 20425.7 574.8 19855.1 4.3 19850.8
  Botswana 20389.2 993.5 19153.4 −242.4 19395.8
  Armenia 20363.8 −3848.4 23567.1 −645.0 24212.1
  Mali 20055.6 −849.3 19940.5 −964.4 20904.9
  Benin 19699.6 26.3 19549.8 −123.5 19673.3
  Burkina Faso 19697.5 −627.1 19484.8 −839.9 20324.6
  Gabon 19393.8 −1122.4 18421.3 −2094.9 20516.1
  Guinea 19271.1 −4341.2 21019.3 −2593.0 23612.3
  Malta 18940.1 −2016.9 19088.4 −1868.6 20957.0
  Mozambique 17880.1 −2744.5 18787.4 −1837.2 20624.6
  Jamaica 17385.2 −2038.1 18894.1 −529.2 19423.4
  Mongolia 17068.9 −2803.3 17982.8 −1889.4 19872.2
  Guyana 16572.5 −213.8 15206.3 −1580.0 16786.3
  Niger 16303.3 −515.9 16182.4 −636.8 16819.2
  Laos 16195.4 352.2 14685.7 −1157.5 15843.2
  Nicaragua 16015.9 −1813.4 16935.0 −894.2 17829.2
  Madagascar 15926.5 −105.2 15703.0 −328.7 16031.7
  Brunei 15825.3 697.0 15322.3 194.0 15128.3
  Moldova 15192.2 −1347.2 16749.2 209.8 16539.4
  Republic of the Congo 15080.9 −240.2 14485.8 −835.3 15321.1
  Tajikistan 14584.5 2523.9 15143.8 3083.1 12060.6
  Mauritius 14539.1 141.9 14752.7 355.6 14397.1
  North Macedonia 13879.1 −882.2 13952.0 −809.2 14761.2
  Rwanda 13853.0 −244.7 13817.6 −280.1 14097.8
  Malawi 13395.3 −689.1 13726.2 −358.2 14084.3
  Bahamas 13200.7 −1137.8 13626.7 −711.8 14338.5
  Chad 12999.9 −149.4 12956.6 −192.7 13149.3
  Namibia 12676.7 325.6 11781.6 −569.4 12351.0
  Kyrgyzstan 12065.6 −1922.0 13295.7 −691.9 13987.6
  Somalia 11137.4 −542.4 11635.8 −44.0 11679.8
  Kosovo 10505.2 66.9 10636.2 197.8 10438.4
  Mauritania 10453.5 1.0 10443.3 −9.3 10452.6
  Togo 9323.2 151.9 9210.7 39.4 9171.3
  Equatorial Guinea 8988.7 −3128.2 8682.0 −3435.0 12116.9
  Montenegro 7088.6 −315.9 7477.5 72.9 7404.5
  Barbados 6000.8 −392.7 6126.6 −267.0 6393.6
  Maldives 5745.3 −854.7 5777.2 −822.8 6600.0
  Fiji 5221.7 −273.1 5113.3 −381.5 5494.8
  Sierra Leone 4921.8 1111.9 4395.3 585.5 3809.8
  Eswatini 4674.2 76.3 4289.4 −308.5 4597.9
  Liberia 3950.9 −381.1 4058.0 −274.0 4332.0
  Djibouti 3921.8 −176.8 4006.5 −92.0 4098.5
  Suriname 3342.8 −439.6 3474.5 −307.9 3782.4
  Burundi 3032.6 390.4 2648.0 5.8 2642.2
  Belize 2955.1 −326.4 3170.4 −111.1 3281.5
  Timor-Leste 2904.9 661.8 2581.3 338.2 2243.1
  Central African Republic 2710.7 155.2 2706.5 151.0 2555.5
  Lesotho 2700.2 654.2 2393.9 347.9 2046.0
  Cape Verde 2561.8 −25.4 2577.5 −9.8 2587.3
  Gambia 2308.4 −31.5 2309.3 −30.6 2339.9
  Saint Lucia 2235.6 −284.4 2304.5 −215.4 2519.9
  Seychelles 2029.0 −112.5 2124.7 −16.8 2141.5
  Guinea-Bissau 1943.5 −23.0 1993.6 27.1 1966.5
  Antigua and Barbuda 1884.7 −148.4 1940.1 −93.0 2033.1
  Solomon Islands 1680.0 48.7 1656.4 25.1 1631.3
  Comoros 1362.9 10.5 1355.2 2.8 1352.4
  Grenada 1236.5 −83.9 1237.4 −82.9 1320.3
  Vanuatu 1224.7 98.4 1281.0 154.7 1126.3
  Turks and Caicos Islands 1224.0 −178.1 1342.5 −59.6 1402.1
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1043.8 −22.2 1058.6 −7.4 1066.0
  Saint Kitts and Nevis 1020.9 −56.1 1049.2 −27.8 1077.0
  Samoa 908.2 −25.9 922.4 −11.7 934.1
  Dominica 651.2 −2.8 655.8 1.8 654.0
  São Tomé and Príncipe 573.9 −29.4 610.8 7.5 603.2
  Kiribati 497.8 218.8 467.5 188.5 279.0
  Federated States of Micronesia 478.6 18.6 504.3 44.3 460.0
  Marshall Islands 318.0 34.0 324.8 40.8 284.0
  Nauru 282.3 128.2 262.4 108.3 154.1
  Palau 257.3 −5.8 269.8 6.7 263.0
  Tuvalu 86.0 23.8 84.2 21.9 62.3

