Friedrich Panzinger (1 February 1903 – 8 August 1959) was a German SS officer during the Nazi era. He served as the head of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) Amt IV A, from September 1943 to May 1944 and the commanding officer of three sub-group Einsatzkommando of Einsatzgruppen A (mobile killing squads) in the Baltic States and Belarus. From 15 August 1944 forward, he was chief of RSHA Amt V, the Kriminalpolizei (Kripo; Criminal Police). After the war, Panzinger was arrested in 1946 and imprisoned by the Soviet Union for being a war criminal. Released in 1955, he was a member of the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND; Federal Intelligence Service). In 1959, Panzinger committed suicide in his jail cell after being arrested for war crimes.
Friedrich Panzinger | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1 February 1903 Munich, German Empire |
| Died | 8 August 1959 (aged 56) Munich, West Germany |
| Allegiance |  Nazi Germany |
| Service | Sturmabteilung,  Schutzstaffel and Sicherheitsdienst |
| Years of service | 1933–1945 |
| Rank | Oberführer (senior colonel) |
| Commands | Einsatzgruppe A |
Biography
editPanzinger attended night school and began studying law. He took part in a recruitment test for the police and was admitted as a police officer in the civil service in the Munich Police Directorate in 1919.[1] As a police officer in Bavaria, Panzinger worked with Franz Josef Huber, and Josef Meisinger, both future Schutzstaffel (SS) officials.[2] He finally completed a law degree in 1932. In the summer of 1933 Panzinger joined the Sturmabteilung (SA). He joined the Nazi Party with the number 1,017,341.
In April 1937, Panzinger joined the SS with member number 322,118. He was then employed as a Kriminalkommissar (Chief Inspector) in the state police headquarters in Berlin. On 29 June 1940 he began working in the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo; Security Police) in Sofia, Bulgaria. In August 1940 he assumed the position of Secretary of Section IV A (Enemies) of the Gestapo, where his sub-office focused on communism, Marxism and enemy propaganda within Nazi Germany until 4 September 1943.[3] Panzinger's office consisted of the following subdivisions:
- IV A 1 (Communism, Marxism and subsidiary organizations, war crimes, illegal and enemy propaganda):[3]
- IV A 2 (Sabotage defense, counter-sabotage, political-police officer defense, political forgery):[3]
- IV A 3 (Reactionaries, opposition, legitimism, liberalism, emigration, treacherous affairs and opposition):[3]
- IV A 4 (Protection service, assassination attempts, monitoring, special order, investigation squad):[3]
From 4 September 1943 to 6 May 1944 Panzinger succeeded Humbert Achamer-Pifrader as the commander of the three sub-group Einsatzkommando of Einsatzgruppen A (mobile killing squads), which oversaw the Security Police matters in the area of Army Group North in the Baltic states and Belorussia. Panzinger's unit carried out the murder of potential opponents and those deemed "racially inferior". During this time Panzinger was also Commander of the SiPo and Sicherheitsdienst (SD) in Riga. Panzinger was assigned to the headquarters of the SD and Gestapo in Ukraine.
A reorganization of Amt IV of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) in March 1944 led to a breakdown of territory divisions between Panzinger and Achamer-Pifrader. While Panzinger took over leadership of sub-office IV A, he also served under Achamer-Pifrader in sub-office IV B. Panzinger's group now stood as follows:
- IV A 1 (Opposition): Panzinger
- IV A 2 (Sabotage): Horst Kopkow
- IV A 3 (Abwehr): SS-Obersturmbannführer Walter Huppenkothen
- IV A 4 (Ideological opponents): SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann
- IV A 5 (Special cases): SS-Standartenführer and government director Rudolf Mildner
- IV A 6 (Index, files, protective custody): SS-Sturmbannführer, government and police superintendent Dr. Emil Berndorff
In July 1944, after the 20 July plot to kill Hitler, Panzinger was appointed Chief of the Headquarters of the Gestapo, reporting directly to SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller. Shortly thereafter, Panzinger was appointed Chief of RSHA Amt V, the Kriminalpolizei (Kripo; Criminal Police), also known as the Reichskriminalpolizeiamt (RKPA).[4] He held that position until the end of the war.[4] He succeeded Arthur Nebe, who was denounced and executed subsequent to the failed July assassination attempt on Hitler.[5] He collaborated directly with RSHA chief, Ernst Kaltenbrunner. Panzinger was responsible for the murder of prisoner of war French general Gustave Marie Maurice Mesny on 19 January 1945 near the village of Nossen.[6]
Post-war arrest and suicide
editAfter the war, Panzinger was arrested in 1946 and imprisoned by the Soviet Union for being a war criminal. In Moscow on 22 March 1952 he was twice sentenced to 25 years of forced labor. As a so-called Nichtamnestierter ("non-amnestied"), he was released in September 1955 and repatriated to then West Germany. He worked for a time on the staff of the Bundesnachrichtendienst (Federal Intelligence Service; BND) under Reinhard Gehlen. Later, in 1959, he was employed by a trust company. That same year, after charges were brought against him for the murder of Maurice Mesny, Panzinger committed suicide by poisoning himself in his cell on 8 August 1959.[7][8]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ Tuchel 1992, p. 147.
- ^ Weale 2010, p. 132.
- ^ a b c d e McNab 2009, p. 160.
- ^ a b Friedlander 1995, p. 55.
- ^ Shirer 1960, p. 1393.
- ^ Weitkamp 2006, pp. 31–40.
- ^ "Records of the Central Intelligence Agency (RG 263)". National Archives. August 15, 2016.
- ^ Sebastian Weitkamp: Kopfschuss in der Dämmerung, SPIEGEL Geschichte, 16 November 2008, retrieved 19 June 2020.
Bibliography
edit- Friedlander, Henry (1995). The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0807822081.
- McNab, Chris (2009). The SS: 1923–1945. Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1906626495.
- Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
- Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.
- Tuchel, Johannes (1992). "Die Gestapo-Sonderkommision Rote Kapelle". In Coppi Jr., Hans; Danyel, Jürgen; Tuchel, Johannes (eds.). Die Rote Kapelle im Widerstand gegen Nationalsozialismus [The Red Orchestra in opposition to Hitler. Writings of the Memorial of the German Resistance, The Gestapo special commission Red Orchestra] (in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. ISBN 978-3-89468-110-4.
- Weale, Adrian (2010). The SS: A New History. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1-4087-0304-5.
- Weitkamp, Sebastian (2006). ""Mord mit reiner Weste". Die Ermordung des Generals Maurice Mesny im Januar 1945" ["Murder with a clean slate". The murder of General Maurice Mesny in January 1945]. In Richter, Timm C. (ed.). Krieg und Verbrechen : Situation und Intention: Fallbeispiele [War and crime : situation and intention: case studies]. Villa ten Hompel Aktuell. Munich: Meidenbauer. ISBN 9783899750805. OCLC 71814258.