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{{Short description|City in Hokkaido, Japan}}
{{About|the city in Japan}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Sapporo
| official_name      = City of Sapporo<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City of Sapporo |url=http://www.city.sapporo.jp/city/english/ |title=City of Sapporo |access-date=September 2, 2006 |archive-date=August 26, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826174803/http://www.city.sapporo.jp/city/english/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| native_name        = {{nobold|札幌市}}
| native_name_lang   = ja
| settlement_type    = [[Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan|Designated city]]
| other_name         = 
| image_skyline      = {{Multiple image
 |border                 = infobox
 |total_width            = 280
 |perrow                 = 1/2/2/2
 |image1                 = SapporoCity Skylines2020.jpg
 |alt1                   = Nighttime skyline
| caption1 = [[List of tallest buildings in Sapporo|Sapporo skyline]] from [[Asahiyama Memorial Park]]
 |image2                 = Sapporo Clock Tower (16144265946).jpg
 |alt2                   = Sapporo Clock Tower
| caption2 = [[Sapporo Clock Tower]]
 |image3                 = Odori Park Sapporo.JPG
 |alt3                   = Odori Park
| caption3 = [[Sapporo TV Tower]] in [[Odori Park]]
 |image4                 = Sapporo Beer Museum.JPG
 |alt4                   = Sapporo Beer Museum
| caption4 = [[Sapporo Beer Museum]]
 |image5                 = Susukino, Sapporo at night on July 17th, 2018.jpg
 |alt5                   = Susukino area
| caption5 = [[Susukino]] area
 |image6                 = 220722 Historical Village of Hokkaido Sapporo Hokkaido Japan01s5.jpg
 |alt6                   = Historical Village of Hokkaido
| caption6 = [[Historical Village of Hokkaido]]
 |image7                 = Hokkaido_Prefectural_Office02s5s4272.jpg
 |alt7                   = Former Hokkaido Government Office
| caption7 = [[Former Hokkaidō Government Office]]
 }}
| image_caption      = 
| image_flag         = Flag of Sapporo, Hokkaido.svg
| image_seal         = Emblem of Sapporo, Hokkaido.svg
| image_map          = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=yes|type=shape-inverse|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#5f5f5f|zoom=8}}
| map_caption        = Interactive map outlining Sapporo
| image_map1         = Location of Sapporo city Hokkaido Japan.svg
| mapsize1           = 300
| map_caption1       = {{color box|#ad4ce6}} Location of Sapporo in [[Hokkaido]] ([[Ishikari Subprefecture]])
| pushpin_map        = Japan
| pushpin_mapsize    = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Japan
| coordinates        = {{Coord|43|03|43|N|141|21|16|E|region:JP-01|display=it}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Japan}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[List of regions of Japan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Hokkaido]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Prefectures of Japan|Prefecture]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Hokkaido]] ([[Ishikari Subprefecture]])
| subdivision_type3  = [[Districts of Japan|District]]
| subdivision_name3  = 
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = [[Katsuhiro Akimoto]]
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_total_km2     = 1121.26
| population_total   = 1959750
| population_as_of   = July 31, 2023
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro   = 2,661,000
| timezone1          = [[Japan Standard Time|JST]]
| utc_offset1        = +09:00
| postal_code_type   = 
| postal_code        = 
| blank_name_sec1    = City hall address
| blank_info_sec1    = 2-1-1 Kita-ichijō-nishi, Chūō-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido<br />060-8611
| blank_name_sec2    = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info_sec2    = [[Humid continental climate|Dfa]]
| website            = {{URL|https://www.city.sapporo.jp/city/english}}
| module             = {{Infobox place symbols
 |embedded = yes
 |tree = [[Syringa|Lilac]]
 |flower = [[Lily of the valley]]
 |bird = [[Common cuckoo]]
 |butterfly = 
 |fish = 
 }}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Sapporo
| pic = Sapporo (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = "Sapporo" in ''[[kanji]]''
| picupright = 0.425
| kanji = 札幌
| kyujitai = 
| katakana = サッポロ
| hiragana = さっぽろ
| romaji = Sapporo
}}
{{nihongo|'''Sapporo'''{{efn|English pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|p|ɔːr|oʊ|,_|ˈ|s|ɑː|p|oʊ|r|oʊ}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|s|ɑː|ˈ|p|ɔːr|oʊ}}.}}|札幌市|Sapporo-shi|{{IPA|ja|sapːoɾo ɕi||TomJ-Sapporo.ogg}}}} is a city in [[Japan]]. It is the largest in northern Japan and the largest city in [[Hokkaido]], the northernmost main island of the country. It ranks as the [[List of cities in Japan|fifth most populous]] city in Japan with 1,959,750 residents as of July 31, 2023. It is the capital city of [[Hokkaido|Hokkaido Prefecture]] and [[Ishikari Subprefecture]]. Sapporo lies in the southwest of Hokkaido, within the [[alluvial fan]] of the [[Toyohira River]], which is a tributary stream of the [[Ishikari River|Ishikari]]. It is considered the cultural, economic, and political center of Hokkaido.

Sapporo hosted the [[1972 Winter Olympics]], the first Winter Olympics ever held in Asia, and the second Olympic games held in Japan after the [[1964 Summer Olympics]]. Sapporo recently dropped its bid for the [[2030 Winter Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yamaguchi |first=Mari |date=2023-10-11 |title=JOC, Sapporo announce decision to abandon bid for 2030 winter games, seek possible bid from 2034 on |url=https://apnews.com/article/japan-sapporo-olympic-bid-2030-tokyo-scandal-e1a46ba1ed7316121af0998271c0e03a |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=AP |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Sapporo Dome]] hosted three games during the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]] and two games during the [[2019 Rugby World Cup]]. Additionally, Sapporo has hosted the [[Asian Winter Games]] three times, in [[1986 Asian Winter Games|1986]], [[1990 Asian Winter Games|1990]], and [[2017 Asian Winter Games|2017]] and the [[1991 Winter Universiade]].

Sapporo is ranked second in the attractiveness ranking of cities in Japan.<ref>{{cite web |title=都道府県魅力度ランキング2024 [47都道府県完全版]|url=https://diamond.jp/articles/-/351956 |website=DIAMOND online |publisher=Brand Research Institute, Inc. |access-date=2024-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621005713/https://news.tiiki.jp/articles/4783|archive-date=June 21, 2023 |date=2022-11-17}}</ref> The annual [[Sapporo Snow Festival]] draws more than 2 million tourists.<ref>{{cite web |author=さっぽろ雪まつり実行委員会 |url=http://www.snowfes.com/zenkai/ |script-title=ja:前回のさっぽろ雪まつりの様子 |access-date=October 11, 2018 |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611033515/http://www.snowfes.com/zenkai/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Other notable sites include the [[Sapporo Beer Museum]]<ref>[http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/arrange/attractions/facilities/museums/83dn3a000000efpj.html Japan National Tourist Organization — Sapporo Beer Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615064700/http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/arrange/attractions/facilities/museums/83dn3a000000efpj.html |date=June 15, 2011 }}.</ref> and the [[Sapporo TV Tower]] located in [[Odori Park]]. It is home to [[Hokkaido University]], just north of [[Sapporo Station]]. The city is served by [[Okadama Airport]] and [[New Chitose Airport]] in nearby [[Chitose, Hokkaido|Chitose]].