GNI (Atlas method) nominal

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Nominal, Atlas method – millions of current US$ (top 15)[11]

Rank 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
1   United States 26,894,543   United States 25,526,912   United States 23,684,736   United States 21,445,453   United States 21,734,159   United States 20,709,155   United States 19,224,810   United States 18,433,936   United States 18,124,086   United States 17,725,039   United States 17,023,066
2   China 18,899,260   China 18,206,073   China 16,883,573   China 14,843,775   China 14,512,889   China 13,385,455   China 12,104,948   China 11,387,927   China 10,883,163   China 10,246,590   China 9,193,838
3   Japan 4,859,878   Japan 5,324,575   Japan 5,487,896   Japan 5,169,146   Japan 5,315,223   Japan 5,300,391   Japan 4,943,005   Japan 4,887,582   Japan 5,006,472   Japan 5,656,061   Japan 6,225,973
4   Germany 4,559,133   Germany 4,527,641   Germany 4,329,964   Germany 3,989,008   Germany 4,105,522   Germany 3,937,444   Germany 3,617,063   Germany 3,646,623   Germany 3,740,019   Germany 3,858,306   Germany 3,807,840
5   India 3,630,237   India 3,394,542   India 3,064,476   India 2,661,734   United Kingdom 2,890,071   United Kingdom 2,792,597   United Kingdom 2,752,284   United Kingdom 2,818,536   United Kingdom 2,890,071   United Kingdom 2,879,862   France 2,890,903
6   United Kingdom 3,266,990   United Kingdom 3,297,427   United Kingdom 3,052,770   France 2,651,967   India 2,878,536   France 2,764,774   France 2,564,094   France 2,608,889   France 2,737,258   France 2,874,055   United Kingdom 2,744,028
7   France 3,072,464   France 3,078,221   France 2,968,919   United Kingdom 2,599,175   France 2,861,603   India 2,713,330   India 2,439,594   India 2,246,784   India 2,097,598   Brazil 2,457,007   Brazil 2,571,101
8   Italy 2,244,585   Italy 2,261,746   Italy 2,153,654   Italy 1,928,007   Italy 2,085,349   Italy 2,045,243   Italy 1,899,454   Italy 1,938,263   Brazil 2,084,247   Russia 2,137,991   Russia 2,179,425
9   Canada 2,162,633   Canada 2,075,404   Canada 1,865,477   South Korea 1,712,697   Brazil 1,953,067   Brazil 1,920,050   Brazil 1,808,497   Brazil 1,839,992   Italy 2,004,023   Italy 2,122,305   Italy 2,142,306
10   Russia 2,084,758   Russia 1,879,408   South Korea 1,821,293   Brazil 1,686,363   Canada 1,752,253   South Korea 1,688,927   Canada 1,567,890   Canada 1,585,229   Russia 1,725,234   India 2,020,998   India 1,941,117
11   Brazil 1,962,339   South Korea 1,868,327   Russia 1,725,858   Canada 1,669,281   South Korea 1,750,992   Canada 1,670,517   South Korea 1,555,716   South Korea 1,502,019   Canada 1,698,849   Canada 1,849,754   Canada 1,852,426
12   South Korea 1,835,476   Brazil 1,774,307   Brazil 1,689,214   Russia 1,575,000   Russia 1,655,618   Russia 1,505,175   Russia 1,352,319   Russia 1,426,946   South Korea 1,465,140   Australia 1,531,471   Australia 1,528,597
13   Australia 1,681,999   Australia 1,582,214   Australia 1,470,331   Australia 1,375,626   Spain 1,431,194   Spain 1,372,430   Australia 1,267,317   Australia 1,309,602   Australia 1,441,971   South Korea 1,428,957   Spain 1,362,931
14   Spain 1,556,447   Spain 1,533,031   Spain 1,426,623   Spain 1,287,271   Australia 1,392,624   Australia 1,326,718   Spain 1,263,572   Spain 1,281,503   Spain 1,321,902   Spain 1,355,256   South Korea 1,360,191
15   Mexico 1,554,336   Mexico 1,378,549   Mexico 1,256,693   Mexico 1,129,323   Mexico 1,241,846   Mexico 1,191,161   Mexico 1,143,310   Mexico 1,190,381   Mexico 1,280,512   Mexico 1,311,930   Mexico 1,267,698

