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{{Short description|Family of small insectivorous mammals}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Late Eocene|Recent}}
| image = Talpidae family pictures.png
| image_caption = {{columns-list|colwidth=10em|{{plain list|Left column:
**Top: [[Pyrenean desman]]
**Bottom: [[European mole]]
*Right column:
**Top: [[Small Japanese mole]]
**Middle: [[Russian desman]]
**Bottom: [[Eastern mole]]}}}}
| taxon = Talpidae
| authority = [[Johann Fischer von Waldheim|G. Fischer]], 1814
| type_genus = ''[[Talpa (mammal)|Talpa]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision =
[[Talpinae]]<br>
[[Scalopinae]]<br>
[[Uropsilinae]]
}}

The [[family (biology)|family]] '''Talpidae'''<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Hutterer | pages = 300-311}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|'|t|ae|l|p|ᵻ|d|iː}}) includes the true [[Mole (animal)|moles]] (as well as the [[shrew mole]]s and [[desman]]s) who are small [[insectivore|insectivorous]] mammals of the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Eulipotyphla]]. '''Talpids''' are all [[fossorial|digging animals]] to various degrees: moles are completely subterranean animals; shrew moles and [[shrew-like moles]] somewhat less so; and desmans, while basically aquatic, excavate dry sleeping chambers; whilst the quite unique [[star-nosed mole]] is equally adept in the water and underground. Talpids are found across the [[Northern Hemisphere]] of [[Eurasia]] and [[North America]] (although none are found in [[Ireland]] nor in the [[Americas]] south of northern [[Mexico]]), and range as far south as the [[Montane ecosystems|montane]] regions of tropical [[Southeast Asia]].

The first talpids evolved from [[shrew]]-like animals which adapted to digging late in the [[Eocene]] in Europe. ''[[Eotalpa|Eotalpa anglica]]'' is the oldest known mole, it was discovered in the Late Eocene deposits of [[Hampshire Basin]], [[UK]].<ref>Jerry J. Hooker. Skeletal adaptations and phylogeny of the oldest mole Eotalpa (Talpidae, Lipotyphla, Mammalia) from the UK Eocene: the beginning of fossoriality in moles. The Paleontological Association. Volume59, Issue 2, March 2016. pp. 195-216. [https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12221 doi.org/10.1111/pala.12221]</ref> The most primitive living talpids are believed to be the [[Uropsilinae|shrew-like moles]], with other species having adapted further into the subterranean, and, in some cases, aquatic lifestyles.<ref name=MamEv>{{cite book|author= Savage, RJG, & Long, MR|year= 1986|title= Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide|publisher= Facts on File|location= New York|page= [https://archive.org/details/mammalevolutioni0000sava/page/53 53]|isbn= 0-8160-1194-X|url= https://archive.org/details/mammalevolutioni0000sava/page/53}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
Talpids are small, dark-furred animals with cylindrical bodies and hairless, tubular snouts. They range in size from the tiny [[Shrew-mole (Neurotrichus)|shrew mole]]s of North America, as small as 10&nbsp;cm in length and weighing under 12&nbsp;grams, to the [[Russian desman]], with a body length of 18–22&nbsp;cm, and a weight of about 550&nbsp;grams. The [[fur]] varies between species, but is always dense and short; desmans have waterproof undercoats and oily [[guard hair]]s, while the subterranean moles have short, velvety fur lacking any guard hairs. The forelimbs of moles are highly adapted for digging, with powerful claws, and the paws turned permanently outwards to aid in shovelling dirt away from the front of the body. By contrast, desmans have webbed paws with a fringe of stiff fur to aid in swimming. Moles generally have short tails, but those of desmans are elongated and flattened.<ref name=EoM>{{cite book|editor= Macdonald, D.|author= Gorman, Martyn|year= 1984|title= The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher= Facts on File|location= New York|pages= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/766 766–769]|isbn= 0-87196-871-1|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/766}}</ref>