==Overview==
===Etymology===
Sapporo's name is taken from [[Ainu language|Ainuic]] ''sat poro pet'' ({{lang|ain|サッ・ポロ・ペッ}}), which can be translated as "dry, great river", a reference to the Toyohira River.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city.sapporo.jp/minami/yawa/mokuji/1furusatono/furusatono.html |publisher=City of Sapporo |script-title=ja:ふるさとの川史話いっぱい |access-date=May 29, 2009 |archive-date=July 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702021750/http://www.city.sapporo.jp/minami/yawa/mokuji/1furusatono/furusatono.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Cityscape ===
<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" heights="130" perrow="3" caption="Gallery">
SapporoCity Skylines2020.jpg|Sapporo city skyline from [[Asahiyama Memorial Park]] (2020)
SapporoCity CBD.jpg|[[Central business district]] of Sapporo city at dusk (2020）
Susukino, Sapporo at night on July 17th, 2018.jpg|Downtown [[Susukino]] (2018）
Sapporo view of city from Sapporo TV tower - 2016 08 14.ogg|View of the city from above (2016)
Hokkaido University.jpg|A view of Sapporo city and Hokkaidō University (2009)
</gallery>

== Geography ==
[[File:Indicator map for Ishikari and Sorachi Subprefecture in Hokkaido Japan.svg|thumb|200px|Location of [[Ishikari Subprefecture]] in [[Hokkaido]]]]
Sapporo is a city located in the southwest part of Ishikari Plain and the [[alluvial fan]] of the [[Toyohira River]], a tributary stream of the [[Ishikari River]].<ref name="location">{{cite web |publisher=City of Sapporo |url=http://www.city.sapporo.jp/city/aramashi/ |script-title=ja:札幌市のあらまし |access-date=October 8, 2007 |archive-date=July 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702035912/http://www.city.sapporo.jp/city/aramashi/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It is part of [[Ishikari Subprefecture]]. Roadways in the urban district are laid to make a grid plan. The western and southern parts of Sapporo are occupied by a number of mountains including Mount Teine, Maruyama, and [[Mount Moiwa]], as well as many rivers including the Ishikari River, Toyohira River, and Sōsei River. Sapporo has an elevation of {{cvt|29|m|ftin}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Where is Sapporo, Japan? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/as/jp/01/where-is-sapporo.html |website=worldatlas.com |access-date=10 June 2019 |archive-date=July 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715031047/https://www.worldatlas.com/as/jp/01/where-is-sapporo.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sapporo has many parks, including Odori Park, which is located in the heart of the city and hosts a number of annual events and festivals throughout the year. [[Moerenuma Park]] is also one of the largest parks in Sapporo, and was constructed under the plan of [[Isamu Noguchi]], a Japanese-American artist and landscape architect.

Neighbouring cities are [[Ishikari, Hokkaido|Ishikari]], [[Ebetsu, Hokkaido|Ebetsu]], [[Kitahiroshima, Hokkaido|Kitahiroshima]], [[Eniwa, Hokkaido|Eniwa]], [[Chitose, Hokkaido|Chitose]], [[Otaru, Hokkaido|Otaru]], [[Date, Hokkaido|Date]], and adjoining towns are [[Tōbetsu, Hokkaido|Tōbetsu]], [[Kimobetsu, Hokkaido|Kimobetsu]], [[Kyōgoku, Hokkaido|Kyōgoku]].

=== Climate ===
{{climate chart
| Sapporo
|−6.4|-0.4|108.4
|−6.2|0.4|91.9
|−2.4|4.5|77.6
|3.4|11.7|54.6
|9.0|17.9|55.5
|13.4|21.8|60.4
|17.9|25.4|90.7
|19.1|26.4|126.8
|14.8|22.8|142.2
|8.0|16.4|109.9
|1.6|8.7|113.8
|-4.0|2.0|114.5
|float=auto
|clear=none
|units=Metric
}}

Sapporo has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfa''), with a wide range of temperature between the summer and winter. Summers are generally warm and humid, but not oppressively hot, and winters are cold and very snowy, with an average snowfall of {{cvt|4.79|m|ftin}} per year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=14&prec_ch=%90%CE%8E%EB%8Ex%92%A1&block_no=47412&block_ch=%8ED%96y&year=&month=&day=&elm=normal&view= |script-title=ja:気象庁 &#124; 平年値（年・月ごとの値） |publisher=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]] |language=ja |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225151405/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=14&prec_ch=%90%CE%8E%EB%8Ex%92%A1&block_no=47412&block_ch=%8ED%96y&year=&month=&day=&elm=normal&view=%20 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sapporo is one of few metropolises in the world with such heavy snowfall,<ref>{{cite web |last1=City of Sapporo |title=General Overview of Sapporo |url=http://www.city.sapporo.jp:80/kokusai/handbook/file/en-01.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205170236/http://www.city.sapporo.jp/kokusai/handbook/file/en-01.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2007 |access-date=30 March 2018 |language=en, ja}}</ref> enabling it to hold events and festivals with snow statues. The heavy snowfall is due to the [[Siberian High]] developing over the Eurasian land mass and the [[Aleutian Low]] developing over the northern Pacific Ocean, resulting in a flow of cold air southeastward across Tsushima Current and to western Hokkaido. The city's annual average precipitation is around {{cvt|1100|mm|1}}, and the mean annual temperature is {{cvt|8.5|°C|1}}.<ref name="normals" />

The highest temperature ever recorded in Sapporo was {{cvt|36.3|C}} on August 23, 2023.<ref name="extremes" /> The coldest temperature ever recorded was {{cvt|-28.5|C}} on 1 February 1929.<ref name="extremes" />
{{Weather box
|location = Sapporo (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1877−present)
|single line = Y
|metric first = Y
|Jan record high C = 11.2
|Feb record high C = 10.8
|Mar record high C = 18.3
|Apr record high C = 28.0
|May record high C = 33.7
|Jun record high C = 34.2
|Jul record high C = 36.0
|Aug record high C = 36.3
|Sep record high C = 32.7
|Oct record high C = 27.3
|Nov record high C = 22.4
|Dec record high C = 14.8
|Jan record low C = -27.0
|Feb record low C = -28.5
|Mar record low C = -22.6
|Apr record low C = -14.6
|May record low C = -4.2
|Jun record low C = 0.0
|Jul record low C = 5.2
|Aug record low C = 5.3
|Sep record low C = -0.9
|Oct record low C = -4.4
|Nov record low C = -15.5
|Dec record low C = -24.7
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 108.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 91.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 77.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 54.6
|May precipitation mm = 55.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 60.4
|Jul precipitation mm = 90.7
|Aug precipitation mm = 126.8
|Sep precipitation mm = 142.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 109.9
|Nov precipitation mm = 113.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 114.5
|year precipitation mm = 1146.1
|Jan mean C = -3.2
|Feb mean C = -2.7
|Mar mean C = 1.1
|Apr mean C = 7.3
|May mean C = 13.0
|Jun mean C = 17.0
|Jul mean C = 21.1
|Aug mean C = 22.3
|Sep mean C = 18.6
|Oct mean C = 12.1
|Nov mean C = 5.2
|Dec mean C = -0.9
|year mean C = 9.2
|Jan high C = -0.4
|Feb high C = 0.4
|Mar high C = 4.5
|Apr high C = 11.7
|May high C = 17.9
|Jun high C = 21.8
|Jul high C = 25.4
|Aug high C = 26.4
|Sep high C = 22.8
|Oct high C = 16.4
|Nov high C = 8.7
|Dec high C = 2.0
|year high C = 13.1
|Jan low C = -6.4
|Feb low C = -6.2
|Mar low C = -2.4
|Apr low C = 3.4
|May low C = 9.0
|Jun low C = 13.4
|Jul low C = 17.9
|Aug low C = 19.1
|Sep low C = 14.8
|Oct low C = 8.0
|Nov low C = 1.6
|Dec low C = -4.0
|year low C = 5.7
|Jan avg record high C = 5.1
|Feb avg record high C = 7.0
|Mar avg record high C = 12.3
|Apr avg record high C = 21.3
|May avg record high C = 27.4
|Jun avg record high C = 29.0
|Jul avg record high C = 31.4
|Aug avg record high C = 32.0
|Sep avg record high C = 28.8
|Oct avg record high C = 22.7
|Nov avg record high C = 17.2
|Dec avg record high C = 9.4
|year avg record high C = 32.7
|Jan avg record low C = -11.8
|Feb avg record low C = -11.7
|Mar avg record low C = -7.9
|Apr avg record low C = -1.4
|May avg record low C = 3.9
|Jun avg record low C = 9.0
|Jul avg record low C = 13.7
|Aug avg record low C = 14.7
|Sep avg record low C = 8.7
|Oct avg record low C = 2.1
|Nov avg record low C = -4.6
|Dec avg record low C = -9.0
|year avg record low C = -12.8
|Jan humidity = 69
|Feb humidity = 68
|Mar humidity = 65
|Apr humidity = 61
|May humidity = 65
|Jun humidity = 72
|Jul humidity = 75
|Aug humidity = 75
|Sep humidity = 71
|Oct humidity = 67
|Nov humidity = 67
|Dec humidity = 68
|year humidity = 69
|Jan sun = 90.4
|Feb sun = 103.5
|Mar sun = 144.7
|Apr sun = 175.8
|May sun = 200.4
|Jun sun = 180.0
|Jul sun = 168.0
|Aug sun = 168.1
|Sep sun = 159.3
|Oct sun = 145.9
|Nov sun = 99.1
|Dec sun = 82.7
|year sun = 1718.0
|snow colour =
|Jan snow cm = 137
|Feb snow cm = 116
|Mar snow cm = 74
|Apr snow cm = 6
|May snow cm = 0
|Jun snow cm = 0
|Jul snow cm = 0
|Aug snow cm = 0
|Sep snow cm = 0
|Oct snow cm = 1
|Nov snow cm = 30
|Dec snow cm = 113
|year snow cm = 479

