[go: up one dir, main page]
More Web Proxy on the site http://driver.im/Jump to content

Baltic Fleet

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Russian Baltic Fleet)
For the musical group, see Baltic Fleet (band).

Baltic Fleet
Russian: Балтийский флот
Baltic Fleet great emblem
Active18 May 1703 – present
Allegiance Tsardom of Russia
(1703–1721)
 Russian Empire
(1721–1917)
 Russian SFSR
(1917–1922)
 Soviet Union
(1922–1991)
 Russian Federation
(1991–present)
Branch Russian Navy
RoleNaval warfare;
Amphibious warfare;
Combat patrols in the Baltic;
Naval presence/diplomacy missions in the Atlantic and elsewhere
Sizec. 43 surface warships (surface combatants, major amphibious units, mine warfare) plus support ships and auxiliaries
1 submarine
Part of Russian Armed Forces
Garrison/HQKaliningrad (HQ)
Baltiysk
Kronstadt
Anniversaries18 May
Engagements
DecorationsOrder of the Red Banner Order of the Red Banner (2)
Commanders
Current
commander		Vice Admiral Vladimir Vorobyov
Notable
commanders		Alexei Orlov
Adm. Korneli Cruys
Adm. Dmitry Senyavin
Adm. Vasily Chichagov
Adm. Samuel Greig
Rear Adm. Aleksandr Razvozov
Cpt. Alexey Schastny
Adm. Arseniy Golovko
Vice Adm. Alexander Vekman
Adm. Lev Galler
Fleet Adm. Ivan Isakov
Adm. Vladimir Yegorov
Adm. Ivan Kapitanets
Adm. Konstantin Makarov
Adm. Viktor Chirkov
Cpt. Valery Sablin
Navies of Russia
External videos
on RT Documentary Official YouTube Channel(in English)
video icon The Baltic Fleet (E01): Russian stealth corvette and 'black hole' submarine get ready for a face-off on YouTube
video icon The Baltic Fleet (E02): Loading torpedoes on the 'Magnitogorsk' submarine on YouTube
video icon The Baltic Fleet (E03): The challenging task of repainting the whole warship on YouTube
video icon The Baltic Fleet (E04): 'Magnitogorsk' submarine begins its dive on YouTube

The Baltic Fleet (Russian: Балтийский флот, romanized: Baltiyskiy flot)[3] is the fleet of the Russian Navy in the Baltic Sea.

Established 18 May 1703, under Tsar Peter the Great as part of the Imperial Russian Navy, the Baltic Fleet is the oldest Russian fleet.[4] In 1918, the fleet was inherited by the Russian SFSR which then founded the Soviet Union in 1922, where it was eventually known as the Twice Red Banner(ed) Baltic Fleet as part of the Soviet Navy, as during this period it gained the two awards of the Order of the Red Banner. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Baltic Fleet was inherited by the Russian Federation and reverted to its original name as part of the Russian Navy.

The Baltic Fleet is headquartered in Kaliningrad[citation needed] and its main base is in Baltiysk (Pillau), both in Kaliningrad Oblast, while another base is in Kronstadt, Saint Petersburg, in the Gulf of Finland.

Imperial Russia

[edit]

The Imperial Russian Baltic Fleet was created during the Great Northern War at the initiative of Tsar Peter the Great, who ordered the first ships for the Baltic Fleet to be constructed at Lodeynoye Pole in 1702 and 1703. The first commander was a recruited Dutch admiral, Cornelius Cruys, who in 1723 was succeeded by Count Fyodor Apraksin. In 1703, the main base of the fleet was established in Kronshtadt. One of the fleet's first actions was the taking of Shlisselburg.

In 1701 Peter the Great established a special school, the School of Mathematics and Navigation (Russian: Школа математических и навигацких наук), situated in the Sukharev Tower in Moscow. As the territory to the west around the Gulf of Finland was acquired by Russia for a "warm-water" port giving access for its merchantmen and the buildup of a naval force, the city of St. Petersburg was built and developed an extensive port. The School of Mathematics and Navigation was moved to St. Petersburg and in 1752 it was renamed the Naval Cadet Corps. Today it is the St. Petersburg Naval Institute – Peter the Great Naval Corps.

A modern replica of the fleet's first vessel, the 24-gun three-masted frigate Shtandart

The Baltic Fleet began to receive new vessels in 1703. The fleet's first vessel was the 24-gun three-masted frigate Shtandart. She was the fleet's flagship, and is a prime example of the increasing role of the frigate design.

By 1724, the fleet boasted 141 sail warships and hundreds of oar-propelled vessels (galleys).

The Battle of Gangut.

During the Great Northern War, the Baltic Fleet assisted in taking Viborg, Tallinn, (Estonia), Riga, (Latvia), the West Estonian archipelago (Moonsund archipelago), Helsinki, (Finland), and Turku. The first claimed victories of the new Imperial Russian Navy were the Gangut (Swedish: Hangöudd) in 1714 and, arguably, the Grengam (Swedish: Ledsund) in 1720. From 1715, the English Royal Navy intervened in the Baltic Sea on behalf of the German principality of Hanover, (dynastic home of the current British monarchy) and more or less in a tacit alliance with Russia.

During the concluding stages of the war, the Russian fleet would land troops along the Swedish coast to devastate coastal settlements. However, after the death of King Charles XII, the Royal Navy would rather protect Swedish interests after a rapprochement between the Kingdom of Sweden and King George I. A Russian attempt to reach the Swedish capital of Stockholm was checked at the Battle of Stäket in 1719. The losses suffered by the Russian Navy at the Grengam in 1720, as well as the arrival of a Royal Navy squadron under Admiral John Norris, also prevented further operations of any greater scale before the war ended in 1721.

