1504
(Redirected from AD 1504)
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1504 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Works category |
| Gregorian calendar | 1504 MDIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 2257 |
| Armenian calendar | 953 ԹՎ ՋԾԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6254 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1425–1426 |
| Bengali calendar | 911 |
| Berber calendar | 2454 |
| English Regnal year | 19 Hen. 7 – 20 Hen. 7 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2048 |
| Burmese calendar | 866 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7012–7013 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸亥年 (Water Pig) 4201 or 3994 — to — 甲子年 (Wood Rat) 4202 or 3995 |
| Coptic calendar | 1220–1221 |
| Discordian calendar | 2670 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1496–1497 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5264–5265 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1560–1561 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1425–1426 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4604–4605 |
| Holocene calendar | 11504 |
| Igbo calendar | 504–505 |
| Iranian calendar | 882–883 |
| Islamic calendar | 909–910 |
| Japanese calendar | Bunki 4 / Eishō 1 (永正元年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1421–1422 |
| Julian calendar | 1504 MDIV |
| Korean calendar | 3837 |
| Minguo calendar | 408 before ROC 民前408年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 36 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2046–2047 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴水猪年 (female Water-Pig) 1630 or 1249 or 477 — to — 阳木鼠年 (male Wood-Rat) 1631 or 1250 or 478 |
Year 1504 (MDIV) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
[edit]
January–March
[edit]- January 1 – French troops of King Louis XII surrender Gaeta to the Spanish, under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba.[1]
- January 21 – After the death of Sten Sture the Elder on December 14 the year before, Svante Nilsson is elected the new Regent of Sweden.[2]
- January 31 – Treaty of Lyon: France cedes Naples to Ferdinand II of Aragon, who becomes King of Naples as Ferdinand III.[3]
- February 14 – King Ferdinand V of Castile contracts with Juan de la Cosa to finance an independent expedition to the Pearl Islands and the Gulf of Urabá.[4]
- February 18 – The investiture of Prince Henry of England as Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester takes place.[5]
- February 29 – Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse this night, to convince the indigenous Jamaican people to provide him with supplies (in Europe, the eclipse is in the early morning of March 1).[6]
- March 11 – King James IV of Scotland opens the Scottish Parliament for the first time since 1496.[7]
- March 16 – In what is now India's Kerala state, a second invasion of the Portuguese-supported Kingdom of Cochin by the Zamorin of Calicut takes place, beginning a war that lasts until July 3.[8]
- March 30 – The Eisho era begins in Japan during the reign of Emperor Go-Kashiwabara as the Bunki era ends.
April–June
[edit]- April 1 – English guilds become subject to state control.
- April 23 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor grants the Landshut inheritance to Albert IV during the War of the Succession of Landshut.[9] Maximilian would pronounce an imperial ban on Ruprecht on May 4, who Albert contested for the territory.
- May 24 – Le Hien Tong, Emperor of Vietnam, dies after a reign of six years and is succeeded by his 15-year-old son Le Tuc Tong.[10]
- June 17 – Rao Bika Rathore, ruler of the Kingdom of Bikaner in India, dies after a reign of 32 years. For a brief time Bika is succeeded by his elder son Nara, but Nara quickly dies and Nara is succeeded by his brother Lunkaran.[11]
- June 28 – After being marooned in Jamaica for six months, Christopher Columbus and his men are rescued by a Spanish ship.[12]
July–September
[edit]- July 2 – Bogdan III the One-Eyed becomes the new Prince of Moldavia upon the death of his father Stephen the Great.[13]
- July 3 – The siege of Cochin in India by the invading forces of Calicut ends as the Portuguese and Cochin defenders defeat the invaders. Calicut loses 5,000 dead in battle and another 13,000 to disease, while Cochin and Portugal sustain minimal losses.
- July 7 – At the age of 16, Lê Túc Tông becomes the new Emperor of Vietnam (Dai Viet) after the death of his father, Lê Hiến Tông, but serves for only six months before dying.[10]
- July 20 – Pope Julius II issues an order reforming the official coinage of the Papal States, raising the silver content of the carlino coin to four grams.[14] In that the Pope was formerly Giuliano della Rovere, the new coin is called the giulio in his honor and features the coat of arms of the della Rovere family.
