Arcobacter is a genus of Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria in the phylum Campylobacterota.[2] It shows an unusually wide range of habitats, and some species can be human and animal pathogens.[2][3] Species of the genus Arcobacter are found in both animal and environmental sources, making it unique among the Campylobacterota.[4] This genus currently consists of five species: A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, A. skirrowii, A. nitrofigilis, and A. sulfidicus, although several other potential novel species have recently been described from varying environments.[4][5] Three of these five known species are pathogenic.[5] Members of this genus were first isolated in 1977 from aborted bovine fetuses. They are aerotolerant, Campylobacter-like organisms, previously classified as Campylobacter.[6] The genus Arcobacter, in fact, was created as recently as 1992.[7] Although they are similar to this other genus, Arcobacter species can grow at lower temperatures than Campylobacter, as well as in the air, which Campylobacter cannot.[6]
| Arcobacter | |
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| Genus: | Arcobacter Vandamme et al. 1991
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| Arcobacter nitrofigilis (McClung et al. 1983) Vandamme et al. 1991
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The name Arcobacter is derived from the Latin arcus meaning "bow" and the Greek bacter meaning "rod", and should be understood to mean "bow-shaped rod" or "curved rod". This is a reference to the characteristic curved shaped that most Arcobacter cells possess.[8]
Phylogeny
editThe currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[9] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[10]
| 16S rRNA based LTP_08_2023[11][12][13] | 120 single copy marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214[14][15][16] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Species incertae sedis:
- "A. hispanicus" Pérez-Cataluña et al. 2018b nom. nud.
- "A. peruensis" Callbeck et al. 2019
- "A. ponticus" Cataluña 2018
- "A. salis" Cataluña 2018
- "Ca. A. sulfidicus" Wirsen et al. 2002
Pathogenicity
editArcobacter species have been discovered as both animal and human pathogens within the past decade, due to improvements in isolation techniques.[6] Up to now, little is known about the mechanisms of pathogenicity or potential virulence factors of Arcobacter spp.[17] Since no routine diagnostic of these bacteria has been performed, the global prevalence of Arcobacter infection is rather underestimated and the exact routes of transmission are unknown.[18] Some evidence indicates livestock animals may be a significant reservoir of Arcobacter, and over the last few years, the presence of these organisms in raw meat products, as well as in surface and ground water, has received increasing attention.[17] In humans, A. butzleri, and less commonly, A. cryaerophilus, have been linked to enteritis and occasionally bacteremia.[6] Symptoms of A. butzleri infections include diarrhea associated with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting or fever.[6] Studies of patients infected with A. butzleri have demonstrated that without treatment, symptoms endured for a very variable amount of time, from two days to several weeks.[7] When antimicrobial therapies were administered, the infection was eradicated within a few days, and all strains in the study were found to be susceptible to the antibiotics given.[7] A third species, A. skirrowii, has also recently been isolated from a patient with chronic diarrhea.[6] Although the microbiological and clinical features of Arcobacter are not yet well defined, initial studies of A. butzleri suggest that these bacteria display similar microbiological and clinical features as C. jejuni, but are more associated with a persistent, watery diarrhea than with the bloody diarrhea associated with C. jejuni.[6] Recent studies suggest that A. butzleri induces epithelial barrier dysfunction by changes in tight junction proteins and induction of epithelial apoptosis.[18] Based on this model, the virulence of A. butzleri seems to have two phases. An initial effect on tight junctions was observed first, followed by a late effect on cytotoxicity because of necrosis and induction of apoptosis.[18]
Nonpathogenic strains