|unit snow days = 0.2 cm
|Jan snow days = 29.1
|Feb snow days = 25.2
|Mar snow days = 22.5
|Apr snow days = 6.7
|May snow days = 0.1
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.9
|Nov snow days = 13.5
|Dec snow days = 26.8
|year snow days = 124.4
|Jan snow depth cm = 76
|Feb snow depth cm = 95
|Mar snow depth cm = 82
|Apr snow depth cm = 22
|May snow depth cm = 0
|Jun snow depth cm = 0
|Jul snow depth cm = 0
|Aug snow depth cm = 0
|Sep snow depth cm = 0
|Oct snow depth cm = 1
|Nov snow depth cm = 15
|Dec snow depth cm = 47
|year snow depth cm = 97
|unit precipitation days = 0.5 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 22.1
|Feb precipitation days = 19.2
|Mar precipitation days = 18.3
|Apr precipitation days = 12.3
|May precipitation days = 10.2
|Jun precipitation days = 9.3
|Jul precipitation days = 9.4
|Aug precipitation days = 10.5
|Sep precipitation days = 11.7
|Oct precipitation days = 14.0
|Nov precipitation days = 18.3
|Dec precipitation days = 19.9
|year precipitation days = 175.1
| Jan uv =1
| Feb uv =1
| Mar uv =1
| Apr uv =3
| May uv =4
| Jun uv =5
| Jul uv =5
| Aug uv =5
| Sep uv =4
| Oct uv =2
| Nov uv =1
| Dec uv =1
| Jan dew point C = -8
| Feb dew point C = -8
| Mar dew point C = -5
| Apr dew point C = -1
| May dew point C = 6
| Jun dew point C = 12
| Jul dew point C = 16
| Aug dew point C = 18
| Sep dew point C = 13
| Oct dew point C = 6
| Nov dew point C = 0
| Dec dew point C = -6
|source 1 = Japan Meteorological Agency<ref name = "normals">{{cite web |url=https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=14&block_no=47412&year=&month=1&day=&view=h0 |script-title=ja:気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値） |publisher=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]] |access-date=May 19, 2021 |archive-date=February 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208031439/https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=14&block_no=47412&year=&month=1&day=&view=h0 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "extremes">{{cite web |url=https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=14&block_no=47412&year=&month=13&day=&view=h0 |script-title=ja:観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値） |publisher=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]] |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=March 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301142224/https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=14&block_no=47412&year=&month=13&day=&view=h0 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|source 2 = Weather Atlas (UV),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/japan/sapporo-climate |title=Sapporo, Japan – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709165737/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/japan/sapporo-climate |url-status=live}}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005–2015),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/japan/sapporo/climate |title=Climate & Weather Averages in Sapporo |publisher=Time and Date |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=August 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806101341/https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/japan/sapporo/climate |url-status=live}}</ref> Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/mete4-699-1886-2021.php |title=Météo climat stats for Sapporo |publisher=Météo Climat |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083740/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/mete4-699-1886-2021.php |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/mete8-699-1886-2021.php |title=Météo climat stats for Sapporo |publisher=Météo Climat |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083748/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/mete8-699-1886-2021.php |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
<div style="width: 80%;"></div>
{{Graph:Weather monthly history
| table=Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Sapporo.tab
| title=Sapporo temperature
}}

===Area===
==== Wards ====
Sapporo currently has ten {{Nihongo|[[Wards of Japan|wards]]|区|ku}}.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
|-
!
! style="width: 190px;" |Name
![[Kanji]]
!Population
!''Land area in km<sup>2</sup>''
!Pop. density
''per km<sup>2</sup>''
!Map of Sapporo
|-
| style="text-align: center;" "width: 20px;" | 1
|[[Atsubetsu-ku, Sapporo|Atsubetsu-ku]]
|{{Nihongo2|厚別区}}
|127,299
|24.38
|5,221
| rowspan="24" |[[File:Wards of Sapporo.png|center|border|400px|A map of Sapporo's Wards]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2
| [[Chūō-ku, Sapporo|Chūō-ku]]
| {{Nihongo2|中央区}}
|237,761
|46.42
|5,122
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 3
| [[Higashi-ku, Sapporo|Higashi-ku]]
| {{Nihongo2|東区}}
|261,901
|56.97
|4,597
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 4
| [[Kita-ku, Sapporo|Kita-ku]]
| {{Nihongo2|北区}}
|286,026
|63.57
|4,499
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 5
| [[Kiyota-ku, Sapporo|Kiyota-ku]]
| {{Nihongo2|清田区}}
|113,556
|59.87
|1,897
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 6
| [[Minami-ku, Sapporo|Minami-ku]]
| {{Nihongo2|南区}}
|136,774
|657.48
|208
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 7
| [[Nishi-ku, Sapporo|Nishi-ku]]
| {{Nihongo2|西区}}
|216,835
|75.10
|2,887
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 8
| [[Shiroishi-ku, Sapporo|Shiroishi-ku]]
| {{Nihongo2|白石区}}
|213,310
|34.47
|6,188
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 9
| [[Teine-ku, Sapporo|Teine-ku]]
| {{Nihongo2|手稲区}}
|141,886
|56.77
|2,499
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 10
| [[Toyohira-ku, Sapporo|Toyohira-ku]]
| {{Nihongo2|豊平区}}
|223,408
|46.23
|4,833
|-
|}

===Demographics===
The first census of the population of Sapporo was taken in 1873, when 753 families with a total of 1,785 people were recorded in the town.<ref>{{cite book |title=Le Japon à l'exposition universelle de 1878. Géographie et histoire du Japon |author=Japanese Imperial Commission |date=1878 |language=fr |page=31}}</ref> The city has an estimated population of 1,959,750 as of July 31, 2023 and a [[population density]] of 1,748 persons per km<sup>2</sup> (4,500 persons per mi<sup>2</sup>). The total area is {{cvt|1121.26|km2|2|lk=out}}.

{{Historical populations
|title = Historical population
|align = center|cols=2
|source = [[Statistics Bureau (Japan)|Statistics Bureau]] [http://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/GL02100104.do?tocd=00200521 ]

|1873 |1785
|1920 |105182
|1925 |149314
|1930 |174179
|1935 |196541
|1940 |206103
|1950 |313850
|1955 |426620
|1960 |523839
|1965 |794908
|1970 |1010123
|1975 |1240613
|1980 |1401757
|1985 |1542979
|1990 |1671742
|1995 |1757025
|2000 |1822368
|2005 |1880863
|2010 |1913545
|2015 |1952356
|2020 |1970277
}}
===Surrounding municipalities===
;[[Ishikari Subprefecture]]
*[[Ebetsu]]
*[[Kitahiroshima, Hokkaido|Kitahiroshima]]
*[[Ishikari, Hokkaido|Ishikari]]
*[[Eniwa, Hokkaido|Eniwa]]
*[[Chitose, Hokkaido|Chitose]]
*[[Ishikari District, Hokkaido|Ishikari District]]：[[Tōbetsu, Hokkaido|Tōbetsu]]
;[[Shiribeshi Subprefecture]]
*[[Otaru]]
*[[Abuta District, Hokkaido|Abuta District]]：[[Kimobetsu, Hokkaido|Kimobetsu]]
*[[Abuta District, Hokkaido|Abuta District]]：[[Kyōgoku, Hokkaido|Kyōgoku]]
*[[Yoichi District, Hokkaido|Yoichi District]]：[[Akaigawa, Hokkaido|Akaigawa]]
;[[Iburi Subprefecture]]
*[[Date, Hokkaido|Date]]

== History ==
=== Early history ===
Before its establishment, the area occupied by Sapporo (Ishikari Plain,around  [[Ishikari, Hokkaido]]) was home to indigenous [[Ainu people|Ainu]] settlements.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7437244.stm Recognition at last for Japan's Ainu ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108102235/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7437244.stm |date=November 8, 2017 }}". BBC News. July 6, 2008</ref> In 1866, at the end of the [[Edo period]], construction began on a canal through the area, encouraging a number of early settlers to establish Sapporo village.<ref name=city>{{cite web |url=http://hometown.infocreate.co.jp/hokkaido/sapporo/rekisi.html |script-title=ja:サイト閉鎖のお知らせ |access-date=October 7, 2007 |archive-date=June 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619005223/http://hometown.infocreate.co.jp/hokkaido/sapporo/rekisi.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1868, the officially recognized year celebrated as the "birth" of Sapporo, the new [[Meiji period|Meiji]] government concluded that the existing administrative center of Hokkaido, which at the time was the port of [[Hakodate, Hokkaido|Hakodate]], was in an unsuitable location for defense and further development of the island. As a result, it was determined that a new capital on the Ishikari Plain should be established. The plain itself provided an unusually large expanse of flat, well-drained land which is relatively uncommon in the otherwise mountainous geography of Hokkaido.

During 1870–1871, [[Kuroda Kiyotaka]], vice-chairman of the Hokkaido Development Commission (Kaitaku-shi), approached the American government for assistance in developing the land. As a result, [[Horace Capron]], [[United States Secretary of Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]] under President [[Ulysses S. Grant]], became an ''[[oyatoi gaikokujin]]'' and was appointed as a special advisor to the commission. Construction began around [[Odori Park]], which still remains as a green ribbon of recreational land bisecting the central area of the city. The city closely followed a [[grid plan]] with streets at right-angles to form city blocks. The continuing expansion of the Japanese into around Hokkaido continued, and the prosperity of Hokkaido and particularly its capital grew to the point that the Development Commission was deemed unnecessary and was abolished in 1882. In 1871, the [[Hokkaidō Shrine]] was built in its current location as the Sapporo Shrine.

[[Edwin Dun]] came to Sapporo to establish sheep and cattle ranches in 1876. He also demonstrated pig raising and the making of butter, cheese, ham and sausage. He was married twice, to Japanese women. He once went back to the US in 1883 but returned to Japan as a secretary of government. [[William S. Clark]], who was the president of the Massachusetts Agricultural College (now the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]]), came to be the founding vice-president of the [[Sapporo Agricultural College]] (now [[Hokkaido University]]) for only eight months from 1876 to 1877. He taught academic subjects in science and lectured on the Bible as an "ethics" course, introducing Christian principles to the first entering class of the college.

In 1880, the entire area of Sapporo was renamed as "Sapporo-ku" (Sapporo Ward),<ref name=2nd>{{Nihongo|New Sapporo History 2nd edition|新札幌市史　第2巻|Shin Sapporo Shishi}}</ref> and a railroad between Sapporo and Temiya, [[Otaru, Hokkaido|Otaru]] was laid. That year the [[Hōheikan]], a hotel and reception facility for visiting officials and dignitaries, was built adjacent to the Odori Park. It was later moved to [[Nakajima Park]] where it remains today. Two years later, with the abolition of the Kaitaku-shi, Hokkaidō was divided into three prefectures: Hakodate, Sapporo, and Nemuro. The name of the urban district in Sapporo remained Sapporo-ku, while the rest of the area in Sapporo-ku was changed to Sapporo-gun. The office building of Sapporo-ku was also located in the urban district.<ref name=2nd/>

Sapporo, Hakodate, and Nemuro Prefectures were abolished in 1886, and [[Former Hokkaidō Government Office|Hokkaidō government office building]], an American-[[Baroque Revival architecture|neo-baroque]]-style structure with red bricks, constructed in 1888. The last squad of the Tondenhei, the soldiers pioneering Hokkaido, settled in the place where the area of Tonden in [[Kita-ku, Sapporo]] is currently located. Sapporo-ku administered surrounding Sapporo-gun until 1899, when the new district system was announced. After that year, Sapporo-ku was away from the control of Sapporo-gun.<ref name=2nd/> The "ku" (district) enforced from 1899 was an autonomy which was a little bigger than towns, and smaller than cities. In Hokkaido at that time, Hakodate-ku and Otaru-ku also existed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/ss/scs/grp/localautonomy.pdf |script-title=ja:北海道市町村自治制の沿革概要 |publisher=Government of Hokkaido |language=ja |access-date=November 11, 2018 |archive-date=November 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111043801/http://www.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/ss/scs/grp/localautonomy.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" caption="Gallery" heights="130px" perrow="3">
File:明治24年札幌中心部.jpg|Sapporo city map in 1891, showing the city's grid plan
File:Kiyotaka_Kuroda_formal.jpg|[[Kuroda Kiyotaka]]
File:Hokkaido Jingu.JPG|The [[Hokkaidō Shrine]] at [[Maruyama Park (Sapporo)|Maruyama Park]]
</gallery>

=== 20th century ===
In 1907, the [[Tohoku Imperial University]] was established in [[Sendai]] Miyagi Prefecture, and [[Sapporo Agricultural College]] was controlled by the university. Parts of neighbouring villages including Sapporo Village, Naebo Village, Kami Shiroishi Village, and districts where the Tonden-hei had settled, were integrated into Sapporo-ku in 1910.

The [[Sapporo Streetcar]] was opened in 1918, and Hokkaido Imperial University was established in Sapporo-ku, as the fifth [[National Seven Universities|Imperial University]] in Japan. Another railroad operated in Sapporo, the Jōzankei Railroad, which was ultimately abolished in 1969.

In 1922, the new city system was announced by the Tokyo government, and Sapporo-ku was officially changed to Sapporo City.<ref name="city" /> The Sapporo Municipal Bus System was started in 1930. In 1937, Sapporo was chosen as the site of the [[1940 Winter Olympics]], but due to the outbreak of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], this was cancelled the next year. Maruyama Town was integrated as a part of Chūō-ku in 1940, and the [[Okadama Airport]] was constructed in 1942. During [[World War II]], the city was [[Air raids on Japan#Naval air attacks|bombed by American naval aircraft]] in July 1945.<ref name="Asahi Shimbun">{{Cite web |last=[[The Asahi Shimbun]] |title=朝日新聞デジタル：空襲の記憶 風化させぬ - 北海道 - 地域 |url=http://www.asahi.com/area/hokkaido/articles/MTW20151209011470014.html |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=www.asahi.com |language=ja |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414064109/http://www.asahi.com/area/hokkaido/articles/MTW20151209011470014.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The first [[Sapporo Snow Festival]] was held in 1950. In the same year, adjacent Shiroishi Village was integrated into Sapporo City, rendered as a part of Shiroishi-ku, and Atsubetsu-ku.<ref name="sapporo">{{Nihongo|New Sapporo History 5th edition|新札幌市史　第5巻|Shin Sapporo Shishi}}</ref> In 1955, Kotoni Town, the entire Sapporo Village, and Shinoro Village were merged into Sapporo, becoming a part of the current Chūō-ku, Kita-ku, Higashi-ku, Nishi-ku, and Teine-ku.<ref name="sapporo" /> The expansion of Sapporo continued, with the merger of Toyohira Town in 1961, and Teine Town in 1967, each becoming a part of Toyohira-ku, Kiyota-ku, and Teine-ku.<ref name="sapporo" />