- August 19 – The Battle of Knockdoe is fought in Ireland's County Galway[15] as 6,000 troops led by the English Lord Deputy of Ireland, Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare assist Maelsechlainn mac Tadhg Ó Cellaigh, King of Uí Mháine, against 4,000 troops of Irish chieftain Ulick Fionn Burke, Lord of the Clanricarde lands. Burke had previously attacked and destroyed Ó Cellaigh's castles at Monivea, Castleblakeney and Garbally and sought Kildare's help. Kildare's forces win the battle.
- September 8 – Michelangelo's sculpture of David is unveiled in Florence.[16][17]
- September 13 – Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand issue a Royal Warrant for the construction of Capilla Real, a Royal Chapel, to be built in Granada.[18]
- September 22 – Treaty of Blois: Philip I of Castile, Maximilian I and Louis XII agree to terms.[19]
October–December
[edit]- October 12 – Isabella I of Castile signs her will and testament.[20]
- November 7 – Christopher Columbus returns to Spain from his fourth voyage, during which he and his younger son, Ferdinand,[21] explored the coast of Central America from Belize to Panama.[22]
- November 26 – On the death of Isabella I of Castile, Catholic Queen of Castile and Aragon, the Crown of Castile passes to her daughter Joanna.[23]
- December 8
- (approximate date) Islamic scholar Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah issues the Oran fatwa for Muslims in Spain (1 Rajab 910 AH in Islamic calendar, Gregorian date is approximate).[24]
- Lê Túc Tông dies after a reign of only six months as Emperor of Vietnam.[10]
- December 24 – Nils Ravaldsson, the leader of the rebellion after Knut Alvsson's death, is attacked and his resistance crushed at Olsborg Castle in Båhuslen.[25]
Date unknown
[edit]- October – Babur besieges and captures Kabul.[26]
- Islamization of the Sudan region: A Funj leader, Amara Dunqas, founds the Sultanate of Sennar.[27]
- Sheikh Ahmed, the final leader of the Great Horde, is last heard of as a Lithuanian prisoner at Vilnius until 1527 when he was released, after which he came to rule over the Astrakhan Khanate.[28]
- In Florence, Leonardo da Vinci and Niccolò Machiavelli become involved in a scheme to divert the Arno River, cutting the water supply to Pisa to force its surrender: Colombino, the project foreman, fails to follow da Vinci's design, and the project is a major failure.[29]
- The Council of Ten discusses the advisability of proposing a scheme of a Suez Canal to the Sultan of Egypt, at the time Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri, but the discussion is eventually abandoned.[30]
- Aldus Manutius publishes his edition of Demosthenes in Venice.[31]
- The Signoria of Florence commissions both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo to paint the walls of the Grand Council Chamber in the Palazzo Vecchio.
- Raphael paints The Marriage of the Virgin, which exemplifies some major principles of High Renaissance art.[32][33]
Births
[edit]
- January 1 – Caspar Creuziger, German humanist (d. 1548)[34]
- January 17 – Pope Pius V (d. 1572)[35]
- January 28 – Anna II, Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg, German noblewoman, reigning from 1516 until her death (d. 1574)[36]
- February 3 – Scipione Rebiba, Italian cardinal (d. 1577)[37]
- March 31 – Guru Angad, Indian religious leader (d. 1552)[38]
- April 12 – Alessandro Campeggio, Italian cardinal (d. 1554)[39]
- April 30 – Francesco Primaticcio, Italian painter (d. 1570)[40]
- May 5 – Stanislaus Hosius, Polish cardinal (d. 1579)[41]
- May 29 – Antun Vrančić, Croatian archbishop (d. 1573)[42]
- June 24 – Johannes Mathesius, German theologian (d. 1565)[43]
- July 18 – Heinrich Bullinger, Swiss religious reformer (d. 1575)[44]
- August 1 – Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Prussia, Danish princess (d. 1547)[45]
- August 6 – Matthew Parker, English Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1574)[46]
- September 4 – John V, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, Prince of Anahlt-Dessau (1516–1544) and Anhalt-Zerbst (1544–1551) (d. 1551)[47]
- September 20 – Philip III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1559)[48]
- October 29 – Shin Saimdang, Korean calligraphist and noted poet (d. 1551)
- November – Giovanni Battista Giraldi, Italian novelist and poet (d. 1573)
- November 13 – Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (d. 1567)[49]
- December – Nicholas Udall, English playwright and schoolmaster (d. 1556)[50]
- December 31 – Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy (d. 1538)[51]
