Grossular is a calcium-aluminium species of the garnet group of minerals. It has the chemical formula of Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 but the calcium may, in part, be replaced by ferrous iron and the aluminium by ferric iron. The name grossular is derived from the botanical name for the gooseberry, grossularia, in reference to the green garnet of this composition that is found in Siberia. Other shades include cinnamon brown (cinnamon stone variety), red, and yellow. Grossular is a gemstone.
| Grossular | |
|---|---|
 Grossular dodecahedron, 7 mm across, from Coahuila, Mexico | |
| General | |
| Category | Nesosilicate |
| Formula (repeating unit) | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| IMA symbol | Grs[1] |
| Strunz classification | 9.AD.25 |
| Crystal system | Cubic[2] |
| Crystal class | Hexoctahedral (m3m) H-M Symbol: (4/m 3 2/m) |
| Space group | Ia3d |
| Identification | |
| Color | light to dark green, light to dark yellow to reddish brown, brown, orange, red, yellow, green, white, occasionally translucent to opaque pink. It is also but rarely found in colorless form[2] |
| Cleavage | none |
| Fracture | conchoidal to uneven[2] |
| Mohs scale hardness | 6.5 to 7[2] |
| Luster | greasy to vitreous[2] |
| Streak | Brown |
| Specific gravity | 3.61 (+.15/−.04) |
| Polish luster | vitreous[2] |
| Optical properties | Single refractive, often anomalous double refractive[2] |
| Refractive index | 1.740 (+.12/−.04)[2] |
| Birefringence | none |
| Pleochroism | none |
| Dispersion | .028 |
| Ultraviolet fluorescence | near colorless to light green – inert to weak orange in longwave and weak yellow-orange in shortwave; yellow – inert to weak orange in longwave and shortwave[2] |
| Absorption spectra | Hessonite sometimes shows bands at 407 and 430 nm |
| Major varieties | |
| Hessonite | yellow-red to reddish-orange |
| Tsavorite | intense green to yellowish green |
| Leuco-garnet | transparent and colorless[3] |
| Rosolite | translucent to opaque pink grossularite crystals in marble from Mexico |
In geological literature, grossular has often been called grossularite. Since 1971, however, use of the term grossularite for the mineral has been discouraged by the International Mineralogical Association.[4]
Hessonite
editHessonite or "cinnamon stone" is a common variety of grossular with the general formula: Ca3Al2Si3O12. The name comes from the Ancient Greek: ἣσσων (hēssōn), meaning inferior;[5] an allusion to its lower hardness and lower density than most other garnet species varieties.[2]
It has a characteristic red color, inclining to orange or yellow, much like that of zircon. It was shown many years ago, by Sir Arthur Herbert Church, that many gemstones, especially engraved gems (commonly regarded as zircon), were actually hessonite. The difference is readily detected by the specific gravity, that of hessonite being 3.64 to 3.69, while that of zircon is about 4.6. Hessonite has a similar hardness to that of quartz (being about 7 on the mohs scale), while the hardness of most garnet species is nearer 7.5.[5]
Hessonite comes chiefly from Sri Lanka and India, where it is found generally in placer deposits, though its occurrence in its native matrix is not unknown.[5] It is also found in Brazil and California.
Deposits
editGrossular is found in contact metamorphosed limestones with vesuvianite, diopside, wollastonite and wernerite.
A highly sought after variety of gem garnet is the fine green Grossular garnet from Kenya and Tanzania called tsavorite. This garnet was discovered in the 1960s in the Tsavo area of Kenya, from which the gem takes its name.
Viluite is a variety name of grossular; that is not a recognized mineral species.[6] It is usually olive green though sometimes brownish or reddish, brought about by impurities in the crystal. Viluite is found associated with and is similar in appearance to vesuvianite, and there is confusion in terminology as viluite has long been used as a synonym for wiluite, a sorosilicate of the vesuvianite group. This confusion in nomenclature dates back to James Dwight Dana.[7] It comes from the Vilyuy river area in Siberia. A similar green grossular garnet can be found in the Wah Wah mountain range in Utah.[8]
Grossular is known by many other names, and also some misnomers;[9] colophonite – coarse granules of garnet[10] (was later identified as a variety of andradite), ernite, gooseberry-garnet – light green colored and translucent,[11] olyntholite/olytholite, romanzovite, and tellemarkite. Misnomers include[3] South African jade, garnet jade, Transvaal jade, and African jade.
Cultural significance
editIn 1991, Vermont named grossular garnet its state gemstone.[12]
-
Color range of grossular graphically displayed at the National Museum of Natural History Washington, D.C.
-
Group of Grossular crystals, largest 1.1 cm, from Val-des-Sources, Quebec
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j GIA Gem Reference Guide; Gemological Institute of America; 1995; ISBN 0-87311-019-6
- ^ a b Grossular The Mineral and Gemstone Kingdom, accessed online January 25, 2007
- ^ International Mineralogical Association (1971). "International Mineralogical Association: Commission on new minerals and mineral names" (PDF). Mineralogical Magazine. 38 (293): 102–105. Bibcode:1971MinM...38..102.. doi:10.1180/minmag.1971.038.293.14.
- ^ a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cinnamon-stone". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 376.
- ^ Viluite Mindat database
- ^ The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana. Descriptive Mineralogy By James Dwight Dana, Edward Salisbury Dana, 1892, p. 479-80
- ^ [1] Mindat database, accessed 15 October 2023
- ^ Grossular Mindat mineral database, accessed January 25, 2007
- ^ Colophonite The Free Dictionary, accessed online January 25, 2007
- ^ Gooseberry Garnet WordWeb Online
- ^ "Vermont Emblems". State of Vermont. Archived from the original on 2009-10-29. Retrieved 2009-11-12.