2002 Pakistani general election

2002 Pakistani general election

← 1997 10 October 2002 2008 →
All 342 seats in the National Assembly 172 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	41.76% (5.97pp)
First party Second party   Leader Mian Muhammad Azhar Ameen Faheem Party PML(Q) PPP Last election – 18 Seats won 105 79 Seat change New 61 Popular vote 7,500,797 7,616,033 Percentage 25.66% 26.05%   Third party Fourth party   Leader Fazal-ur-Rehman Javed Hashmi Party MMA PML(N) Last election – 135 Seats won 59 19 Seat change New 116 Popular vote 3,335,643 3,409,805 Percentage 11.41% 11.66%
Results of elections showing political parties.
Prime Minister before election Pervez Musharraf (as Chief Executive) Pakistan Armed Forces Elected Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali PML (Q)

Politics of Pakistan
Federalism Federal government Provincial governments: Punjab Sindh KPK Balochistan Governors: Sardar Saleem Haider(Punjab) Kamran Tessori(Sindh) Faisal Karim Kundi(KPK) Sheikh Jaffar Khan(Balochistan) Syed Mehdi Shah(Gilgit-Baltistan) Chief Ministers: Maryam Nawaz(Punjab) Murad Ali Shah(Sindh) Ali Amin Gandapur(KPK) Sarfraz Bugti(Balochistan) Gulbar Khan(Gilgit-Baltistan) Provincial assemblies of Pakistan: Punjab Sindh KPK Balochistan Gilgi-Baltistan Azad Kashmir government President: Sultan Mehmood Chaudhry Prime Minister: Chaudhry Anwarul Haq Legislative Assembly Government of Gilgit-Baltistan Local government Divisions Districts Tehsil UCs
Parliament legislature Senate (Upper House) Chairman: Yousaf Raza Gillani Deputy Chairman: Syedaal Khan Nasar (PML(N)) Leader of the House: Ishaq Dar (PML(N)) Opposition leader: Shibli Faraz (PTI) National Assembly (Lower House) Leader of the House: Shehbaz Sharif (PML(N)) Speaker: Ayaz Sadiq (PML(N)) Deputy speaker: Syed Ghulam Mustafa Shah (PPP) Leader of the Opposition: Omar Ayub Khan Constitution of Pakistan Previous constitutions:1956 1962 1973 Annex (written 1949, incorporated 1985) Amendments Law Pakistan Penal Code Human rights
Executive President of Pakistan: Asif Ali Zardari (PPP) List of presidents of Pakistan Prime Minister of Pakistan: Shahbaz Sharif (PML-N) List of prime ministers of Pakistan Cabinet of Pakistan Cabinet Secretary
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Elections Election Commission of Pakistan Chief Election Commissioner: Sikandar Sultan Raja Electoral College Territorial election commission AJK Election Commission Chief Election Commissioner of AJK: Abdul Rashid Sulehria Gilgit-Baltistan Election Commission Chief Election Commissioner of Gilgit-Baltistan: Raja Shah Baz Khan Elections Presidential: 2008 2013 2018 2024 General: 1970 1977 1985 1988 1990 1993 1997 2002 2008 2013 2018 2024 Provincial elections Punjab: 2002 2008 2013 2018 2024 Sindh: 2002 2008 2013 2018 2024 KPK: 2002 2008 2013 2018 2024 Balochistan: 2013 2018 2024 Territorial elections Azad Kashmir: 1970 1975 1985 1990 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 Gilgit-Baltistan: 2009 2015 2020 Political parties Pakistan Muslim League (N) Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf Pakistan Peoples Party Complete list
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General elections were held in Pakistan on 10 October 2002 to elect the 12th National Assembly and four Provincial Assemblies. The elections were held under the military government of Pervez Musharraf.^[1] The two mainstream parties, Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) had several restrictions imposed on them and their leaders Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif were in exile. In order to address the restrictions, PPP created the Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP) under the leadership of Ameen Faheem, to contest the elections on its behalf. The PML-N meanwhile, suffering from the party's division into two factions: one that remained loyal to Sharif and were contesting the elections under the leadership of Javed Hashmi, and the other which had broken away to form the pro-Musharraf Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) under the leadership of Mian Muhammad Azhar. The emergence of the PML-Q marked the beginning of multi-party politics in the country, bringing an end to the decade-long two-party system between the PPP and PML-N.