editA. nitrofigilis is a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from the roots of the salt marsh plant Spartina alterniflora.[5] A. sulfidicus is an obligate microaerophile that oxidizes sulfides and is an autotrophic producer of filamentous sulfur.[5] Large populations of this bacterium produce mats of this solid, white sulfur filament.[19] These mats are useful in anchoring the bacteria to rocky surfaces in the face of flowing subsurface hydrothermal fluids, as well as providing important carpeting around hydrothermal vents that attracts other animals to that site and encourages them to settle and grow.[19] One interesting potential novel Arcobacter species, designated LA31BT, was isolated from water collected from a hypersaline lagoon.[4] Preliminary characterization based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that LA31BT shared 94% identity with A. nitrofigilis, the type species of the genus, and taxonomic studies confirmed the phylogenetic affiliation of strain LA31BT to the genus Arcobacter.[4] Other analytical methods, however, showed that LA31BT was distinct from all recognized Arcobacter species. Most notably and of interest, LA31BT was found to be an obligate halophile, a trait not found among recognized Arcobacter species.[4]
Another unusual Arcobacter species, designated strain CAB, was isolated from marine sediment and found to have the capacity to grow via perchlorate reduction, the only member of the Campylobacterota in pure culture to possess this rare metabolism.[20] Unlike most Arcobacter species, CAB was found to degrade carbohydrates, including fructose and catechol, and its cells often lacked the distinctive curvature typical of the genus Arcobacter.[20]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "LPSN bacterio.net". Archived from the original on 5 August 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
- ^ a b Madigan T, et al (2009) Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 12th edition. San Francisco: Pearson Education
- ^ Miller, W. G.; Parker, C. T.; Rubenfield, M.; Mendz, G. L.; Wösten, M. M. S. M.; Ussery, D. W.; Stolz, J. F.; Binnewies, T. T.; Hallin, P. F.; Wang, G.; Malek, J. A.; Rogosin, A.; Stanker, L. H.; Mandrell, R. E. (2007). Fairhead, Cecile (ed.). "The Complete Genome Sequence and Analysis of the Epsilonproteobacterium Arcobacter butzleri". PLOS ONE. 2 (12): e1358. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2.1358M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001358. PMC 2147049. PMID 18159241.
- ^ a b c d e Donachie, Stuart (2005). "Arcobacter halophilus sp. nov., the first obligate halophile in the genus Arcobacter". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 55 (Pt 3): 1271–1277. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63581-0. PMID 15879267.
- ^ a b c d Fera, M.T. (2004). "Detection of Arcobacter spp. in the Coastal Environment of the Mediterranean Sea". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (3): 1271–1276. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.1271F. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.3.1271-1276.2004. PMC 368354. PMID 15006743.
- ^ a b c d e f g Emerging Infectious Diseasescdc.gov Archived 5 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Prouzet-Mauleon, Valerie (2006). "Arcobacter butzleri: Underestimated Enteropathogen". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (2): 307–309. doi:10.3201/eid1202.050570. PMC 3373082. PMID 16494760.
- ^ P. Vandamme; E. Falsen; R. Rossau; B. Hoste; P. Segers; R. Tytgat & J. De Ley (January 1991). "Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella Taxonomy: Emendation of Generic Descriptions and Proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 41 (1): 88–103. doi:10.1099/00207713-41-1-88. PMID 1704793.
- ^ A.C. Parte; et al. "Arcobacter". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 9 September 2023.
- ^ Sayers; et al. "Arcobacter". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
- ^ "The LTP". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ "LTP_08_2023 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
- ^ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
- ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
- ^ a b Lehner, A.; Tasara, T.; Stephan, R. (July 2005). "Relevant aspects of Arcobacter spp. as potential foodborne pathogen". Int. J. Food Microbiol. 102 (2): 127–35. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.03.003. PMID 15982771.
- ^ a b c Bucker, Roland (2009). "Arcobacter butzleri Induces Barrier Dysfunction in Intestinal HT-29/B6 Cells". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 200 (5): 756–764. doi:10.1086/600868. PMID 19604116.
- ^ a b Wirsen, Carl. "Is Life Thriving Deep Beneath the Seafloor?". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
- ^ a b Carlström, Charlotte I.; Wang, Ouwei; Melnyk, Ryan A.; Bauer, Stefan; Lee, Joyce; Engelbrektson, Anna; Coates, John D. (2013). "Physiological and genetic description of dissimilatory perchlorate reduction by the novel marine bacterium Arcobacter sp. strain CAB". mBio. 4 (3): e00217-13. doi:10.1128/mBio.00217-13. PMC 3656443. PMID 23695836.