All species have small eyes and poor eyesight, but only a few are truly blind.<ref name=EoM/> The external ears are very small or absent.<ref name="Grzimek">Grzimek, Bernhard. ''Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Volume 10: Mammals I.'' New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1975. Print.</ref> Talpids rely primarily on their sense of [[somatosensory system|touch]], having sensory [[vibrissa]]e on their faces, legs, and tails. Their flexible snouts are particularly sensitive. Desmans are able to close both their nostrils and ears while diving. Unusually, the [[penis]] of talpids points backwards, and they have no [[scrotum]].<ref name=EoM/>

Females have six or eight [[teat]]s. Both sexes have claws on all five fingers and on all five toes. The paw has an additional bone called the [[os falciforme]]. In burrowing moles, the [[clavicle]] and the [[Upper extremity of humerus|humeral head]] are connected. The [[tibia]] and the [[fibula]] are partially fused in all talpids. The [[Pubis (bone)|pubis]] does not connect the two halves of the [[Pelvis|pelvic girdle]]. The [[skull]] is long, narrow, and rather flattened.<ref name="Grzimek"/>

Talpids are generally insectivorous. Moles eat [[earthworm]]s, insect larvae, and occasionally slugs, while desmans eat aquatic invertebrates such as shrimps, insect larvae, and [[snail]]s. Talpids have relatively unspecialized teeth, with the [[dentition|dental formula]]: {{dentition2|2-3.1.3-4.3|1-3.0-1.3-4.3}}
===Sex characteristics===
{{excerpt|Animal clitoris|Moles}}
===Behavior===
[[File:Krticin rad.JPG|thumbnail|[[Molehill]]]]
Desmans and shrew moles are primarily [[nocturnal]], but moles are active day and night, usually travelling above ground only under cover of darkness. Most moles dig permanent [[burrow]]s, and subsist largely on prey that falls into them.  The shrew moles dig burrows to access deep sleeping chambers, but forage for food on the forest floor by night. Desmans dig burrows in riverbanks for shelter and forage in the water of rivers and lakes.  The star-nosed mole is able to make a living much as other moles do, but are also very capable aquatic creatures, where they are able to smell underwater by using their unique proboscis to hold out a bubble of air into the water.

Talpids appear to be generally quite antisocial animals, and although at least one species, the star-nosed mole, will share burrows, talpids are known to engage in much territorial behavior, including extraordinarily fast battles.<ref name=EoM/>