- date unknown
- John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, English Tudor nobleman and politician (executed 1553)[52]
- Patrick Hamilton, Scottish churchman and Reformer (burned at the stake 1528)[53]
- Dirk Philips, early Dutch Anabaptist writer and theologian (d. 1568)[54]
Deaths
[edit]
- January 9 – Gaspare Nadi, Italian builder (b. 1418)[55]
- January 27 – Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo (b. 1438)[56]
- February 17 – Eberhard II, Duke of Württemberg (b. 1447)[57]
- April 15 – Filippino Lippi, Italian painter (b. 1457)[58]
- May 31 – Engelbert II of Nassau (b. 1451)[59]
- June – Lê Hiến Tông, Emperor of the Lê Dynasty[10]
- June 19 – Bernhard Walther, German astronomer and humanist (b. 1430)[60]
- July 2 – Stephen the Great, Prince of Moldova (b. 1434)[61]
- July 29 – Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby (b. 1435)[62]
- August 15 or August 18 – Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara, Italian astronomer (b. 1454)[63]
- August 20 – Ruprecht of the Palatinate (Bishop of Freising) (b. 1481)[64]
- August 22 – Philipp II, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1489–1503) (b. 1462)[65]
- August 28 – John Paston, English gentleman known from the Paston Letters (b. 1444)[66]
- September 10 – Philibert II, Duke of Savoy (b. 1480)[67]
- September 15 – Elisabeth of Bavaria (b. 1478)[68]
- September 22 – Jan II the Mad, Duke of Żagań (1439–1449 and 1461–1468 and again in 1472) (b. 1435)[69]
- September 24 – Bartolomeo della Rocca ("Cocles"), Italian astrologer (b. 1467)[70]
- October 12 – John Corvinus, Hungarian noble (b. 1473)[71]
- November 9 – King Frederick IV of Naples (b. 1452)
- November 26 – Queen Isabella I of Castile (b. 1451)[23]
- December – Lê Túc Tông, Emperor of the Lê Dynasty[10]
- December 21 – Berthold von Henneberg, German archbishop and elector (b. 1442)[72]
- date unknown
- Abdal-Karim Khan Astrakhani, Khan of Astrakhan
- Abu Abdallah IV, Sultan of Tlemcen
- Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya, first Wattasid Sultan of Morocco and King of Fez[73]
- Éamonn Mág Samhradháin, Lord of Tullyhaw
- Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk, Indian-born founder of the Berar Sultanate[74]
- Qasim Barid I, founder of the Bidar Sultanate[75]
- Vira Ravi Ravi Varma, Raja of Venad
- Choe Bu, Korean official and venturer to China (b. 1454)[76]
References
[edit]- ^ Aguado Bleye, Pedro (1963). Manual de historia de España. Vol. 2. Madrid: Edpasa-Calpe, S.A. p. 90. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
- ^ Hildebrand, Hans (1877). Sveriges medeltid, senare skedet, från år 1350 till år 1521 (in Swedish). Linnström. p. 431. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
- ^ Richard Cavendish (January 1, 2004). "The Treaty of Lyons". History Today. 54. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
- ^ Rubio, Juan Ortega (1917). Historia de América desde sus tiempos más remotos hasta nuestros días (in Spanish). Sucesores de Hernando. p. 398. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
- ^ Jones, Francis (1969). The Princes and Principality of Wales. University of Wales. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-900768-20-0. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
- ^ Thomas, David Arthur (1991). Christopher Columbus, master of the Atlantic. London: Andre Deutsch. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-233-98724-8. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
- ^ Macdougall, Norman (2006). James IV : the Stewart dynasty in Scotland. Edinburgh: John Donald. pp. 175, 182. ISBN 978-0-85976-663-0. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
- ^ Menon, T. Madhava (2000). A Handbook of Kerala. International School of Dravidian Linguistics. p. 151. ISBN 978-81-85692-27-2. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
- ^ Freudensprung, Sebastian (1856). Geschichte des königreiches Bayern (in German). J. Lindauer. p. 176. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e "Bản Kỷ Thực Lục 14: Nhà Hậu Lê (1497 - 1509)". Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư. Cabinet of Quan Ban. 1697. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
- ^ Bhargava, Visheshwar Sarup (1966). History of mediaeval Rajasthan from 8th to 18th century (in Hindi). Kāleja Buka Ḍipo. pp. 132–133. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
- ^ Vigneras, Louis André (1978). "Diego Méndez, Secretary of Christopher Columbus and Alguacil Mayor of Santo Domingo: A Biographical Sketch". Hispanic American Historical Review. 58 (4): 676–696. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