The newly formed PML-Q - referred to as King's party due to President Musharraf's support - won the highest number of seats in the National Assembly. Despite the absence of Benazir Bhutto, PPPP came at a close second, and actually dominated in terms of popular vote. In opposition to the liberal regime of Musharraf, Islamist parties had organised themselves into the right-wing alliance Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA) prior to elections. The MMA ended up becoming the third largest party in National Assembly. PML-N suffering from Nawaz Sharif's absence and party split, finished fourth. At the provincial level, PPPP emerged as the largest party in Sindh, PML-Q was triumphant in Punjab, whereas MMA won the most seats in NWFP and Balochistan. With help of other pro-Musharraf parties such as MQM and National Alliance, PML-Q formed a government not only in the Centre but also in all provinces besides NWFP. Since Mian Muhammad Azhar had failed to win a seat himself, PML-Q and its allies agreed on the appointment of Zafarullah Jamali as the next Prime Minister

Following the 1999 Pakistani coup d'état, Nawaz Sharif was removed as Prime Minister of Pakistan and Pervez Musharraf assumed control of the executive branch of the Government of Pakistan. In 2000, the Supreme Court ruled that the coup was legal although had to be legitimised by an election. A referendum was held earlier in 2002 to bring legitimacy to Musharraf's presidency, despite being boycotted by the opposition.

More than 70 parties contested the elections. The main parties were the Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP), Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz), Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM), Pakistan Muslim League (Quaid-e-Azam), which was also called the "King's Party" for its unconditional support of the government, and the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA), an alliance of six religious political parties.

Other known parties contesting at the national level included the six-party National Alliance led by former President Farooq Leghari, Imran Khan's Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf and Tahir-ul-Qadri's Pakistan Awami Tehreek.^[1]

To control the political landscape, the Musharraf-led government introduced the Political Parties Order, 2002, imposing criteria that effectively disqualified the leadership of the PPP and PML-N from participating in the elections.^[2] The administrative machinery, from the police to vote counters, was reportedly aligned with state interests, suggesting widespread rigging.^[2]

Journalist Zarrar Khuhro described the elections as heavily manipulated, with disenfranchisement disguised as electoral reform.^[2] One controversial reform was the requirement for candidates to hold graduate degrees, a stipulation that excluded many potential candidates due to the educational standards in Pakistan.^[2] However, an exception was made for religious scholars, equating madrassah certificates with graduate degrees, thereby favoring the pro-Musharraf Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal alliance and introducing a bias in candidate eligibility.^[2]

These elections also saw the reduction in the minimum eligible age to be a voter, from 21 years to 18 years.^[3]

In the National Assembly elections, the PPPP received the most votes but the PML-Q won the most seats, winning 126 to the PPPP's 81. At the provincial level, the MMA emerged as the largest party in Balochistan and North-West Frontier Province. The PML-N lost its stronghold of Punjab to the PML-Q, while in Sindh there was a hung parliament, with the PPP winning more seats than the National Alliance. Voter turnout was 41.8%.

Although the founder of the PML-Q Mian Muhammad Azhar was considered the most likely candidate to become Prime Minister, he failed to win a seat in the National Assembly. Instead a senior party leader Zafarullah Khan Jamali was tasked with leading the new government. Meanwhile, the MMA leader Fazal-ur-Rehman became the Leader of the Opposition.

The election for Prime Minister took place on 21 November 2002.