==Classification==
{{further|List of talpids}}
The family is divided into three subfamilies, 19 genera and 59 species.
*'''Family Talpidae'''
**'''Subfamily [[Uropsilinae]]''' - Asian shrew-like moles (Chinese shrew moles)
*** Genus ''[[Uropsilus]]'' - eight species in China, Bhutan, and Myanmar
****[[Equivalent teeth shrew mole|Equivalent-teeth shrew mole]], ''U. aequodonenia''
****[[Anderson's shrew mole]], ''U. andersoni''
**** [[Black-backed shrew mole]], ''U. atronates''
****[[Dabie Mountains shrew mole]], ''U. dabieshanensis''
****[[Gracile shrew mole]], ''U. gracilis''
****[[Inquisitive shrew mole]], ''U. investigator''
**** [[Snow Mountain shrew mole]], ''U. nivatus''
****[[Chinese shrew mole]], ''U. soricipes''
**'''Subfamily [[Scalopinae]]''' - New World moles
*** Tribe [[Condylurini]] - condylurine moles
**** Genus ''[[Condylura]]'' - one species in eastern North America
*****[[Star-nosed mole]], ''C. cristata''
*** Tribe [[Scalopini]] - scalopine moles
**** Genus ''[[Alpiscaptulus]]'' - one species in China
*****[[Medog mole]], ''A. medogensis''
****Genus ''[[Parascalops]]'' - one species in northeastern North America
*****[[Hairy-tailed mole]], ''P. breweri''
**** Genus ''[[Scalopus]]'' - one species in eastern North America
*****[[Eastern mole]], ''S. aquaticus''
**** Genus ''[[Scapanulus]]'' - one species in China
*****[[Gansu mole]], ''S. oweni''
**** Genus ''[[Scapanus]]'' - five species in western North America
*****[[Mexican mole]], ''S. anthonyi''<ref name="Yates&Salazar-Bravo">{{cite book|author1=Yates, Terry L. |author2=Jorge Salazar-Bravo |year=2004|chapter= A Revision Of ''Scapanus latimanus'', with the Revalidation of a Species Of Mexican Mole| pages= 479–496 |editor1= Sánchez-Cordero V. |editor2=Medellín R.A. |title= Contribuciones Mastozoológicas En Homenaje A Bernardo Villa|publisher=Instituto De Biología e Ins Tituto De Ecología, Unam, México|url=http://www.msb.unm.edu/mammals/publications/Yates%20y%20SBravo_Villa_book.pdf}}</ref> 
*****[[Northern broad-footed mole]], ''S. latimanus''
*****[[Southern broad-footed mole]], ''S. occultus''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Castañeda|first1=Sergio Ticul Alvarez|last2=Cortés-Calva|first2=Patrica|date=2021-05-09|title=Revision of moles in the genus Scapanus|url=https://www.revistas-conacyt.unam.mx/therya/index.php/THERYA/article/view/1174|journal=THERYA|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|pages=275|doi=10.12933/therya-21-1174 |s2cid=236583289 |issn=2007-3364|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*****[[Coast mole]], ''S. orarius''
*****[[Townsend's mole]], ''S. townsendii''
**'''Subfamily [[Talpinae]]''' - Old World moles, desmans, and shrew moles
*** Tribe [[Talpini]] - talpine moles
**** Genus ''[[Euroscaptor]]'' - ten species in East, South, and Southeast Asia
***** [[Greater Chinese mole]], ''E. grandis''
***** [[Kloss's mole]], ''E. klossi''
***** [[Kuznetsov's mole]], ''E. kuznetsovi''
***** [[Long-nosed mole]], ''E. longirostris''
***** [[Malaysian mole]], ''E. malayanus'' <ref>[http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/110007172235.pdf?id=ART0009132156&type=pdf&lang=en&host=cinii&order_no=&ppv_type=0&lang_sw=&no=1343726423&cp= Redescription of the Malaysian Mole as to be a true species ''Euroscaptor malayana'']{{Dead link|date=August 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
***** [[Himalayan mole]], ''E. micrurus''
***** [[Ngoc Linh mole]], ''E. ngoclinhensis''
***** [[Orlov's mole]], ''E. orlovi''
***** [[Small-toothed mole]], ''E. parvidens''
***** [[Vietnamese mole]], ''E. subanura''<ref name="Kawada20122">{{cite journal|author=Kawada, S-I.|display-authors=etal|year=2012|title=A new species of mole of the genus ''Euroscaptor'' (Soricomorpha, Talpidae) from northern Vietnam|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=93|issue=3|pages=839–850|doi=10.1644/11-MAMM-A-296.1|doi-access=}}</ref>
**** Genus ''[[Mogera]]'' - nine species from East Asia
*****[[Echigo mole]], ''M. etigo''
*****[[Small Japanese mole]], ''M. imaizumii''
*****[[Insular mole]], ''M. insularis''
*****[[Kano's mole]], ''M. kanoana''
*****[[La Touche's mole]], ''M. latouchei''
*****[[Ussuri mole]], ''M. robusta''
*****[[Sado mole]], ''M. tokudae''
*****[[Senkaku mole]], ''M. uchidai''
*****[[Japanese mole]], ''M. wogura''
**** Genus ''[[Oreoscaptor]]'' - one species in Japan
*****[[Japanese mountain mole]], ''O. mizura''
****Genus ''[[Parascaptor]]'' - one species in southern Asia
*****[[White-tailed mole]], ''P. leucura''
**** Genus ''[[Scaptochirus]]'' - China
*****[[Short-faced mole]], ''S. moschatus''
**** Genus ''[[Talpa (genus)|Talpa]]'' - thirteen species, Europe and western Asia
*****[[Altai mole]], ''T. altaica''
*****[[Aquitanian mole]], ''T. aquitania''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nicolas |first1=Violaine |last2=Martínez-Vargas |first2=Jessica |last3=Hugot |first3=Jean-Pierre |title=Talpa aquitania sp. nov. (Talpidae, Soricomorpha), a new mole species from SW France and N Spain |journal=Mammalia |date=2017 |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=641–642 |doi=10.1515/MAMMALIA-2017-0057|s2cid=90926022 |url=https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01829495/file/221-MAMM-2017_sans%20marque.pdf }}</ref>
*****[[Blind mole]], ''T. caeca''
*****[[Caucasian mole]], ''T. caucasica''
*****[[Père David's mole]], ''T. davidiana''
*****[[European mole]], ''T. europaea''
*****[[Levant mole]], ''T. levantis''
*****[[Martino's mole]], ''T. martinorum''
*****[[Spanish mole]], ''T. occidentalis''
*****[[Ognev's mole]], ''T. ognevi''
*****[[Roman mole]], ''T. romana''
*****[[Balkan mole]], ''T. stankovici''
*****[[Talysch mole]], ''T. talyschensis''
*** Tribe [[Scaptonychini]] 
**** Genus ''[[Scaptonyx]]'' - one species in China and Myanmar
***** [[Long-tailed mole]], ''S. fusicauda''
*** Tribe [[Desmanini]] - desmans
**** Genus ''[[Desmana]]''
***** [[Russian desman]], ''D. moschata''
**** Genus ''[[Galemys]]''
***** [[Pyrenean desman]], ''G. pyrenaicus''
*** Tribe [[Urotrichini]] - Japanese shrew moles
**** Genus ''[[Dymecodon]]''
***** [[True's shrew mole]], ''D. pilirostris''
**** Genus ''[[Urotrichus]]''
***** [[Japanese shrew mole]], ''U. talpoides''
*** Tribe [[Neurotrichini]] - New World shrew moles
**** Genus ''[[Neurotrichus]]'' - Pacific northwest US, southwest British Columbia
***** [[American shrew mole]], ''N. gibbsii''
Some studies suggest that this classification into three subfamilies is not entirely accurate, finding [[Uropsilinae]] to be the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] member, then [[Desman|Desmanini]], then a [[clade]] comprising [[Neurotrichini]], [[Long-tailed mole|Scaptonychini]], and [[Urotrichini]], then the [[Condylura|Condylurini]], and then [[Talpini]] and [[Scalopini]] being [[Sister group|sister groups]] to one another. The current classification into 3 subfamilies renders both [[Talpinae]] and [[Scalopinae]] [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Schwermann|first1=Achim H.|last2=He|first2=Kai|last3=Peters|first3=Benjamin J.|last4=Plogschties|first4=Thorsten|last5=Sansalone|first5=Gabriele|date=2019|title=Systematics and macroevolution of extant and fossil scalopine moles (Mammalia, Talpidae)|journal=Palaeontology|language=en|volume=62|issue=4|pages=661–676|doi=10.1111/pala.12422|s2cid=134096608 |issn=1475-4983|doi-access=}}</ref>