The ceremony commemorating the 100th anniversary of the foundation of Sapporo and Hokkaido was held in 1968. The [[Sapporo Municipal Subway]] system was inaugurated in 1971, which made Sapporo the fourth city in Japan to have a subway system. From February 3 to 13, 1972, the [[1972 Winter Olympics]] were held, the first Winter Olympics held in Asia.<ref name="city" /> On April 1 of the same year, Sapporo was designated as one of the [[City designated by government ordinance|cities designated by government ordinance]], and seven wards were established.<ref name="sapporo" /> The last public performance by the opera singer, [[Maria Callas]], was in Sapporo at the Hokkaido Koseinenkin Kaikan on 11 November 1974.<ref>Sutherland, Robert ''Maria Callas Diaries of a Friendship'' London Constable 1999 p265 {{ISBN|0-09-478790-5}}</ref> The Sapporo Municipal Subway was expanded when the Tōzai line started operation in 1976, and the Tōhō line was opened in 1988. In 1989, Atsubetsu-ku and Teine-ku were separated from Shiroishi-ku and Nishi-ku. Annual events in Sapporo were started, such as the [[Pacific Music Festival]] in 1990, and Yosakoi Sōran Festival in 1992. A professional football club, [[Consadole Sapporo]], was established in 1996. In 1997, Kiyota-ku was separated from Toyohira-ku. In the same year, [[Hokkaido Takushoku Bank|Hokkaidō Takushoku Bank]], a Hokkaido-based bank with headquarters in Odori, went bankrupt.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tokachi.co.jp/kachi/9811/11_14.htm |title=lawsuit against the bankruptcy of the Takushoku Bank |access-date=2007-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222071247/http://www.tokachi.co.jp/kachi/9811/11_14.htm |archive-date=2007-12-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" heights="130" perrow="3" caption="Gallery">
File:Sapporo-City-1918-Taisho-Era.png|Sapporo City, Taisho era, 1918
File:Odori Park in 1936.JPG|Odori Park in 1936
File:Hokkaido Prefectural Office02s5s4272.jpg|The [[Former Hokkaido Government Office Building]]
File:Sapporo TV Tower 20070812.jpg|The [[Sapporo TV Tower]] was built in 1957.
</gallery>

=== 21st century ===
[[File:2008 G8 Summit Antiglobalist Demonstration March.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[34th G8 summit]] protest march in 2008]]
In 2001 the construction of the [[Sapporo Dome]] was completed, and in 2002 the Dome hosted three games during the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]]: Germany vs Saudi Arabia, Argentina vs England and Italy vs Ecuador, all of which were in the first round. Fumio Ueda, was elected as Sapporo mayor for the first time in 2003. Sapporo became the home to a [[Nippon Professional Baseball]] team, [[Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters]], in 2004, which won the [[2006 Japan Series]], and the victory parade was held on Ekimae-Dōri (a street in front of [[Sapporo Station]]) in February 2007.

The [[34th G8 summit]] took place in [[Tōyako, Hokkaido|Tōyako]] in 2008, and a number of people including [[Anti-globalization movement|anti-globalization]] activists marched in the heart of the city to protest. Police officers were gathered in Sapporo from all over Japan, while four people were arrested in the demonstrations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/arrests-made-during-scuffles-at-g8-protest-in-japan-1.735944 |title=Arrests made during scuffles at G8 protest in Japan |date=5 July 2008 |access-date=January 26, 2020 |archive-date=January 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124164435/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/arrests-made-during-scuffles-at-g8-protest-in-japan-1.735944 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Hokkaidō Shinkansen]] line, which currently connects [[Honshu]] to [[Hakodate, Hokkaido|Hakodate]] through the [[Seikan Tunnel]], is planned to link to Sapporo by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.welcome.city.sapporo.jp/choose/keywords/hokkaido-shinkansen-recommended-places-between-hakodate-and-sapporo/?lang=en |title=Celebrating the opening of the Hokkaido Shinkansen—travel by train from Hakodate to Sapporo while exploring along the way |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-date=February 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218063211/http://www.welcome.city.sapporo.jp/choose/keywords/hokkaido-shinkansen-recommended-places-between-hakodate-and-sapporo/?lang=en |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==External relations==
===Sister cities===
[[File:Sapporo-City-Hall-01.jpg|thumb|200px|Sapporo City Hall (June 2007)]]
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Japan}}

====International====
Sapporo has [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinning relationships]] with several cities worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city.sapporo.jp/kokusai/sistercity/ |script-title=ja:札幌市 – 国際交流 – 姉妹都市 |publisher=City of Sapporo |language=ja |access-date=April 7, 2007 |archive-date=July 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702025324/http://www.city.sapporo.jp/kokusai/sistercity/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://plaza-sapporo.or.jp/citizen_e/sister_cities/sister_cities.html Sister Cities | International Community Bureau<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120712193342/http://plaza-sapporo.or.jp/citizen_e/sister_cities/sister_cities.html |date=2012-07-12 }} {{in lang|ja}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
![[City]]!![[Country]]!![[State (polity)|State]]!!Since
|-
|[[Portland, Oregon|Portland]]
|{{flagdeco|USA}} [[United States]]
|[[Oregon]]
|November 17, 1959
|-
|[[Munich]]
|{{flagdeco|DEU}} [[Germany]]
|[[Bavaria]]
|August 28, 1972
|-
|[[Shenyang]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[China]]
|[[Liaoning]]
|November 18, 1980
|-
|[[Denver]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[United States]]
|[[Colorado]]
|September 1982
|-
|[[Novosibirsk]]
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Russia]]
|[[Novosibirsk Oblast]]
|June 13, 1990
|-
|[[Daejeon]]
|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[South Korea]]
|[[South Chungcheong Province|South Chungcheong]]
|October 22, 2010
|}

Sapporo also cooperates with:
{|class="wikitable"
![[City]]!![[Country]]!![[State (polity)|State]]
|-
|[[Balikpapan]]
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Indonesia]]
|[[East Kalimantan]]
|-
|[[Brisbane]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]]
|[[Queensland]]
|-
|[[Davao City]]
|{{flagicon|PHL}} [[Philippines]]
|[[Davao Region]]
|-
|[[Seattle]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[United States]]
|[[Washington (state)|Washington]]
|}

====Domestic====
{|class="wikitable"
![[City]]!![[Prefectures of Japan|Prefecture]]!![[List of regions of Japan|Region]]!!Since
|-
|[[Hamamatsu]]
|{{Flagicon|Shizuoka}} [[Shizuoka Prefecture|Shizuoka]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Chūbu region]]
|May 14, 2009
|-
|[[Matsumoto, Nagano|Matsumoto]]
|{{Flagicon|Nagano}} [[Nagano Prefecture|Nagano]]
|September 6, 2010
|-
|[[Kagoshima]]
|{{Flagicon|Kagoshima}} [[Kagoshima Prefecture|Kagoshima]]
|[[Kyūshū region]]
|November 16, 2013
|}

== Economy ==
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2009}}
[[File:Sapporo Metropolitan Employment Area 2015.png|thumb|Sapporo [[Urban Employment Area|MEA]]]]