- ^ Istoria administrației publice din Moldova (in Romanian). Academia de Administrare Publică pe lîngă Guvernul Republicii Moldova. 1999. p. 94. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
- ^ Martinori, Edoardo (1915). La moneta: vocabolario generale (in Italian). Instituto italiano di numismatica. pp. 183–184. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
- ^ "The Battle of Knockdoe, 19 August 1504", by Donal O'Carroll, Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society (2004) p.46
- ^ Bull, George (July 15, 1998). Michelangelo: A Biography. Macmillan. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-312-18746-0. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
- ^ "Michelangelo's David". www.galleriaaccademiafirenze.it. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
- ^ Javier Gallego (1985). Granada in Your Hand. Editorial En su mano. p. 34. ISBN 978-84-86320-08-9.
- ^ Creighton, Mandell (1887). A History of the Papacy During the Period of the Reformation: The Italian princes, 1464 - 1518. Vol. 4. London: Longmans, Green. p. 69. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
- ^ Will Durant (June 7, 2011). The Reformation: The Story of Civilization, Volume VI. Simon and Schuster. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-4516-4763-1.
- ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot. Journals and Other Documents on the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus. pp. 320–322. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
- ^ Navarro, Ignacio Ríos; de la Vega, Martha Patricia Camacho (June 11, 2013). "BELICE OTRA CUÑA BRITÁNICA EN LA AMÉRICA IBÉRICA". Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
- ^ a b Pierre Terjanian; Andrea Bayer; Adam B. Brandow (October 2, 2019). The Last Knight: The Art, Armor, and Ambition of Maximilian I. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 302–. ISBN 978-1-58839-674-7.
- ^ Stewart, Devin (December 1, 2006). "The identity of «the Muftī of Oran», Abū l-'Abbās Aḥmad b. Abī Jum'ah al-Maghrāwī al-Wahrānī (d. 917/1511)". Al-Qanṭara (in Spanish). 27 (2): 265–301. doi:10.3989/alqantara.2006.v27.i2.2. ISSN 1988-2955. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
- ^ Leche, V.; Nyström, J. F.; Warburg, K.; Westrin, Th. (1914). Nordisk familjebok (in Swedish). Stockholm: Nordisk familjeboks printing house. p. 641. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
- ^ Gates, Scott; Roy, Kaushik (November 20, 2014). War and State-Building in Afghanistan: Historical and Modern Perspectives. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4725-7219-6. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
- ^ Holt, P. M.; Daly, M. W. (September 11, 2014). A History of the Sudan: From the Coming of Islam to the Present Day. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-317-86366-3. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
- ^ Kolodziejczyk, Dariusz (June 22, 2011). The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century), A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by an Annotated Edition of Relevant Documents. BRILL. p. 577. ISBN 978-90-04-21571-9. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
- ^ Masters, Roger D. (1998). Fortune is a river : Leonardo da Vinci and Niccolò Machiavelli's magnificent dream to change the course of Florentine history. New York: Free Press. pp. 2, 129. ISBN 978-0-684-84452-7. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
- ^ Hallberg, Charles W. (1931). Suez canal its history and diplomatic importance. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 33. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
- ^ Martin, Gunther (January 15, 2019). The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes. Oxford University Press. p. 455. ISBN 978-0-19-871385-2. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
- ^ Hartt, Frederick (1985). Art: The Renaissance, the Baroque, the modern world. Prentice-Hall. p. 619. ISBN 978-0-13-047374-5. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
- ^ Richetti, Arianna (April 6, 2023). "The Marriage of the Virgin: Comparison Between Raphael and Perugino". Daily Art Magazine. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
- ^ Wengert, Timothy J. (Autumn 1989). "Caspar Cruciger (1504-1548): The Case of the Disappearing Reformer". Sixteenth Century Journal. 20 (3). Truman State University Press: 417–441. doi:10.2307/2540788. JSTOR 2540788.