During the "Seven Years' War", (1756–1763), the Russian Baltic Sea fleet was active on the Pomeranian coast of northern Germany and Prussia, helping the infantry to take Memel in 1757 and Kolberg in 1761. The Oresund was blockaded in order to prevent the British Navy from entering the Baltic sea. During the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) the fleet, commanded by Samuel Greig and Vasily Chichagov, checked the Swedes at Hogland (1788), Reval, and the Viborg (1790). An impetuous Russian attack on the Swedish galley flotilla on 9 July 1790 at the Second Battle of Svensksund resulted in a disaster for the Russian Navy who lost some 9,500 out of 14,000 men and about one third of their flotilla. The Russian defeat in this battle effectively ended the war.

During the series of Russo-Turkish Wars, (1710–1711, 1735–1739, 1768–1774, 1787–1792, 1806–1812, 1828–1829), the fleet sailed into the Mediterranean Sea on the First and Second Archipelago Expeditions and destroyed the Ottoman Imperial Navy at the sea Battles of Chesma (1770), the Dardanelles (1807), Athos (1807), and Navarino (1827). At about the same time, Russian Admiral Ivan Krusenstern circumnavigated the globe, while another Baltic Fleet officer – Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen – discovered the southern ice-covered continent, Antarctica.

In the Crimean War, (1853–1856), the fleet – although stymied in its operations by the absence of steamships – prevented the British and French Allies from occupying Hangö, Sveaborg, and Saint Petersburg. Despite being greatly outnumbered by the technologically superior Allies, it was the Russian Fleet that introduced into naval warfare such novelties as torpedo mines, invented by Boris Yakobi. Other outstanding inventors who served in the Baltic Fleet were Alexander Stepanovich Popov (who was the first to demonstrate the practical application of electromagnetic (radio) waves[5]), Stepan Makarov (the first to launch torpedoes from a boat), Alexei Krylov (author of the modern ship floodability theory), and Alexander Mozhaiski (co-inventor of aircraft).

Age of iron

[edit]

As early as 1861, the first armor-clad ships were built for the Baltic Fleet. In 1863, during the American Civil War, most of the fleet's ocean-going ships, including the flagship Alexander Nevsky were sent to New York City. At the same time ten Uragan-class monitors based on the American-designed Passaic-class monitors were launched.

It was the policy of the Tsar and his government to show support for the Northern Union Army in the United States during their Civil War, observing and exchanging naval tactics and cooperation. In 1869, the fleet commissioned the first turret on a battleship in the world – Petr Veliky. Furthermore, in the second half of the 19th and early 20th Century a strong network of coastal artillery batteries was created to cover the approaches to St. Petersburg, Riga, and other important bases.

Russo-Japanese War

[edit]
Sailors of the Baltic Fleet ashore at Nossi Bé, December 1904.

By 1900, decades of modernization on the Baltic as well as the Pacific Fleet made Russia the fourth strongest country in the world in terms of naval forces after the UK, France and Germany, ahead of the US and Japan.[6] The Baltic Fleet, re-organized into the Second Pacific Squadron (route around Africa) and the Third Pacific Squadron (Suez route, under the command of Admiral Nebogatov), took a prominent part in the Russo-Japanese War. After the defeat of earlier Siberian Military Flotilla vessels, in September 1904, the Second Squadron under the command of Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky was sent on a high-speed dash[citation needed] around South Africa.

They stopped in French, German and Portuguese colonial ports: Tangier in Morocco, Dakar in Senegal, Gabon, Baía dos Tigres, Lüderitz Bay, and Nossi Be (Madagascar). They then formed a single fleet under the command of Rozhestvensky with the Third Pacific Fleet, across the Indian Ocean to Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina and then northward to its doomed encounter with the Japanese fleet at the Battle of Tsushima off the east coast of Korea in May, 1905, ending the Russo-Japanese War.

The Imperial German civilian passenger Hamburg-Amerika Line provided 60 colliers to supply the Baltic Fleet on its journey. During its passage through the North Sea the fleet mistook a fleet of British fishing boats for Japanese torpedo boats and opened fire, killing three sailors in what is known as the Dogger Bank incident.

The decision to send the fleet to the Pacific was made after Russia had suffered a string of naval defeats in the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan off the coast of China and Korea near its Far East naval base and colony, at the hands of the newly emergent Imperial Japanese Navy and Army in Manchuria. The one-sided outcome of the Tsushima naval battle broke Russian strength in East Asia. It set the stage for the uprising in the abortive Russian Revolution of 1905. That propelled the decline that would see the Romanov dynasty monarchy eventually brought down with the strains of World War I, in the Russian Revolutions of 1917.

World War I

[edit]
The naval St. Nicholas Cathedral in St. Petersburg is the main church of the Russian Navy. Its outside is covered with plaques to Russian sailors/officers lost at sea.

Following the catastrophic losses in battleships during the Russo-Japanese War, Russia embarked on a new naval building program which was to incorporate a number of the most modern dreadnought-type battleships into the fleet along with other vessels and practices adopted from the Western navies. In late 1914, four dreadnoughts of the Gangut class entered service with the fleet: Gangut; Poltava; Petropavlovsk; and Sevastopol. Four more powerful battlecruisers of the Borodino class were under construction, but were never completed. On the whole the heavy units of the fleet remained in port during the war, as the Imperial German Navy's superiority in battleships and other vessels was overwhelming and it was difficult to communicate with Great Britain's Royal Navy forces further west in the North Sea even though they had the Germans bottled up after the Battle of Jutland in 1916.

