The California quail (Callipepla californica), also known as the California valley quail or Valley quail, is a small ground-dwelling bird in the New World quail family. These birds have a curving crest, plume or topknot made of six feathers, that droops forward: black in males and brown in females; the flanks are brown with white streaks. Males have a dark brown cap and a black face with a brown back, a grey-blue chest and a light brown belly. Females and immature birds are mainly grey-brown with a light-colored belly. Their closest relative is Gambel's quail, which has a more southerly distribution and a longer crest at 2.5 in (6.4 cm), a brighter head and lacks the scaly appearance of the California quail. The two species separated about 1–2 million years ago, during the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene.[2] It was selected as the state bird of California in 1931.[3][4]
| California quail | |
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| Adult male California quail in Point Reyes, CA | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Galliformes |
| Family: | Odontophoridae |
| Genus: | Callipepla |
| Species: | C. californica
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| Binomial name | |
| Callipepla californica (Shaw, 1798)
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| Range of C. californica. Dark purple: native Light purple: introduced | |
Taxonomy
editSubspecies
editThere are seven recognized subspecies:
- C. c. californica (Shaw, 1798) – northern Oregon and western Nevada to southern California and Coronado Islands
- C. c. achrustera (Peters, 1923) – San Lucas California quail – southern Baja California
- C. c. brunnescens (Ridgway, 1884) – extreme northern coastal California to southern Santa Cruz County
- C. c. canfieldae (Van Rossem, 1939) – Owen Valley quail – Owens Valley of east central California
- C. c. catalinensis (Grinnell, 1906) – Santa Catalina quail – Santa Catalina Island (off southern California)
- C. c. orecta (Oberholser, 1932) – Warner Valley quail – Warner Valley in Oregon to extreme northern California
- C. c. plumbea (Grinnell, 1926) – San Quintin California quail – San Diego County to southern Baja California
Behavior
editThe California quail is a highly sociable bird that often gathers in small flocks known as "coveys". One of their daily communal activities is a dust bath. A group of quail will select an area where the ground has been newly turned or is soft, and using their underbellies, will burrow downward into the soil some one to two inches. They then wriggle about in the indentations they have created, flapping their wings and ruffling their feathers, causing dust to rise in the air. They seem to prefer sunny places in which to create these dust baths. An ornithologist is able to detect the presence of quail in an area by spotting the circular indentations left behind in the soft dirt, some 7–15 cm (2.8–5.9 in) in diameter.
They are year-round residents. Although this bird coexists well at the edges of urban areas, it is declining in some areas as human populations increase. They were originally found mainly in the southwestern United States but they have been introduced into other areas including British Columbia, Hawaii, Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina, Peru, South Africa, New Zealand, and to Norfolk Island and King Island in Australia.[5] These birds forage on the ground, often scratching at the soil. They can sometimes be seen feeding at the sides of roads. Their diet consists mainly of seeds and leaves, but they also eat some berries and insects; for example, Toyon berries are a common food source.[6] If startled, these birds explode into short rapid flight, called "flushing". Given a choice, they will normally escape on foot.[7]
Breeding
editTheir breeding habitat is shrubby areas and open woodlands in western North America. The nest is a shallow scrape lined with vegetation on the ground beneath a shrub or other cover. The female usually lays approximately 12 eggs. Once hatched, the young associate with both adults. Often, families group together, into multifamily "communal broods" which include at least two females, multiple males and many offspring. Males associated with families are not always the genetic fathers. In good years, females will lay more than one clutch, leaving the hatched young with the associated male and laying a new clutch, often with a different associated male.
They have a variety of vocalizations including the social "chicago" call, contact "pips" and warning "pips". During the breeding season, males utter the agonistic "squill" and will often interrupt their social mate's "chicago" call with a "squill," a possible form of antiphonal calling.
State bird
editThe California quail is the state bird of California. It was established as the state bird in 1931.[3][8]
The quail population has fluctuated significantly throughout California. Once plentiful in San Francisco, by 2017 only one California quail remained in the city. Local birders named the male bird Ishi after the last known member of California's Native American Yahi tribe.[9] Quail were likely introduced to Santa Catalina Island about 12,000 years ago by Native Americans, and there is a minimal genetic difference between the island and the mainland quail populations.[10]
Gallery
edit-
A pair introduced in New Zealand
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Male
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Female and young chick
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Egg – Muséum de Toulouse
References
edit- ^ BirdLife International (2021). "Callipepla californica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22679603A138739529. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22679603A138739529.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Zink, Robert M.; Blackwell, Rachelle C. (1998). "Molecular Systematics of the Scaled Quail complex (genus Callipepla)" (PDF). Auk. 115 (2): 394–403. doi:10.2307/4089198. JSTOR 4089198.
- ^ a b "Iconic California: State Symbols that Represent California". California State Capitol Museum. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
- ^ "50 California Facts". Meet The USA. 2022.
- ^ Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia, 21-493
- ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Stromberg, N. (ed.). "Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia)". GlobalTwitcher. Archived from the original on 2009-07-19.
- ^ Rasheed, Ayesha; Hambley, K.; Chan, G.; Rosa, C. A.; Larisonn, B.; Blumstein, D. T.; Koenig, W. (2018). "Persistence of antipredator behavior in an island population of California quail". Ethology. 124 (3): 155–160. Bibcode:2018Ethol.124..155R. doi:10.1111/eth.12716.
- ^ "California State Bird: California Valley Quail". Netstate.com. Nstate. February 11, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
- ^ "There's only 1 quail left in San Francisco, and cats are likely to blame". sfgate.com. SF Gate. November 5, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
- ^ Zink, Robert M.; Lott, D. F.; Anderson, D. W. (1987). "Genetic Variation, Population Structure, and Evolution of California Quail". The Condor. 89 (2). Los Angeles, Calif.: 395–405. doi:10.2307/1368493. JSTOR 1368493.
Further reading
edit- Calkins, Jennifer D.; Hagelin, Julie C.; Lott, Dale F. (1999). "California Quail (Callipepla californica)". In Poole, A.; Gill, F. (eds.). The Birds of North America. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Franks, Lee (September 2002). "California Quail" (PDF). Newsletter of the Friends of Edgewood Natural Preserve in San Mateo County, California. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-17. Retrieved 2014-01-16.
- Leopold, A. Starker (1985). The California Quail. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05456-3.
External links
edit- "California Quail media". Internet Bird Collection.
- California Quail conservation at Quail Unlimited
- California Quail photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
- California quail Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology