Romani people in fiction

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Many fictional depictions of the Roma in literature and art present Romanticized narratives of their supposed mystical powers of fortune telling, and their supposed irascible or passionate temper which is paired with an indomitable love of freedom and a habit of criminality. Critics of how the Roma have been portrayed in popular culture point out similarities to portrayals of Jewish people, with both groups stereotyped negatively as wandering, spreading disease, abducting children, and violating and murdering others.^[1]

The Roma were portrayed in Victorian and modern British literature as having "sinister occult and criminal tendencies"^[2] and as associated with "thievery and cunning",^[3] and in English Renaissance and baroque theatre as incorporating "elements of outlandish charm and elements which depict [them] as the lowest of social outcasts," connected with "magic and charms," and "juggling and cozening."^[4] In opera, literature and music, throughout Europe, Roma women have been portrayed as provocative, sexually available, gaudy, exotic and mysterious.^[5] Hollywood and European movies, as well as popular music and other forms of pop culture, have promoted similar stereotypes.^{[6][7][8][9][10]}

Particularly notable representations of the Roma appear in classics like Carmen by Prosper Mérimée and adapted by Georges Bizet, Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre-Dame and Miguel de Cervantes' La Gitanilla. The Roma were also heavily romanticized in the Soviet Union, a classic example being the 1975 Tabor ukhodit v Nebo. A more realistic depiction of contemporary Romani in the Balkans, featuring Roma lay actors speaking in their native dialects, although still playing with established clichés of a Roma penchant for both magic and crime, was presented by Emir Kusturica in his films Time of the Gypsies (1988) and Black Cat, White Cat (1998). Another realistic depiction of the Roma in Yugoslavia is I Even Met Happy Gypsies (1967).

• 1596: A Midsummer Night's Dream by William Shakespeare – Which includes the lines "Sees Helen's beauty in the brow of Egypt" ("Egyptian" was used to refer to the Roma of England). Here, Theseus is imagining the face of a lover can make the dark-skinned Roma look like Helen of Troy, who he considers more beautiful.^[11][12]
• 1600: As You Like It by Shakespeare – He uses the word "ducdame" (Act II, Sc. 5), possibly a corruption or mishearing of the old Anglo-Romani word dukka me (“I foretell” or “I tell fortunes”)^[13][14]
• 1603: Othello by Shakespeare – Desdemona's handkerchief a gift to Othello's mother is a gift from an "Egyptian charmer" who can almost read the thoughts of people.^[15]
• 1607: Antony and Cleopatra by William Shakespeare – Cleopatra is twice referred to as a "gipsy," both in the play's opening speech and following Antony's defeat at the Battle of Actium. Early modern people erroneously believed that the Roma had originally hailed from ancient Egypt.
• 1611: The Tempest by Shakespeare – Caliban, the only human inhabitant of the mythical island, is thought to be named after the word Kaliban meaning "black" or "with blackness" in Anglo-Romani.^[16] As the first Roma immigrants arrived in England a century before Shakespeare wrote The Tempest, it is thought he may have been influenced by their looks and exoticised them.^[14][15]

• The Curse of Strahd supplement for Dungeons & Dragons includes a fantasy version of the Roma, the Vistani. Early printings portrayed the Vistani in a stereotyped light.^[17]
• In Dom Casmurro, romance by Brazilian writer Machado de Assis, describes one of the characters as "Gipsy eyes, oblique and disguisid. Whose eyes that notice everythink, notice everything without say a think".
• In the British series Peaky Blinders, the family of the main characters, like Tommy Shelby, are Romanis. Despite that, the historical Peaky Blinders were not Romanis.
• In the Yiddish literature and in the whole Ashkenazi Jewish imaginary, is cited many Romani characters in books and musics like in Di Alte Tsigayner ('The Old Romani'), Di Kleine Tsigayner ('The Little Romani') and Budapesht ('Budapest'). The last one is about a Romani band that plays tragic love songs to a Jewish boy that have a broken heart by a Polish girl.
• In Marvel Comics, many characters are Romanis, like Doctor Doom, Scarlet Witch and Quicksilver.
• In DC Comics there are Romani characters like Dick Grayson, Madame Xanadu and Ice.

• Names of the Romani people
• Anti-Romani sentiment
• Romani literature

• Glajar, Valentina; Radulescu, Domnica, eds. (2008). "Gypsies" in European literature and culture. New York, NY, USA: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-349-37154-9. OCLC 156831916.

• Matthews, Jodie (30 November 2018). The Gypsy Woman: Representations in literature and visual culture. London, United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781788313810. OCLC 1226174067.

• Mladenova, Radmila (2019). Patterns of Symbolic Violence: The Motif of 'Gypsy' Child-theft across Visual Media (in English and German). Heidelburg University Publishing. doi:10.17885/heiup.483. ISBN 978-3-947732-47-0. OCLC 1126195043.

• Mladenova, Radmila (2022). The ‘White’ Mask and the ‘Gypsy’ Mask in Film. Heidelburg University Publishing. doi:10.17885/heiup.989. ISBN 978-3-96822-131-1. OCLC 1369310763.

• Mladenova, Radmila; et al., eds. (2020). Antigypsyism and Film / Antiziganismus und Film (in English and German). Heidelburg University Publishing. doi:10.17885/heiup.650. ISBN 978-3-96822-012-3.