The Imperial Russian Navy's Baltic Fleet included a submarine division that had about 30 submarines of several classes and various auxiliary vessels, the largest of which were the transport and mother ships Europa, Tosno, Khabarovsk, Oland and Svjatitel Nikolai.[7][8] Some of the fleet's 355-ton submarines were made by Electric Boat Company of Groton, Connecticut in the United States, main supplier and builder of subs for the U.S. Navy. Five of these "AG (Holland)" class submarines were prefabricated by the British Pacific Engineering & Construction Company at Barnet (near Vancouver), in Canada's British Columbia, also under contract to the Electric Boat Company. These Canadian-built subs were shipped to Russia, a fellow Ally in the First World War in December 1915.,[9][10]

Four of these submarines, AG 11, AG 12, AG 15 and AG 16 were scuttled in the harbour of Hanko on 3 April 1918, just before the 10,000-strong Imperial German Baltic Sea Division landed in support of the "Whites" forces in the little known Finnish Civil War. During the war the fleet was aided by a detachment of British Royal Navy submarines. These subs were later scuttled by their crews near the Harmaja lighthouse outside Helsinki, Finland, on 4 April 1918.[11]

Soviet era

[edit]

October Revolution and Russian Civil War (1917–22)

[edit]
Main article: Baltic Fleet during the October Revolution and Russian Civil War

During the October Revolution the sailors of the Baltic Fleet (renamed "Naval Forces of the Baltic Sea" in March 1918)[12] were among the most ardent supporters of Bolsheviks, and formed an elite among Red military forces. The fleet was forced to evacuate several of its bases after Russia's withdrawal from the First World War, under the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The "Ice Cruise" of the Baltic Fleet (1918), led by Alexey Schastny who was later executed on Trotsky's orders, saw the evacuation of most of the fleet's ships to Kronstadt and Petrograd.

Some ships of the fleet took part in the Russian Civil War, notably by clashing with the British navy operating in the Baltic as part of intervention forces.[13] Over the years, however, the relations of the Baltic Fleet sailors with the Bolshevik regime soured, and they eventually rebelled against the Soviet government in the Kronstadt rebellion in 1921, but were suppressed and executed, and the fleet de facto ceased to exist as an active military unit.

1922–1941

[edit]

The fleet, renamed the Red-Banner Baltic Fleet on 11 January 1935,[12] was developed further during the Soviet years, initially relying on pre-revolutionary warships, but adding modern units built in Soviet yards from the 1930s onwards. Among the fleet's Soviet commanders were Gordey Levchenko in 1938–39 and Arseniy Golovko in 1952–56. Ships and submarines commissioned to the fleet included Soviet submarine M-256, a Project 615 short-range attack diesel submarine of the Soviet Navy. The fleet also acquired a large number of ground-based aircraft to form a strong naval aviation force.

In September 1939, the fleet threatened the Baltic states as part of a series of military actions staged to encourage the Baltics to accept Soviet offers of "mutual assistance."[14][15] Subsequently, in June 1940, the fleet blockaded the Baltics in support of the Soviet invasion.

Winter War

[edit]

Finland, which had refused to sign a "pact of mutual assistance", was attacked by the USSR. The fleet played a limited role in the Winter War with Finland in 1939–1940, mostly through conducting artillery bombardments of Finnish coastal fortifications. Many fleet aircraft were involved in operations against Finland, however. Its operations came to a close with the freezing of the Gulf of Finland during the exceptionally cold winter of that year.

World War II

[edit]
Main article: Baltic Sea Campaigns (1939–1945)

In the beginning of the German invasion the Baltic Fleet had 2 battleships (both of World War I vintage), 2 cruisers, 2 flotilla leaders, 19 destroyers, 48 MTBs, 65 submarines and other ships, and 656 aircraft. During the war, the fleet, commanded by the Vice-Admiral Vladimir Tributz, defended the Hanko Peninsula, Tallinn, several islands in Estonian SSR, and participated in the breakthrough breach of the Siege of Leningrad. 137 sailors of the Baltic Fleet were awarded a title of the Hero of the Soviet Union.

For most of the war the fleet was trapped by German and Finnish minefields in Leningrad and nearby Kronstadt, the only bases left in Soviet hands on the Baltic coast. Another key factor was that the Finns had recaptured outer islands of the Gulf of Finland, Suursaari being the most important of them. Many of the fleet sailors fought on land as infantry during the siege.

Only submarines could risk the passage into the open sea to strike at German shipping. They were particularly successful towards the end of the war, sinking ships like Wilhelm Gustloff, Steuben and Goya, causing great loss of life.

The fleet carried out the Soviet evacuation of Tallinn in late August 1941.

Grouping in June 1941

[edit]

Cold War

[edit]

During the Immediate post-war period the importance of the Red-Banner Baltic Fleet increased despite the Baltic being a shallow sea with the exits easily becoming choke points by other countries. The Baltic Fleet was increased to two Fleets, the 4th Red-Banner Baltic Fleet and the 8th Red-Banner Baltic Fleet on 15 February 1946. However, during the post-Stalinist period and general reforms and downsizing in the Soviet Armed Forces the two fleets of the Baltic were again reduced, with many vessels, some built before the Revolution, were scrapped, and the fleet was again renamed Red-Banner Baltic Fleet on 24 December 1955.[12]

In Liepāja the Baltic Fleet's 14th submarine squadron, call sign "Kompleks" ("Комплекс") was stationed with 16 submarines (613, 629a, 651); as was the 6th group of rear supply of Baltic Fleet, and the 81st design bureau and reserve command center of the same force.

On June 1, 1960, as part of the reduction of the USSR Armed Forces, the management of the 8th mine-torpedo Gatchina Red Banner Aviation Division and both of its regiments were disbanded. The 469th aircraft storage base was formed at the Dunaevka airfield, where the IL-28s of the disbanded 8th MTAD and the 128th Guards MTAD were transferred. The storage base lasted one year.

Far from being reduced in importance, operations of the Red-Banner Baltic Fleet during the early-Cold War period earned it a great amount of prestige and profile, with the second awarding of the Order of Red Banner being presented on 7 May 1965 when the fleet was again renamed to Twice Red-Banner Baltic Fleet.[12] Although the Soviet Union poured resources into building up the Northern Fleet and the Pacific Fleet, both of which had easy access to the open ocean, the Twice Red-Banner Baltic Fleet assumed the very important position of supporting the northern flank of the European Theatre in case of a confrontation with NATO.

This role was under-rated from the blue water navies perspective, but was seen as a highly valuable one from the strategic perspective of the Soviet General Staff planning. The Twice Red-Banner Baltic Fleet remained a powerful force, which in the event of war was tasked with conducting amphibious assaults against the coast of Denmark and West Germany, in cooperation with allied Polish and East German naval forces.

A notable incident involving the fleet occurred in 1975 when a mutiny broke out on the frigate Storozhevoy. There were also numerous allegations by Sweden of Baltic Fleet submarines illegally penetrating its territorial waters. In October 1981, the Soviet Whiskey-class submarine U 137 ran aground in Swedish territorial waters, near the important naval base of Karlskrona, causing a serious diplomatic incident. Swedish naval vessels pulled the submarine into deeper water and permitted it to return to the Soviet fleet in early November.[17]

Commanders

[edit]
Russian small missile ships Zyb' and Passat
Name[18] Period of command
Nikolai Ottovich von Essen 3 December 1909 – 7 May 1915
Vasilii Aleksandrovich Kanin [ru] 14 May 1915 – 16 September 1916
Adrian Ivanovich Nepenin 16 September 1916 – 4 March 1917
Andrei Semyonovich Maksimov [ru] 4 March 1917 – 1 June 1917
Dmitry Nikolayevich Verderevsky 1 June 1917 – 5 July 1917
Aleksandr Vladimirovich Razvozov 7 July – 5 December 1917
Aleksandr Antonovich Ruzhek 7 December 1917 – 13 March 1918
Aleksandr Vladimirovich Razvozov 13–20 March 1918
Aleksey Mikhaylovich Shchastnyy 22 March – 26 May 1918
Sergey Valeryanovich Zarubayev [ru] 27 May 1918 – 18 January 1919
Aleksandr Pavlovich Zelenoy 18 January 1919 – 2 July 1920
Fedor Fedorovich Raskolnikov 2 July 1920 – 27 January 1921
Vladimir Andreyevich Kukel [ru] (Acting) 27 January – 3 March 1921
Ivan Kuzmich Kozhanov [ru] 3 March – 4 May 1921
Mikhail Vladimirovich Viktorov 4 May 1921 – 6 May 1924
Aleksandr Karlovich Vekman 1924–1926
Mikhail Vladimirovich Viktorov 1926–1932
Lev Mikhaylovich Galler 22 August 1932 – 25 January 1937
Aleksandr Kuzmich Sivkov [ru] 25 January – 15 August 1937
Ivan Stepanovich Isakov 15 August 1937 – 9 January 1938
Gordey Ivanovich Levchenko 10 January 1938 – 27 April 1939
Vladimir Filippovich Tributs 28 April 1939 – 15 February 1946

In 1946 the Baltic Fleet was split into two commands, the 4th and 8th Fleets

4th Fleet 8th Fleet
Gordey Ivanovich Levchenko February 1946 – March 1947 Vladimir Filippovich Tributs February 1946 – May 1947
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Andreyev March 1947 – August 1952 Fyodor Vladimirich Zozulya May 1947 – February 1950
Arseniy Grigoriyevich Golovko August 1952 – December 1955 Nikolay Mikhaylovich Kharlamov February 1950 – December 1954
Vladimir Afanasyevich Kasatonov December 1954 – December 1955

In 1956 the two fleets were reunited into a single Baltic Fleet command

Name[18] Period of command
Arseniy Grigoryevich Golovko 27 January – 24 November 1956
Nikolay Mikhaylovich Kharlamov 24 November 1956 – 29 May 1959
Aleksandr Evstafyevich Orel [ru] 29 May 1959 – 27 January 1967
Vladimir Vasilyevich Mikhaylin 27 January 1967 – 1 September 1975
Anatoliy Mikhaylovich Kosov 1 September 1975 – 2 June 1978
Vladimir Vasilyevich Sidorov [ru] 2 June 1978 – 12 February 1981
Ivan Matveyevich Kapitanets 12 February 1981 – 25 February 1985
Konstantin Valentinovich Makarov 25 February 1985 – 30 December 1985
Vitaliy Pavlovich Ivanov [ru] 30 December 1985 – December 1991
Vladimir Grigoryevich Yegorov 13 December 1991 – 2000
Vladimir Prokofyevich Valuyev [ru] 11 April 2001 – May 2006
Konstantin Semenovich Sidenko May 2006 – 6 December 2007
Viktor Nikolayevich Mardusin 6 December 2007 – 8 September 2009
Viktor Viktorovich Chirkov 8 September 2009 – May 2012
Viktor Petrovich Kravchuk [ru] May 2012 – 29 June 2016
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Nosatov 29 June 2016 (acting), confirmed 17 September 2016 – 5 October 2021
Viktor Nikolayevich Liina 5 October 2021 – 22 April 2023
Vladimir Vorobyov 22 April 2023 – Today.[19]

Russian Federation

[edit]
The Baltic Fleet headquarters building, Kaliningrad

The breakup of the Soviet Union deprived the fleet of key bases in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, leaving Kaliningrad Oblast as the fleet's only ice-free naval outlet to the Baltic Sea. However, the Kaliningrad Oblast between Poland and Lithuania is not contiguous with the rest of the national territory of the Russian Federation.

In the immediate post-Soviet period, the capabilities of the Baltic Fleet were significantly reduced. From 1991/1992 to 1994/95, vessels in the Baltic Fleet declined from 350 at the beginning of the decade to 109 available vessels.[20] At the same time, with the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, the formerly allied East German Navy was absorbed by West Germany and the Polish Navy no longer supplemented the strength of the Baltic Fleet.

Russian Land forces in the region were also sharply reduced. In 1989 3rd Guards Motor Rifle Division at Klaipėda was transferred to the fleet as a coastal defence division. It was disbanded on 1 September 1993. In the late 1990s the 336th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade and the remnant of the 11th Guards Army of the Baltic Military District were subordinated to a single command named the Ground and Coastal Forces of the Baltic Fleet under a deputy fleet commander.[21]

The 11th Guards Army remnant included the 7th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment and the brigade that was the former 18th Guards Motor Rifle Division, plus several Bases for Storage of Weapons and Equipment, holding enough vehicles and weaponry for a division but only having a few hundred men assigned to maintain the equipment and guard the bases. "warfare.be" listings in 2013 report that the staff of the Ground and Coastal Defence Forces of the fleet may have been disbanded in November 2007.[21] In 2007, according to the IISS, the fleet's aviation units were equipped with a total of 23 Su-27, 26 Su-24, 14 An-12/24/26, 2 An-12 Cub (MR/EW), 11 Mi-24 Hind, 19 Ka-28 Helix, 8 Ka-29 Helix assault helicopters, and 17 Mi-8 Hip transport helicopters.[22] As of 2020, the 18th Guards Motorized Rifle Division was reconstituted, serving within the 13th Army Corps, headquartered in Kaliningrad.

As of 2008 the Baltic Fleet included about 75 combat ships of various types.[23] The main base is in Baltiysk and a second operational base is in Kronstadt. The Leningrad Naval Base is an administrative entity that is not a discrete geographic location but comprises all of the naval institutions and facilities in the St. Petersburg area.

During the 2010s renewed emphasis was placed on modernizing Russian naval capabilities.[24] In the Baltic, this process has proceeded slowly though there has been particular emphasis on acquiring new light units. New corvettes (of the Steregushchiy, Buyan-M and Karakurt classes) have been incrementally added to the fleet with additional vessels from the Karakurt, and potentially the Steregushchiy-class, anticipated in the 2020s - though not necessarily at a rate that will be sufficient to replace the fleet's older Soviet-era corvettes and missile boats on a one-for-one basis.[25] Nevertheless, utilizing Russia's internal waterways, additional cruise missile-armed light units, drawn from Russia's other Western fleets or from the Caspian Flotilla, have the capacity to reinforce the Baltic Fleet as may be needed.[26][27] A further aspect of modernization has focused on the build-up of Russian shore-based anti-ship and air defence capabilities in the Kaliningrad region.[28]

In contrast to the three other Russian fleets, the Baltic Fleet's submarine capabilities are extremely modest with just one older Kilo-class boat deployed in 2020, largely for training purposes. Nevertheless, a strengthening of these capabilities in the 2020s was being considered with various options (including both Improved Kilos and/or new Lada-class submarines) apparently on the table.[29]

Training and readiness levels have also been emphasized to be of key importance. In June 2016, fleet commander Vice Admiral Viktor Kravchuk and his chief of staff, Vice Admiral Sergei Popov, were dismissed for "serious training shortcomings and distortion of the real situation". N. G. Kuznetsov Naval Academy commander Vice Admiral Alexander Nosatov was made acting commander of the fleet, a position in which he was confirmed on 17 September.[30]

Analysis undertaken by Anders Nielsen of the Royal Danish Defence College in 2019 concludes that the Russian Baltic Fleet is oriented to contributing to Russian global deployment and expeditionary operations in peacetime. However, it is also the smallest of the Russian Navy's four principal fleets (in terms of surface warships and submarines combined) and therefore, due to its limited strength, would play primarily a defensive role in the Baltic Sea in most conflict or wartime scenarios.[31]

On Russia's "Navy Day" on July 31, 2022, President Putin reportedly indicated that the Baltic Fleet was to be prioritized for modernization in the coming years. The pending entry of Sweden and Finland into NATO - in response to Russian invasion of Ukraine - would significantly strengthen NATO naval forces in the Baltic, particularly taking into account the strength of the Swedish Navy's submarine fleet. Russian commentators suggested that a modernization and expansion of Russian submarine forces in the Baltic would therefore likely be a priority in the coming years.[32]

Russian Invasion of Ukraine

[edit]

Deployed in Ukraine since the start of the invasion in 2022, the Baltic Fleet's 11th Army Corps has suffered heavy losses according to Forbes.[33]

Order of battle

[edit]

The Baltic Fleet is subordinate to Russia's Western Military District (headquartered in St. Petersburg), which also incorporates Russia's strongest ground and air formations. The Kaliningrad region serves as the principal base area for the Baltic Fleet and therefore hosts significant land and air forces, both to defend Kaliningrad and to extend Russian shore-based air and sea denial capabilities (A2/AD) into the Baltic Sea and region.[34]

Surface vessels and submarines

[edit]
class=notpageimage|
Ground Combat formations of the Baltic Fleet and nearby Polish Army formations
Prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the 18th Guards Motor Rifle Division reportedly fielded 10 Motor Rifle Battalions[35]
Another brigade of the Polish 16th Mech Division is to the east of the 15th Mech Bde

12th Surface ship Division

Leningrad Naval Base

Baltyysk Naval Base (Kaliningrad)

Other vessels:

Patrol/anti-saboteur boats

Intelligence vessels

Training vessels

Fleet oilers/support vessels

  • Altay-class: 2 vessels (Elnya and Kola;[101] Kola active as of 2021)[53]
  • Project 304-class Repair Ships: 3 vessels (PM-30, PM-86, PM-82 - PM-82 deployed to the Mediterranean as of March 2022)[102][103]

Hydrographic survey vessels

  • Yug-class (Project 862): 1 vessel (Nikolay Matusevich)[104]

Aviation and Air Defence Forces

[edit]
  • 132nd Mixed Aviation Division: (HQ: Kaliningrad)[38][105] (Information on fixed-wing fighter units updated to October 2019; helicopter/transport aircraft data may be older unless indicated)
The Russian Baltic Fleet Naval Infantry Forces
  • 44th Air Defence Division[38][112]
    • 183rd Guards Air Defence Missile Regiment (Two battalions with S-300P SAMs; four battalions with S-400 SAMs; six Pantsir-S1 SAM systems), in Gvardeysk[76]
    • 1545th Air Defence Missile Regiment (Two battalions with S-400 SAMs), in Znamensk (both 183rd and 1545th Air Defence Regiments were equipped with S-400 SAM systems starting in 2019.[107])

Baltic Fleet Coastal Forces

[edit]

In 2022, elements of the 11th Army Corps and the 18th Mortor Rifle Division were reportedly heavily engaged in combat in from the start of the invasion of Ukraine.[127][128][129] They are also reported to have sustained heavy losses.[33]

Logistics

[edit]

Among the materiel support bases of the Baltic Fleet is the arsenal (complex storage of missiles, ammunition and explosive materials, 2nd category), Military Unit 55443-ЛЙ (-25) (formerly the 15th Arsenal of the Navy, military unit 69233, since 2010 7082nd Technical Mine-Torpedo Base of the Navy, 1st grade, military unit 81263), located at Bolshaya Izhora, Lomonosovsky District, Leningrad Oblast.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ See Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)#Russian Mediterranean expedition
  2. ^ "MSN". MSN.
  3. ^ "Baltic fleet official site".
  4. ^ "Baltic Fleet turns 307". RusNavy.com. 18 May 2010. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
  5. ^ "Early Radio Transmission Recognized as Milestone". IEEE. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2006.
  6. ^ Crisher & Souva. "Power At Sea: A Naval Power Dataset, 1865-2011" (PDF). p. 17,30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  7. ^ During 1915–1917 the Estonian Master Mariner Johann Kalmar had command of Svjatitel Nikolai and then "Oland". Kalmar had been forcibly conscripted into the Tsar's Navy in 1914. He managed to evade the Bolsheviks ("Reds") communists during the second upheaval of 1917, the "October Revolution" and was later one of the founders of the merchant shipping firm Merilaid & Co.
  8. ^ "Sotasurmat/ Helsinki maaliskuussa 1917/ Itämeren laivaston alukset". www.helsinki.fi. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
  9. ^ http://naval.review.cfps.dal.ca/forum/pdf/08-02-Shirlaw-Submarines_Burrard.pdf [permanent dead link‍]
  10. ^ Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies 1718–1990, Polmar, N. and Noot, J., Page 63, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 1990 ISBN 0-87021-570-1
  11. ^ "Finnish Navy in World War II". Archived from the original on 15 May 2007.
  12. ^ a b c d "ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Военная история ]-- Боевой путь Советского Военно-Морского Флота". militera.lib.ru. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008.
  13. ^ "Bolshevik Navy Campaigns 1918-19". Archived from the original on 6 February 2006. Retrieved 8 April 2006.
  14. ^ "Moscow's Week". Time. 9 October 1939. Archived from the original on 27 August 2013.
  15. ^ Smith, David J. (2002). The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Psychology Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-415-28580-1.
  16. ^ Keskinen, Kalevi; Mäntykoski, Jorma, eds. (1991). The Finnish Navy At War in 1939–1945 (Suomen Laivasto Sodassa 1939–1945). Espoo: Tietoteos Ky. p. 153. ISBN 951-8919-05-4. OL 1778118M.
  17. ^ "History – Sweden – issues, growth, future, power, policy, Sweden and Neutrality". www.nationsencyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2006.
  18. ^ a b Боевой путь Советского Военно-морсого Флота, Военное Издательство, Moscow, 1988
  19. ^ "Admiral Liina appointed as commander of Russia's Pacific Fleet — source". TASS. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  20. ^ Viitasalo, Mikko; Österlund, Bo (1996). "The Baltic – Sea of Changes" (PDF). Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  21. ^ a b c Warfare.be, Navy Archived 3 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ IISS (2007). The Military Balance 2007. London: Routledge for the IISS. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-85743-437-8.
  23. ^ Kommersant VLAST, No.7(760) 25 February 2008
  24. ^ "Analysis: Baltic Sea Heating up as Friction Point Between U.S., NATO and Russia". 25 April 2016.
  25. ^ "In 2019 the Baltic Fleet was replenished with ships and latest military equipment". 3 January 2020.
  26. ^ "Analysis: Zeleny Dol corvette passes successful trials". 18 September 2020.
  27. ^ "Russian naval forces start Ocean Shield 2020 drills in Baltic Sea". 5 August 2020.
  28. ^ "Maritime Security Issues in the Baltic Sea Region - Foreign Policy Research Institute". 22 July 2020.
  29. ^ "Analysis: Latest Russian Navy contracts offer development conclusions". 16 September 2020.
  30. ^ "Вице-адмирал Носатов назначен командующим Балтийским флотом" [Vice Admiral Nosatov appointed Baltic Fleet commander]. TASS (in Russian). 22 September 2016. Archived from the original on 25 September 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  31. ^ a b c Nielsen, Anders Puck (2019). "Sømilitær vurdering af Ruslands Østersøflåde og de militære implikationer for Danmark". Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies. 2: 148–164. doi:10.31374/sjms.27.
  32. ^ "Russian shipbuilding program to be modified under new naval doctrine". 9 August 2022.
  33. ^ a b David Axe (27 October 2022). "12,000 Russian Troops Were Supposed To Defend Kaliningrad. Then They Went To Ukraine To Die". Forbes.
  34. ^ Kalev Stoicescu; Henrik Praks (18 April 2016). Strengthening the Strategic Balance in the Baltic Sea Area (PDF). ICDS. ISBN 978-9949-9448-5-9. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  35. ^ Michael Kofman (22 March 2021). "Russian Forces in Kaliningrad: Implications of the newly formed 18th Guards Motor Rifle Division – Russia Military Analysis". Russianmilitaryanalysis.wordpress.com. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  36. ^ "128th Missile Ship Brigade". www.ww2.dk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  37. ^ "Russian Neustrashimyy patrol ship to re-join Baltic Fleet in April". 6 April 2022.
  38. ^ a b c d e f "A look at the Baltic Fleet and the defense of Kaliningrad". 6 April 2020.
  39. ^ "Russian Navy's guard ship wraps up Baltic tests after upgrade".
  40. ^ "Russian guard ship to rejoin Baltic Fleet in February after repairs - Military & Defense". TASS. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  41. ^ "Yantar Shipyard has to complete overhaul of Russian Navy Neustrashimy Yastreb-class frigate". 7 February 2021.
  42. ^ "На борту сторожевого корабля "Неустрашимый" прошло занятие с офицерами Балтфлота". Центральный Военно-Морской Портал.
  43. ^ "ЦАМТО / / ПСЗ "Янтарь" завершил ремонт и модернизацию СКР "Неустрашимый"".
  44. ^ a b c "Russian Navy ships deploy to sea for drills as NATO holds massive Baltic maneuvers". TASS.
  45. ^ "Russia Navy's corvette Steregushchy to be armed with Kalibr missiles & Poliment-Redut air defense system". Navy Recognition. 9 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  46. ^ a b Candlin, Alex (9 June 2023). "Royal Navy and Royal Air Force deployed to shadow Russian warships". Forces.net.
  47. ^ a b @NavyLookout (28 April 2023). "@HMSDefender has been shadowing 3 Russian warships on their way to the Baltic - returning home after 18 months on operations in the Mediterranean" (Tweet). Retrieved 28 April 2023 – via Twitter.
  48. ^ a b "Russian forces in the Mediterranean - Wk42/2022".
  49. ^ a b "Russian Baltic Fleet corvettes embark on long-distance deployment". TASS.
  50. ^ "Interfax-AVN, Moscow, 0930 and 1250 GMT 16 May 13". Archived from the original on 10 November 2013.
  51. ^ "Russian Baltic Fleet Deploys 20 Vessels – SeaWaves Magazine". Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  52. ^ "Rondeli Russian Military Digest: Issue 80, 22 March - 28 March 2021".
  53. ^ a b "A detachment of ships of the Baltic Fleet, performing the tasks of a long-distance campaign, went to the Atlantic Ocean : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation".
  54. ^ a b c "6 Russian Warships and Submarine Now Entering Black Sea Towards Ukraine". 8 February 2022.
  55. ^ a b c Newdick, Thomas (21 January 2022). "Russia's Landing Ships Are Headed To The Mediterranean To Join A Growing Armada (Updated)". Thedrive.com. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  56. ^ a b c Thomas Newdick (17 January 2022). "Russian Landing Ships Leave Baltic Sea Raising Concerns That Ukraine May Be Their Final Destination (Updated)". Thedrive.com. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  57. ^ a b "Russia builds up forces on Ukrainian border". politico.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  58. ^ a b c "Baltic Fleet Amphibious Ships Train in Minelaying – SeaWaves Magazine". Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  59. ^ a b "Foreign Warships on Bosphorus in 2021". 22 February 2021.
  60. ^ a b "Russia Just Repaired the Largest Amphibious Assault Hovercraft Ever". 3 March 2021.
  61. ^ "Малый десантный корабль "Мордовия" Балтийского флота выполнил минные постановки в морском полигоне : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации".
  62. ^ "Two high-speed amphibious assault boats enter service with Russia's Baltic Fleet".
  63. ^ "Russian Baltic Fleet diesel-electric sub dives to 190m depth in drills".
  64. ^ "The crew of the DES Dmitrov conducted torpedo firing in the Baltic Sea : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation".
  65. ^ a b c d "Russian Baltic Fleet warships hold artillery firings in Gulf of Finland".
  66. ^ "Firefighting boats - Project 364". russianships.info.
  67. ^ a b "Inshore minesweeper - Project 10750".
  68. ^ "Icebreakers - Project 97". Russianships.info. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  69. ^ "Icebreaker Buran Keep Sea Lanes Open for Baltic Fleet Ships – SeaWaves Magazine". Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  70. ^ "Russian Parchim-class corvettes train fire at air targets in Baltic Sea". Navyrecognition.com. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  71. ^ a b "Russian Baltic Fleet ships eliminate enemy sub in anti-submarine warfare drills".
  72. ^ a b c d e f "Корабли, катера и суда обеспечения Балтийского флота вышли в море в рамках плановых мероприятий боевой подготовки". Russian Federation Ministry of Defence. 24 January 2022.
  73. ^ "Russian Navy's minesweepers conduct an exercise in Baltic Sea". Navyrecognition.com. 26 January 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  74. ^ "Coastal minesweeper - Project 1265". russianships.info.
  75. ^ "Russian Navy minesweepers conducts drills in Baltic Sea". 17 March 2022.
  76. ^ a b "Russian Military Forces: Interactive Map".
  77. ^ "Alexandrit Class (Project 12700) Mine Countermeasures Vessels - Naval Technology".
  78. ^ a b "ЦАМТО / / Владимир Путин принял участие в церемонии поднятия Военно-морских флагов на трех новых кораблях". armstrade.org (in Russian). 25 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  79. ^ "36th Missile Ship Brigade". www.ww2.dk. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013.
  80. ^ "Russian Navy Moves Guided Missile Ships to Baltic".
  81. ^ "Russian Grad corvette to operate in Baltic fleet". www.navyrecognition.com. 3 September 2020.
  82. ^ a b c d "Russian Baltic Fleet ships strike enemy air targets with artillery guns in drills".
  83. ^ "Three combat ships join Russia's Navy in special ceremony Dec 29".
  84. ^ "Russian Buyan class M corvette Grad conducts firing trials in Baltic Sea". 10 October 2022.
  85. ^ "Analysis: Russian Navy Odintsovo corvette to undergo Arctic trials". 18 August 2020.
  86. ^ "Russian Navy gets lead cruise missile corvette". Archived from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  87. ^ a b "Корабли Балтийского флота провели артиллерийские стрельбы". Russian Federation Ministry of Defence. 25 January 2022.
  88. ^ a b "OSINT: Concentration Of Five Russian Warships In North Sea". Covert Shores. 3 May 2023.
  89. ^ "BF missile ships destroyed mock coastal and sea targets with Kalibr cruise missiles : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation".
  90. ^ "NATO's Worst Nightmare: Russia's Kaliningrad is Armed to the Teeth". 25 May 2018.
  91. ^ "The True Face of the Baltic Fleet". 12 October 2019.
  92. ^ "Anti-saboteur boats - Project 21980".
  93. ^ "В состав Балтийского флота вошли два новых противодиверсионных катера "Грачонок"". Russian Federation Ministry of Defence. 23 June 2022.
  94. ^ "Новый противодиверсионный катер Балтийского флота назван в честь Героя Российской Федерации гвардии капитана Владимира Носова". Russian Federation Ministry of Defence. 23 June 2022.
  95. ^ "ЦАМТО / / Противодиверсионный катер "Грачонок" пополнил состав ВМФ России".
  96. ^ "Patrol boats - Project 03160".
  97. ^ "Bullying in the Baltic Sea". 20 July 2017.
  98. ^ "French Navy Shadows Russian AGI Vasiliy Tatishchev – SeaWaves Magazine". Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  99. ^ "Project 1388NZ Communication boat".
  100. ^ "Учебный корабль "Смольный" прибыл на Северный флот : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации".
  101. ^ "Medium seagoing tanker - Project 160".
  102. ^ "Russian forces in the Mediterranean - Wk10/2022". Russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  103. ^ "Floating workshops - Project 304". Russianships.info. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  104. ^ "Hydrographic survey vessel - Project 862".
  105. ^ "НАТО так надо: новые авиадивизии закроют небо над Балтикой и Крымом". 30 October 2019.
  106. ^ "Russia Military Analysis". Russia Military Analysis.
  107. ^ a b c d "Fortress Kaliningrad Ever Closer to Moscow" (PDF). 7 November 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  108. ^ a b "Russian Air Force - Today". www.easternorbat.com.
  109. ^ "ЦАМТО / / Морская авиация Балтийского флота получила звено новых истребителей Су-30СМ2". Armstrade.org. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  110. ^ "ЦАМТО / Новости / Около 20 экипажей морской авиации Балтфлота выполнят перелет на аэродром Чкаловск после завершения его реконструкции". Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  111. ^ "Russia strengthens its forces on the Baltic Sea". 30 January 2018.
  112. ^ "Russian to Deploy S-300V4 Air Defense Missile Systems to Kaliningrad Region".
  113. ^ a b "Russian Military Forces: Interactive Map".
  114. ^ a b Catherine Harris; Frederick W. Kagan (10 March 2018). "Russia's Military Posture: Ground Forces Order of Battle" (PDF). Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  115. ^ "ЦАМТО / Новости / На вооружение армейского корпуса Балтфлота в 2020 году поступило 30 танков Т-72Б3М с улучшенными характеристиками". armstrade.org.
  116. ^ "Rondeli Russian Military Digest: Issue 77, 1 March - 7 March 2021".
  117. ^ "Baltic Fleet to set up new division in response to NATO's build-up near Russian borders".
  118. ^ a b "Russian Forces in Kaliningrad: Implications of the newly formed 18th Guards Motor Rifle Division". 22 March 2021.
  119. ^ a b c "Rondeli Russian Military Digest: Issue 81, 29 March - 9 May 2021".
  120. ^ a b "Rondeli Russian Military Digest: Issue 82, 10 May - 23 May 2021".
  121. ^ "Танковый полк Балтфлота привлечён к манёврам в Калининградской области -".
  122. ^ "Russia increases number of tanks in Kaliningrad". 28 January 2019.
  123. ^ "Russia adds firepower to Kaliningrad exclave citing NATO threat". Reuters. 7 December 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  124. ^ "Russian Airborne forces receive Sobolyatnik portable radar | June 2020 News Defense Global Security army industry | Defense Security global news industry army 2020 | Archive News year". 23 June 2020.
  125. ^ "В тылу сражений: Калининград защитят сверхдальние разведчики". 10 March 2021.
  126. ^ "Baltic Fleet's Tor-M2 missile systems down maneuvering fast-speed targets in drills".
  127. ^ "Russian units of 18th MRD transferred from Kaliningrad Oblast to the east of Ukraine". 2 April 2022.
  128. ^ "Institute for the Study of War".
  129. ^ "Ukraine's Counteroffensives in Kharkiv and Kherson and the Road Ahead | FDD's Long War Journal". 16 September 2022.
  130. ^ "Modernized Artillery for Russian Forces in Kaliningrad". 2 October 2019.
  131. ^ "Russian Military Transformation Tracker: Issue 1, August 2018-July 2019".
  132. ^ "Iskander tactical missile systems strike enemy facilities in Baltic Fleet drills".
  133. ^ "Побережье России прикрыли "ракетные монстры"". 7 January 2018.
  134. ^ "Russian Navy strengthens its coastal missile brigades with BAL and BASTION systems". 16 January 2018.
  135. ^ "Rondeli Russian Military Digest: Issue 90, 12 July - 18 July 2021".
  136. ^ "Monolit-BR coastal defence radars enter service with Russia's Western Military District".
  137. ^ "Rondeli Russian Military Digest: Issue 90, 12 July - 18 July 2021". gfsis.org. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baltic Fleet.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Fleet&oldid=1254566493"