GNI (Atlas method) PPP

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PPP – millions of international dollars (top 15)[12]

Rank 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
1   China 34,388,534   China 31,576,043   China 28,620,862   China 25,044,516   China 24,232,656   China 22,355,235   China 20,567,696   China 19,169,812   United States 18,608,138   United States 17,984,237   United States 17,140,708
2   United States 27,525,100   United States 25,926,000   United States 23,777,600   United States 21,479,588   United States 21,760,847   United States 20,883,383   United States 19,837,150   United States 18,983,369   China 18,129,539   China 17,445,351   China 16,241,642
3   India 14,324,038   India 12,858,238   India 11,250,341   India 9,639,773   India 9,837,436   India 9,131,972   India 8,264,362   India 7,706,181   India 7,120,994   India 6,732,248   India 6,416,831
4   Japan 6,554,254   Japan 6,254,021   Japan 5,866,681   Japan 5,554,842   Japan 5,616,185   Japan 5,548,453   Japan 5,456,930   Japan 5,338,419   Japan 5,404,453   Japan 5,221,591   Japan 5,194,308
5   Russia 6,366,121   Russia 5,884,375   Russia 5,598,676   Germany 4,952,942   Germany 5,021,459   Germany 4,730,328   Germany 4,491,248   Germany 4,268,496   Germany 3,977,709   Germany 3,883,390   Germany 3,712,582
6   Germany 6,092,387   Germany 5,799,414   Germany 5,351,636   Russia 4,542,377   Russia 4,434,791   Russia 4,128,705   Russia 3,705,398   Russia 3,440,587   Russia 3,428,610   Russia 3,639,325   Russia 3,611,853
7   Brazil 4,325,589   Brazil 4,055,711   France 3,728,403   France 3,370,362   France 3,527,047   France 3,197,838   France 3,050,429   France 2,924,693   Brazil 2,932,875   Brazil 3,107,798   Brazil 3,077,182
8   France 4,235,079   France 3,984,079   Brazil 3,669,595   Brazil 3,289,682   United Kingdom 3,332,513   Brazil 3,098,566   United Kingdom 3,009,162   Brazil 2,846,198   France 2,777,205   France 2,719,730   France 2,666,952
9   Indonesia 4,221,517   Indonesia 3,870,444   United Kingdom 3,561,213   United Kingdom 3,151,687   Brazil 3,244,271   United Kingdom 3,087,113   Brazil 2,924,571   United Kingdom 2,824,431   United Kingdom 2,706,923   United Kingdom 2,619,025   United Kingdom 2,516,787
10   United Kingdom 3,974,003   United Kingdom 3,866,883   Indonesia 3,434,771   Indonesia 3,134,896   Indonesia 3,166,892   Indonesia 2,978,437   Indonesia 2,766,769   Indonesia 2,628,825   Indonesia 2,538,121   Indonesia 2,518,157   Indonesia 2,448,797
11   Turkey 3,729,107   Italy 3,324,775   Italy 2,988,508   Italy 2,660,830   Italy 2,797,692   Italy 2,629,049   Italy 2,531,220   Italy 2,427,622   Mexico 2,251,300   Mexico 2,200,816   Italy 2,183,587
12   Italy 3,446,469   Turkey 3,227,873   Turkey 2,627,527   Mexico 2,375,085   Mexico 2,564,439   Mexico 2,538,888   Mexico 2,464,263   Mexico 2,393,565   Italy 2,225,429   Italy 2,200,447   Mexico 2,088,045