- ^ Scholastic Library Publishing (2006). Encyclopedia Americana. Scholastic Library Pub. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6.
- ^ Labouvie, Eva (December 9, 2015). Frauen in Sachsen-Anhalt: Ein biographisch-bibliographisches Lexikon vom Mittelalter bis zum 18. Jahrhundert (in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. p. 350. ISBN 978-3-412-50128-0. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
- ^ Graya, Marco Enrico de (March 4, 2022). Patriarchi Latini: L'espansionismo della Chiesa al tempo delle Crociate (in Italian). Marco Enrico de Graya. p. xxxi. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
- ^ McLeod, W. H. (1997). Sikhism. Penguin Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-14-025260-6. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
- ^ Adriano Prosperi (1974). "Campeggi, Alessandro". Treccani. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- ^ Encyclopedia of World Biography: Orozco-Radisson. Gale Research. 1998. p. 453. ISBN 978-0-7876-2552-8.
- ^ Herbermann, Charles George; Pace, Edward A.; Pallen, Conde B.; Shahan, Thomas J.; Wynne, John J. (1910). The Catholic Encyclopedia: Gregory-Infallibility. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company. p. 473. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
- ^ Sakcinski, Ivan Kukuljević (1886). Glasoviti hrvati prošlih vjekova (in Croatian). Zagreb: Matice hrvatske. p. 43. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
- ^ Jacobs, Henry Eyster; Schmauk, Theodore Emanuel (1898). The Lutheran Church Review. Vol. 17. Alumni Association of the Lutheran Theological Seminary. p. 689. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
- ^ Gordon, Bruce; Campi, Emidio (March 22, 2019). Architect of Reformation: An Introduction to Heinrich Bullinger, 1504-1575. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-5326-7916-2. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
- ^ Harwood, H.W. Forsyth (1901). Genealogist. Vol. 17. William Pollard & Company. p. 193. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Parker Society (Great Britain) (1968). The Parker Society for the Publication of the Works of the Fathers and Early Writers of the Reformed English Church. [Publications]. Johnson Reprint Corporation. p. vi.
- ^ Schulthess-Rechberg, Karl Gustav von (1862). Thaler-Cabinet: Beschreibung aller bekannt gewordenen Thaler, worin auch alle diejenigen Stücke aufgenommen wurden, welche in Madai's Thaler-Cabinet beschrieben worden sind. Anhalt, Baden, Bayern, Berg, Birkenfeld (Oldenburg), Brandenburg, und Braunschweig bis inbegriffen die mittlere braunschweigische Linie zu Wolfenbüttel (in German). Palm. p. 1. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ KELLER, E. F. (1864). Geschichte Nassau's von der Reformation bis zum Anfang des 30jährigen Krieges (in German). Limbarth. p. 299. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Kunzel, Heinrich (1836). History of Hesse (in German). Friedberg: Scriba's Bookstore. p. 642. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Dennis Poupard; Michael Lablanc; Mark Scott (2003). Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800: Excerpts from Criticism of the Works of Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth-century Novelists, Poets, Playwrights, Philosophers, and Other Creative Writers. Gale. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-7876-6352-0.
- ^ Viterbo, Sousa (1908). O dote de d. Beatriz de Portugal: duqueza de Saboya (in Brazilian Portuguese). Lisbon: Of. tip., calçada do Cabra, 7. p. 6. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Mariusz Misztal (2002). The Elizabethan Courtier: Ideal Versus Reality Embodied in Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester. Wydaw. Naukowe AP. p. 61. ISBN 978-83-7271-096-3.