The tertiary sector dominates Sapporo's industry. Major industries include information technology, retail, and tourism, as Sapporo is a destination for winter sports and events and summer activities due to its comparatively cool climate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sapporowintersportsmuseum.com/ |title=Sapporo Winter Sport Museum Guide |access-date=November 11, 2018 |archive-date=November 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111043858/http://www.sapporowintersportsmuseum.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The city is also the manufacturing centre of Hokkaido, manufacturing various goods such as food and related products, fabricated metal products, steel, machinery, beverages, and pulp and paper.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city.sapporo.jp/toukei/tokusyu/kogyo.html |script-title=ja:工業統計調査／札幌市 |publisher=City of Sapporo |language=ja |access-date=November 11, 2018 |archive-date=November 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111043833/http://www.city.sapporo.jp/toukei/tokusyu/kogyo.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Sapporo Breweries]], founded in 1876, is a major company and employer in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sapporo Holdings: employee numbers 2019 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/961588/sapporo-holdings-employee-numbers/ |access-date=2021-06-14 |website=Statista |language=en |archive-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614053451/https://www.statista.com/statistics/961588/sapporo-holdings-employee-numbers/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Japan |first=Brewery Convention of |title=Brewers Association of Japan |url=https://www.brewers.or.jp/english/ |access-date=2021-06-14 |website=Brewers Association of Japan |language=ja |archive-date=June 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606222553/https://www.brewers.or.jp/english/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Hokkaido International Airlines]] (Air Do) is headquartered in [[Chūō-ku, Sapporo|Chūō-ku]].<ref>"{{cite web |url=http://www.airdo.jp/company/info/index.html |script-title=ja:会社概要 |publisher=[[Hokkaido International Airlines]] |language=ja |access-date=May 20, 2009 |archive-date=August 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814223951/http://www.airdo.jp/company/info/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2004, [[Air Nippon Network]] was headquartered in [[Higashi-ku, Sapporo|Higashi-ku]].<ref>" {{cite web |url=http://www.ank-net.co.jp/co/corporation.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040406215920/http://www.ank-net.co.jp/co/corporation.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 6, 2004 |script-title=ja:会社概要 |publisher=[[Air Nippon Network]] |language=ja |date=April 6, 2004 |access-date=May 20, 2009}}</ref> Other companies headquartered in Sapporo include [[Crypton Future Media]], [[DB-SOFT|DB-Soft]], [[Hokkaido Air System]], and [[Royce']].<!--Air Nippon is NOW in Tokyo, so please do not say that it is... it * was* -->

Greater Sapporo, Sapporo [[Urban Employment Area|Metropolitan Employment Area]] (2.3 million people), had a total [[GDP]] of US$84.7 billion in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/UEA/uea_data_e.htm |title=Metropolitan Employment Area (MEA) Data |author=Yoshitsugu Kanemoto |publisher=Center for Spatial Information Science, The [[University of Tokyo]] |access-date=June 22, 2016 |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502161110/http://www.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/UEA/uea_data_e.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm Conversion rates - Exchange rates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201220924/https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm |date=February 1, 2018 }} - OECD Data</ref>

In 2014, Sapporo's GDP per capita (PPP) was US$32,446.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |title=Global Metro Monitor |date=2015-01-22 |access-date=September 5, 2018 |archive-date=January 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107040203/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Sapporo clock tower.JPG|thumb|200px|The [[Sapporo Clock Tower]], formerly a part of [[Hokkaido University]] in the 19th century]]
[[File:Hokkaido Univ.／北大農学部 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Hokkaido University]]]]
[[File:Sapporo Odori High School.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Sapporo Odori High School]]]]
===Universities===
;National
*[[Hokkaido University]]
*[[Hokkaido University of Education]]
''See [[Japanese national university]]''
;Public
* [[Sapporo City University]]
* [[Sapporo Medical University]]
;Private
* [[Fuji Women's University]]
* [[Health Sciences University of Hokkaido]]
* [[Hokkai School of Commerce]]
* [[Hokkai Gakuen University]]
* [[Hokkaido Bunkyo University]]
* [[Hokkaido College of Pharmacy]]
* [[Hokkaido Institute of Technology]]
* [[Hokkaido Musashi Women's Junior College]]
* [[Hokkaido University of Science]]
* [[Hokkaido Tokai University]]
* [[Hokusei Gakuen University]]
* Japan Health Care College
* [[Koen Gakuen Women's Junior College]]
* [[Sapporo International University]]
* [[Sapporo Ōtani University]]
* [[Sapporo University]]
* Sapporo University of Health Sciences
* [[Tenshi College]]

===Primary and secondary schools===
{{expand section|date=October 2015}}
There are 198 municipal elementary schools, and 98 municipal junior high schools in Sapporo.
[[Sapporo Odori High School]] provides Japanese-language classes to foreign and Japanese returnee students, and the school has special admissions quotas for these groups.<ref>"[https://www.city.sapporo.jp/city/english/child-care/education.html Education]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20151007075129/https://www.city.sapporo.jp/city/english/child-care/education.html Archive]). City of Sapporo. Retrieved on October 12, 2015.</ref>

The city has two private international schools:
* [[Hokkaido International School]]
* [[Hokkaido Korean Primary, Middle and High School]] ([[Chosen gakko|North Korean school]])

==Transport==
[[File:札幌駅（Sapporo Station - Hokkaido Railway company） - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Sapporo Station]]]]
[[File:Sapporo_9000_9001_Odori_20150521.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Sapporo Municipal Subway]] is the only rubber-tyred metro system in East Asia.]]
[[File:Sapporo_Street_Car_Type_A1200_027.JPG|thumb|200px|The [[Sapporo Streetcar]] is currently the only operational circular tram system in Asia (although [[Circular light rail|a similar tram system]] in [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]] is planned to begin operation later in 2023).]]
Sapporo has one streetcar line, three [[Hokkaido Railway Company|JR Hokkaido]] lines, three subway lines and [[JR Hokkaido Bus Company|JR Bus]], [[Hokkaido Chuo Bus|Chuo Bus]] and other bus lines. Sapporo Subway trains have rubber-tired wheels.
===Airways===
====Airport====
The Sapporo area is served by two airports: [[Okadama Airport]], which offers regional flights within Hokkaido and Tohoku, and [[New Chitose Airport]], a larger international airport located in the city of [[Chitose, Hokkaido|Chitose]] {{cvt|30|mi|km}} away, connected by regular rapid trains taking around 40 minutes. The Sapporo-Tokyo route between New Chitose and Haneda is one of the busiest in the world.
===Railways===
[[JR Hokkaido]] Stations in Sapporo
====High-speed rail====
;[[JR Hokkaido]]
*[[Hokkaido Shinkansen]]（2032）
====Conventional lines====
;[[JR Hokkaido]]
*[[Hakodate Main Line|Hakodate Line]]: (Zenibako) – Hoshimi – Hoshioki – Inaho – Teine – Inazumi Kōen – Hassamu – Hassamu Chūō – Kotoni – Sōen – Sapporo – Naebo – Shiroishi – Atsubetsu – Shinrinkōen – (Ōasa)
*[[Chitose Line]]: Heiwa – Shin Sapporo – Kami Nopporo – (Kita-Hiroshima)
*[[Sasshō Line]] (Gakuentoshi Line): Sōen – Hachiken – Shinkawa – Shinkotoni – Taihei – Yurigahara – Shinoro – Takuhoku – Ainosato Kyōikudai – Ainosato Kōen – (Ishikari Futomi)
====Subways====
*[[Sapporo Municipal Subway]] provides urban transit service.
====Tramways====
*[[Sapporo Streetcar]]
====Rapid transit====
* [[Mount Moiwa Ropeway]]
* [[Teineyama Ropeway]]
{{Clear}}
===Busways===
An airport shuttle bus servicing hotels in Sapporo operates every day of the year. SkyExpress was founded in 2005 and also provides transport to and from various ski resorts throughout Hokkaido, including [[Niseko, Hokkaido|Niseko]].

==Sightseeing==
[[File:Sapporo Beer Museum.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Sapporo Beer Museum]]]]
[[File:Spectaculars of Susukino-Sapporo.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Susukino]], the entertainment district of Sapporo]]
[[File:Sapporo (31503219368).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Odori Park]] (2018)]]
=== Points of interest ===
* The [[former Hokkaidō government office building]]
* The [[Sapporo Clock Tower]]
* The [[Hokkaidō Shrine]]
* [[Nishino Shrine]]
* [[Hokkaido Museum]]
* [[Historical Village of Hokkaido]]
* [[Sapporo Buried Cultural Property Center]]
* The Sapporo City Archive Museum (Former Sapporo Court of Appeal)
* The [[Edwin Dun]] Memorial Hall
* The [[Hokkaido University]] & [[Hokkaido University Museum]]
* The [[Sapporo Beer Museum]] & [[Sapporo Factory]]
* The [[Sapporo TV Tower]]
* The [[Sapporo Convention Center]]
* The Sapporo Salmon Museum in [[Makomanai Park]]
* The Sunpiazza Aquarium

[[Sapporo JR Tower]] adjacent to [[Sapporo Station]].<ref>[http://www.city.sapporo.jp/keizai/kanko/statistics/H19_sapporokanko_5.pdf Tourism Statistics of Sapporo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025142011/http://www.city.sapporo.jp/keizai/kanko/statistics/H19_sapporokanko_5.pdf |date=2007-10-25 }}, 2006, p.35 (pdf file)</ref>

Sapporo Ramen Yokocho and Norubesa (a building with a Ferris wheel) are in [[Susukino]] district. The district also has the Tanuki Kōji Shopping Arcade, the oldest shopping mall in the city.