13   Mexico 3,207,460   Mexico 2,972,064   Mexico 2,608,640   Turkey 2,362,958   Turkey 2,313,729   Turkey 2,271,021   Turkey 2,235,991   Turkey 2,094,056   Turkey 1,999,739   Turkey 1,844,207   South Korea 1,737,910
14   South Korea 2,846,253   South Korea 2,706,619   South Korea 2,542,823   South Korea 2,360,461   South Korea 2,290,264   South Korea 2,229,385   South Korea 2,112,226   South Korea 2,034,378   South Korea 1,939,637   South Korea 1,801,276   Saudi Arabia 1,730,115
15   Spain 2,535,604   Canada 2,384,385   Canada 2,114,747   Spain 1,850,441   Spain 2,065,307   Spain 1,908,195   Spain 1,843,464   Spain 1,738,407   Spain 1,621,469   Saudi Arabia 1,777,122   Turkey 1,688,340

Gross national product

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Gross national product (GNP) is the market value of all the goods and services produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the citizens of a country. Unlike gross domestic product (GDP), which defines production based on the geographical location of production, GNP indicates allocated production based on location of ownership. In fact it calculates income by the location of ownership and residence, and so its name is also the less ambiguous gross national income.

GNP is an economic statistic that is equal to GDP plus any income earned by residents from overseas investments minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents.

GNP does not distinguish between qualitative improvements in the state of the technical arts (e.g., increasing computer processing speeds), and quantitative increases in goods (e.g., number of computers produced), and considers both to be forms of "economic growth".[13]

When a country's capital or labour resources are employed outside its borders, or when a foreign firm is operating in its territory, GDP and GNP can produce different measures of total output. In 2009 for instance, the United States estimated its GDP at $14.119 trillion, and its GNP at $14.265 trillion.[14]

The term gross national income (GNI) has gradually replaced the Gross national product (GNP) in international statistics.[11][12] While being conceptually identical, the precise calculation method has evolved at the same time as the name change.[15]

Use of GNP

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The United States used GNP as its primary measure of total economic activity until 1991, when it began to use GDP.[16] In making the switch, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) noted both that GDP provided an easier comparison of other measures of economic activity in the United States and that "virtually all other countries have already adopted GDP as their primary measure of production".[17] Many economists have questioned how meaningful GNP or GDP is as a measure of a nation's economic well-being, as it does not count most unpaid work and counts much economic activity that is unproductive or actually destructive.[18]