=== Unrelated mammals built like moles ===
The following mammals have burrowing habits, and have by virtue of [[convergent evolution]] many derived characters in common with true moles from the family Talpidae but are nonetheless unrelated.
* [[Marsupial mole]]s (2 species): ''[[Notoryctes typhlops]]'', and ''[[Notoryctes caurinus|N. caurinus]]''.
* [[Golden mole]]s (21 species), belonging to the [[Afrotheria]].

==Relationship with humans==
All species in the family Talpidae are classed as "prohibited new organisms" under New Zealand's [[Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996]], preventing them from being imported into the country.<ref>{{citation| url=http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1996/0030/latest/DLM386556.html#DLM386556|title=Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 2003 - Schedule 2 Prohibited new organisms|publisher=New Zealand Government|access-date=26 January 2012}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Mouldwarp]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons and category|Talpidae|Talpidae}}
{{Wikispecies|Talpidae}}

{{Eulipotyphla|T.}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q104825}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Talpidae| ]]
[[Category:Mammal families]]
[[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim]]

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Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Excerpt (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Excerpt/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPAc-en (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPAc-en/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPAc-en/phonemes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPAc-en/pronunciation (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Italic title (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:MultiReplace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox with collapsible groups (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox with collapsible groups/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:ResolveEntityId (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TNT (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:TaxonItalics (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Taxonbar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Taxonbar/candidate (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Taxonbar/conf (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Taxonbar/exists (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Taxonbar/whitelist (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Template redirect regex (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Template wrapper (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Transcluder (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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