The district of Jōzankei in Minami-ku has many resort hotels with steam baths and [[onsen]].

The [[Peace Pagoda]], one of many such monuments across the world built by the Buddhist order Nipponzan Myohoji to promote and inspire world peace, has a [[stupa]] that was built in 1959,{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} halfway up Mount Moiwa, to commemorate peace after [[World War II]]. It contains some of the ashes of the Buddha that were presented to the Emperor of Japan by Prime Minister Nehru in 1954. {{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} Another portion was presented to [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] by the Nipponzan-Myohoji monk, Junsei Terasawa. {{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}
=== Parks/gardens ===
* [[Asahiyama Memorial Park]] offers great views of the city
* [[Hitsujigaoka Observation Hill]] has a farm with sheep and attracts visitors with a statue of [[William S. Clark]]
* [[Hokkaido University Botanical Gardens]] and The Chizaki Rose Garden
* [[Maruyama Park (Sapporo)|Maruyama Park]] is located next to the [[Hokkaido Shrine]] and houses the [[Maruyama Zoo]]
* [[Moerenuma Park]]
* [[Nakajima Park]]
* [[Nishioka Park]] is a location of rich nature that centers around a pond and consists of marshland and the forest of the Tsukisamu River and its upper river basin. This park also serves as one of the main habitats in [[Hokkaido]] for many types of wild birds.
* [[Odori Park]]

==Notable people==
*[[Isao Kataoka]], executive for the Japan Ice Hockey Federation<ref name="JOC">{{cite web|url=https://www.joc.or.jp/games/univ/2005_winter/pdf/athlete.pdf|title=Winter Universiade Innsbruck 2005|year=2005|page=8|website=Japanese Olympic Committee|access-date=1 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221180742/http://www.joc.or.jp/games/univ/2005_winter/pdf/athlete.pdf|archive-date=21 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Joe Lombardo]], 31st [[Governor of Nevada]], former [[Sheriff of Clark County|Clark County Sheriff]], former cop of the [[Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department]]

==Culture==
=== Music ===
* 1934 – The International Contemporary Music Festival was held by [[Akira Ifukube]], [[Fumio Hayasaka]], Atsushi Miura, and Isamu Ifukube (30 September)
* 1936 – Russian composer [[Alexander Tcherepnin]] visited Sapporo
* 1960 – The [[Sapporo Symphony Orchestra]] founded
* 1962 – [[John Cage]] and [[David Tudor]] visited Sapporo
* 1966 – [[Berliner Philharmoniker]] with [[Herbert von Karajan]] performed [[Brahms]]'s [[Symphony No. 2 (Brahms)|Symphony No. 2]] at Sapporo Shimin Kaikan (April)
* 1974 – [[Maria Callas]] last public performance at the Hokkaido Koseinenkin Kaikan (11 November)
* 1986 – The [[Sapporo Art Park]] include the Outdoor Stage and Art Hall (27 July)
* 1990 – The [[Pacific Music Festival]] (PMF) started
* 1997 – The [[Sapporo Concert Hall]] Kitara opened
* 2018 – The Sapporo Community Plaza opened

=== Art ===
* The [[Hokkaido Museum of Modern Art]] represents Hokkaido artists like Eien Iwahashi, Kinjiro Kida, [[Nissho Kanda]], [[Tamako Kataoka]], and especially glass objects of [[École de Paris]]
* The [[Hongō Shin Memorial Museum of Sculpture, Sapporo|Hongō Shin Memorial Museum of Sculpture]] hosts a collection of over 1,800 works by the artist Hongō Shin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hongoshin-smos.jp/english.html |title=English Guide｜Hongo Shin Memorial Museum of Sculpture, Sapporo |website=www.hongoshin-smos.jp |access-date=2020-01-22 |archive-date=January 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129191356/http://www.hongoshin-smos.jp/english.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[Sapporo Art Park]] contains Art museum featuring outdoor installations & a sculpture garden, and the old house of [[Takeo Arishima]].
* The [[Moerenuma Park]] including the Glass Pyramid, designed by [[Isamu Noguchi]]
* The Migishi Kotaro Museum of Art
* The [[Miyanomori Art Museum]]
* The Sapporo Odori 500-m Underground Walkway Gallery
* Member of UNESCO [[Creative Cities Network]] as a Creative City of Media Arts since 2013
* Sapporo International Art Festival (2014/2017/2024)

=== Literature ===
* The Hokkaido Museum of Literature
* [[Takeo Arishima]] Residence in [[Sapporo Art Park]]
* [[Junichi Watanabe (writer)|Junichi Watanabe]] Museum of Literature

=== Film ===
* [[The Idiot (1951 film)]] by [[Akira Kurosawa]]
* The Northern Museum of Visual Culture
* Theater Kino
* The Sapporo International Short Film Festival and Market

=== Video games ===
* ''[[Yakuza 5]]''
* ''[[Persona 5 Strikers]]''
* ''[[Pokémon Diamond and Pearl]]'', ''[[Pokémon Platinum]]'' and ''[[Pokémon Legends: Arceus]]'', Jubilife City, the capital of the Sinnoh region, is based on Sapporo.
=== Events/festivals ===
[[File:YOSAKOI Soran Festival.jpg|thumb|200px|Dancers in the Yosakoi Sōran Festival]]
[[File:US Navy 060209-N-7526R-205 Illuminated trees and ice sculptures line the streets leading up to Sapporo's TV Tower during the Sapporo Ice Festival.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Sapporo Snow Festival]]]]
'''February''': the [[Sapporo Snow Festival]] The main site is at Odori Park, and other sites include Susukino (known as the Susukino Ice Festival) and [[Sapporo Satoland]]. Many of the snow and ice statues are built by members of the [[Japan Ground Self-Defense Force]].<ref name=events>[http://www.city.sapporo.jp/keizai/kanko/statistics/H19_sapporokanko_4.pdf Tourism Statistics of Sapporo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025142003/http://www.city.sapporo.jp/keizai/kanko/statistics/H19_sapporokanko_4.pdf |date=October 25, 2007 }}, 2006, p.29 (pdf file)</ref>

'''May''': the Sapporo Lilac Festival. [[Syringa vulgaris|Lilac]] was brought to Sapporo in 1889 by an American educator, Sarah Clara Smith. At the festival, people enjoy the flowers, wine and live music.

'''June''': the Yosakoi Soran Festival. The sites of the festival are centered on Odori Park and the street leading to Susukino, and there are other festival sites. In the festival, many dance teams dance to music composed based on a Japanese traditional song, "[[Sōran Bushi]]". Members of the dancing teams wear special costumes and compete on the roads or stages constructed on the festival sites. In 2006, 350 teams were featured with around 45,000 dancers, and over 1,860,000 people visited the festival.<ref name=events/>

The Sapporo Summer Festival. People enjoy drinking at the beer garden in Odori Park and on the streets of [[Susukino]]. This festival consists of a number of fairs such as Tanuki Festival and Susukino Festival.<ref name=events/>

'''September''': the Sapporo Autumn Festival

'''December''': [[Christmas market]] in Odori Park, similar to German Christmas markets.

From November through January, many citizens enjoy the Sapporo White [[Lighting|Illumination]]s.