GNI vs GDP

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While GDP measures the market value of all final goods and services produced in a given country, GNI measures income generated by the country's citizens, regardless of the geographic location of the income. In many states, those two figures are close, as the difference between income received by the country versus payments made to the rest of the world is not significant. According to the World Bank, the GNI of the US in 2016 was 1.5% higher than GDP.[19]

In developing countries, on the other hand, the difference might be significant due to a large amount of foreign aid and capital inflow. In 2016, the GNI[20] of Armenia was 4.45% higher than GDP.[21] Based on the OECD reports, in 2015 alone, Armenia has received a total of US$409 million development assistance. Over the past 25 years, USAID has provided more than one billion USD to improve the living of the people in Armenia. GNI equals GDP plus wages, salaries, and property income of the country's residents earned abroad that also constitutes the higher GNI figure. According to the UN report on migration from Armenia in 2015–17, every year around 15–20 thousand people leave Armenia permanently,[22] and roughly 47% of those are working migrants that leave the country to earn income and sustain the families left in Armenia. In 2016 Armenian residents received in a total of around $150 million remittances.[23] Armenia's GNI, measured in US dollars, amounted to USD 13.5 billion in 2021, according to the National Statistical Office. This is an 8.23% increase over the prior year. GNI in USD terms in Armenia has historically ranged from a record high of USD 13.8 billion in 2019 to a record low of USD 1.06 billion in 1992. Regarding interest rates on GNI expressed in USD, Armenia is ranked 119th out of the 155 monitored nations.[24]

Lists of GNI per capita

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See also

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References

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Library resources about
Gross national income
  1. ^ "World Bank's Income Groups". Our World in Data. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  2. ^ Todaro, Michael P.; Smith, Stephen C. (2012). Economic development (11 ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-13-801388-2.
  3. ^ "Monitoring GNI for own resource purposes". Eurostat Statistic Explained. Eurostat. Archived from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
  4. ^ Heike Joebges (January 2017). "CRISIS RECOVERY IN A COUNTRY WITH A HIGH PRESENCE OF FOREIGN-OWNED COMPANIES: The Case of Ireland" (PDF). IMK Macroeconomic Policy Institute, Hans-Böckler-Stiftung.
  5. ^ "detailed methodology – World Bank Data Help Desk". The World Bank Atlas method. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  6. ^ Vanoli, André (2005). A history of national accounting. Washington, DC: IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-469-6.
  7. ^ Fund, International Monetary, "VII. The primary distribution of income account", System of National Accounts, 1993, International Monetary Fund, ISBN 978-92-1-161352-0, retrieved 2024-11-10
  8. ^ "GNI. Atlas method (current US$)". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
  9. ^ "GNI (current US$)". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
  10. ^ "GDP (current US$)". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
  11. ^ a b World Bank. "GNI, Atlas method". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  12. ^ a b World Bank. "GNI, PPP (international $)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  13. ^ Daly, Herman E. (1996), Beyond Growth. Beacon Press
  14. ^ "Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States" (PDF). Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. 17 September 2010. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  15. ^ "Glossary:Gross national income (GNI)". Eurostat Statistic Explained. Eurostat. Archived from the original on 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
  16. ^ "BEA: Glossary "G"". Bureau of Economic Analysis. 5 September 2007. Archived from the original on June 4, 2007.
  17. ^ "Gross Domestic Product as a Measure of U.S. Production" (PDF). August 1991.
  18. ^ "Beyond GDP". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
  19. ^ "BEA: The World Bank - US figures". the World Bank. 2017.
  20. ^ "BEA: Armenia GNP". Macrotrends. 2019.
  21. ^ "BEA: Armenia GDP". Macrotrends. 2019.
  22. ^ "BEA: Migration Rate and Associated Issues in Armenia in 2016–2017". UN Armenia. 2017.
  23. ^ "BEA: Inflow of Remittances by Balance of Payments". Central Bank of Armenia. 2019.
  24. ^ "GNI (Current USD) in Armenia".
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