- ^ Jane, Margaret (1848). Life of Patrick Hamilton, the First, and Walter Mill, the Last Martyr, of the First Reformation in Scotland. Aberdeen: G. & R. King. p. 13. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Berg, AJ van den; Groot, A. de; Jong, O.J. de (1998). Biografisch lexicon voor de geschiedenis van het Nederlands protestantisme (in Dutch). Kampen: Uitgeverij Kok. p. 119. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ "NADI, Gaspare". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Beltrami, Carlo (1885). I marchesi di Saluzzo e i loro successori (in Italian). Vincenzo Bona. p. 17. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Verein, Württembergischer Ärztlicher (1860). Medicinisches Correspondenzblatt des Württembergischen Ärztlichen Vereins (in German). Schweizerbart. p. 324. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Rona Goffen (January 1, 2002). Renaissance Rivals: Michelangelo, Leonardo, Raphael, Titian. Yale University Press. p. 433. ISBN 978-0-300-10589-6.
- ^ Nahuys, comte Maurin Théodore Corneille Florent Napoléon (1874). Bref recueil du vonaige de Monseigneur le conte de Nassou devers l'empereur nostre sire et passage par Bourgogne et France (1533) précédé d'une notice biographique & suivi de notes explicatives (in French). F.-J. Olivier. p. 2. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Mett, Rudolf (July 2, 2013). Regiomontanus: Wegbereiter des neuen Weltbildes (in German). Springer-Verlag. p. 144. ISBN 978-3-663-05941-7. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Bolovan, Ioan (1996). A History of Romania. East European Monographs. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-88033-345-0. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Bennett, Michael J. (2004). "Stanley, Thomas, first earl of Derby". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26279. Retrieved June 26, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Bollettino della Società geografica italiana (in Italian). Vol. 10. Rome: Società geografica italiana. 1894. p. 114. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Bibra, Wilhelm von (1882). Beiträge zur Familien-Geschichte der Reichsfreiherrn von Bibra: Auf Grund urkundlicher Nachrichten bearbeitet von Wilhelm Freih. von Bibra (in German). Christ. Kaiser. p. 288. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Kiefer, Ludwig Albert (1894). Geschichte der Gemeinde Balbronn: ein Beitrag zur vaterländischen Geschichte nach Urkunden (in German). Du Mont-Schauberg M. p. 27. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Norman Davis (1999). The Paston Letters: A Selection in Modern Spelling. Oxford University Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-19-283640-3.
- ^ Pirenne, Henri (1923). Histoire de Belgique (in French). H. Lamertin. p. 73. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Vogl, Wolfgang (2022). Oberdolling - Geschichte und Kunst: 125 Jahre Weihe der Pfarrkirche (1897-2022) (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 26. ISBN 978-3-643-15084-4. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Boniecki, Michał (1875). Książęta szlązcy z domu Piastów: przyczynek do historyi rodzin panujących w Polsce, zebrany i ułożony przewaźnie z niemieckich źródeł. Zawiera okres od 1339 do 1612 roku. Część II-ga (in Polish). Ed. Wende. p. 302. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
- ^ Bernard Bolingbroke Woodward; William Leist Readwin Cates (1872). Encyclopaedia of Chronology: Historical and Biographical. Lee and Shepard. p. 348.
- ^ Július Bartl; Dušan Škvarna (2002). Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-86516-444-4.
- ^ Weiss, Joseph (1889). Berthold von Henneberg, Erzbischof von Mainz (1484-1504): seine kirchenpolitische und kirchliche Stellung (in German). Verlag nicht ermittelbar. p. 1. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
- ^ Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (September 14, 2011). Concise History of Islam. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 150. ISBN 978-93-82573-47-0. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
- ^ Report on the Administration of the Hyderabad Assigned Districts. Hyderabad: Residency Government Press. 1903. p. 7. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
- ^ Haidar, Navina Najat; Sardar, Marika (April 13, 2015). Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-300-21110-8. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
- ^ Carrington, L.; Fang, Chaoying (1976). Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-231-03801-0. Retrieved June 27, 2023.