=== Cuisine ===
[[File:Soupcurry-hareruya.jpg|thumb|200px|Soup curry]]
The city is home to [[Sapporo Breweries|Sapporo Brewery]], white chocolate biscuits known as 'shiroi koibito' (白い恋人), and also as the birthplace of [[miso]] ramen.<ref name=ramen>{{cite web |url=http://ganso-yokocho.com/translation/english.html |script-title=ja:元祖さっぽろラーメン横丁公式サイト |access-date=October 11, 2007 |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012032327/http://ganso-yokocho.com/translation/english.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Kouraku Ramen Meitengai, in the Susukino district, is an alley lined with many miso ramen restaurants, since 1951. After its demolition, due to plans for the [[Sapporo Olympics]], the Ganso Sapporo Ramen Yokocho was established in its place. It attracts many tourists throughout the year.<ref name=ramen/> From the year 1966, a food company named, Sanyo Foods, began to sell instant ramen under the brand name, "[[Sapporo Ichiban]]".

[[Haskap]], a local variety of edible [[honeysuckle]], similar to [[blueberries]], is a specialty in Sapporo. Other specialty dishes of Sapporo include; soup curry, a soupy [[curry]] made with vegetables and chicken, sometimes other meats too, and [[jingisukan]], a [[barbecue]]d lamb dish, named after [[Genghis Khan]]. Sapporo Sweets, is a confectionery using many ingredients from Hokkaido where there's also the Sapporo Sweets Competition held annually.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sweets-sapporo.com/sweets.html |title=Sapporo, the sweets republic |access-date=2007-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017061315/http://sweets-sapporo.com/sweets.html |archive-date=2007-10-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sapporo is also well known for fresh seafood including [[salmon]], [[sea urchin]] and [[crab]]. Crab in particular is famed. Many types of crab are harvested and served seasonally in Sapporo like the horsehair crab, snow crab, king crab, and Hanasaki crab, with numerous dishes revolving around them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dwyer |first=Chris |date=12 November 2018 |title=Welcome to Sapporo, crab capital of Japan (and maybe even the world) |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/sapporo-best-crab-restaurants/index.html# |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203210415/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/sapporo-best-crab-restaurants/index.html |archive-date=3 December 2020 |access-date=9 December 2019 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
[[File:SapporoDome2004-2.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Sapporo Dome]] in winter]]
The [[Sapporo Dome]] was constructed in 2001 and is currently host to the local professional football team, [[Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo]].

'''ES CON Field Hokkaido''' (エスコンフィールド北海道, ''Esukon Fīrudo Hokkaidō''), a [[baseball park]] in [[Kitahiroshima, Hokkaido]], is home to [[Nippon Professional Baseball]]'s [[Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters]] and opened in March 2023. From 2004 to 2022, the Fighters called Sapporo Dome home.

====Winter sports====
Sapporo was selected as host to the 5th Winter Olympics, scheduled for February 3 to 12, 1940; however Japan had to cancel the event, consequently handing the decision back to the [[IOC]], after the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937.

In 1972, Sapporo hosted the 11th [[1972 Winter Olympics|Winter Olympics]]. Some structures built for Olympic events remain in use today, including the ski jumps at [[Miyanomori Ski Jump Stadium|Miyanomori]] and [[Okurayama Ski Jump Stadium|Okurayama]]. After considering a bid for the [[2026 Winter Olympics]] and the [[2030 Winter Olympics]], Olympic representatives in Sapporo have said that the city is considering a bid for the 2034 Winter Olympics. The city predicted it may cost as much as 456.5 billion yen ($4.3 billion) to host the games and is planning to have 90 percent of the facilities within half an hour of the Olympic village, according to a report published 12 May 2016. The Alpen course would be in [[Niseko]], the world's second-snowiest resort, while the village would be next to the [[Sapporo Dome]], the report said.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-17/sapporo-to-show-joc-plan-for-2026-olympic-winter-games-after-rio |title=Sapporo to Show JOC Plan for 2026 Olympic Winter Games After Rio |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=May 17, 2016 |access-date=April 7, 2017 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612160317/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-17/sapporo-to-show-joc-plan-for-2026-olympic-winter-games-after-rio |url-status=live}}</ref> The plans were presented to the [[Japanese Olympic Committee]] on 8 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20161108/k10010760021000.html |script-title=ja:札幌で再びオリンピックを ＪＯＣに開催提案書 |publisher=NHK |language=ja |date=8 November 2016 |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108134005/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20161108/k10010760021000.html |archive-date=8 November 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kyodonews.net/news/2016/11/08/87374 |title=Olympics: Sapporo shows 2026 Winter Games plan to JOC |publisher=kyodonews.net |date=8 November 2016 |access-date=13 November 2016 |archive-date=November 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112000347/http://kyodonews.net/news/2016/11/08/87374 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2002, Sapporo hosted three group matches of the [[2002 FIFA World Cup|FIFA World Cup]] at the Sapporo Dome. In 2006, Sapporo hosted some games of the [[2006 Basketball World Championship]] and also for the [[2006 Women's Volleyball World Championship]]. In 2007, Sapporo hosted the [[FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2007|FIS Nordic World Ski Championships]] at the Sapporo Dome, Miyanomori ski jump, Okurayama ski jump, and the Shirahatayama cross-country course. It has been the host city to two [[Asian Winter Games]] and hosted the [[2017 Asian Winter Games]] in [[Obihiro, Hokkaido|Obihiro]]. Sapporo also hosted games during the [[2019 Rugby World Cup]].

Skiing remains a major sport in Sapporo with almost all children skiing as a part of the school curriculum. Okurayama Elementary School is unusual in having its own ski hill and ski jumping hill on the school grounds. Within the city are commercial ski hills including Moiwayama, Bankeiyama, KobaWorld, [[Sapporo Teine]] and Fu's.

Many sports stadiums and domes are located in Sapporo, and some of them have been designated as venues of sports competitions. The [[Sapporo Community Dome]], also known by its nickname "Tsu-Dome", has hosted the Golden Market, a huge [[flea market]] event which is usually held twice a year, along with some sports events. The [[Makomanai Ice Arena]], in [[Makomanai Park]], was one of the venues of the Sapporo Olympics in 1972. It was renamed the Makomanai Sekisuiheim Ice Arena in 2007, when [[Sekisui Chemical]] Co., Ltd., acquired [[naming rights]] and renamed the arena after their real estate brand.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.makomanai.com/icearena/index.html |title=Makomanai Sekisuiheim Ice Arena Homepage |access-date=October 11, 2007 |archive-date=October 15, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015035956/http://www.makomanai.com/icearena/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Other large sports venues include the [[Makomanai Open Stadium]], [[Tsukisamu Dome]], [[Maruyama Baseball Stadium]], and the [[Hokkaido Prefectural Sports Center]], which hosts the professional basketball team, [[Levanga Hokkaido]].

[[Toyota Big Air]] was a major international snowboarding event held annually in Sapporo Dome.

==== Professional sport teams ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col"| Club
!scope="col"| Sport
!scope="col"| League
!scope="col"| Venue
!scope="col"| Established
|-
| [[Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters]]
| [[Baseball]]
| [[Nippon Professional Baseball]]
| [[Es Con Field Hokkaido]]
| 2004
|-
| [[Levanga Hokkaido]]
| [[Basketball]]
| [[B.League]] Division 1
| [[Hokkaido Prefectural Sports Center]],<br/>[[Tsukisamu Dome]]
| 2006
|-
| [[Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo]]
| [[Association football|Football (soccer)]]
| [[J1 League]]
| [[Sapporo Atsubetsu Park Stadium]],<br/>[[Sapporo Dome]]
| 1996
|}
* [[J.League]] – [[Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo]] (J1 in 1998, 2001–2002, 2008, 2012, 2017–present; J2 in 1999–2000, 2003–2007, 2009–2011, 2013–2016).
* [[Nippon Professional Baseball|NPB]] – [[Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters]] in [[Pacific League]]

==See also==
*[[List of cities in Japan]]
* [[Sapporo Brewery]]
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.city.sapporo.jp/ Official Website]
* [https://visit.sapporo.travel/ Sapporo Travel]
* [https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/sapporo/ Unesco Media City Sapporo]

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{{Olympic Winter Games Host Cities}}
{{Metropolitan cities of Japan}}
{{Hokkaido}}
{{Asian Games Host Cities}}
{{JPLargestMetros}}
{{Most populous cities in Japan}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sapporo| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Hokkaido]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1868]]
[[Category:1868 establishments in Japan]]
[[Category:Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan]]

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