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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image=CALAIS DOUVRES. 1881 - Sjöhistoriska museet - Fo29648A.jpg
| Ship caption=''Castalia'' in Dover, 1881
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
| Ship name=''Castalia''
| Ship owner=*English Channel Steamship Company (1874–78)
*London, Chatham & Dover Railway (1878–84)
*Metropolitan Asylums Board (1884–1904)
| Ship operator=*English Channel Steamship Company (1874–76)
*Metropolitan Asylums Board (1884–1904)
| Ship registry={{flagicon|UKGBI|civil}} United Kingdom
| Ship route=
| Ship ordered=
| Ship builder=Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company
| Ship original cost=£70,000
| Ship yard number=
| Ship way number=
| Ship laid down=
| Ship launched=2 June 1874
| Ship completed=October 1874
| Ship christened=
| Ship acquired=
| Ship maiden voyage=
| Ship in service=1874
| Ship out of service=1876–84
| Ship identification=
| Ship fate=Scrapped 1905
| Ship notes= 
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header=
| Header caption=
| Ship type=*Paddle steamer (1874–83)
*Hospital ship (1884–1904)
| Ship tonnage={{GRT|1,533}}
| Ship displacement=
| Ship length={{convert|295|ft|6|in|m|2|abbr=on}}
| Ship beam={{convert|60|ft|6|in|m|2|abbr=on}}
| Ship height=
| Ship draught={{convert|7|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on|2}}
| Ship depth=
| Ship decks=
| Ship deck clearance=
| Ship ramps=
| Ship ice class=
| Ship power=2 x {{convert|140|hp|kW|abbr=on}}
| Ship propulsion=Twin compound steam engines, two paddle wheels
| Ship speed={{convert|11|kn|km/h}}
| Ship capacity=700 passengers
| Ship crew=
| Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''''Castalia'''''{{ref|a|[Note A]}} was a {{GRT|1,533}} [[catamaran|twin-hulled]] [[paddle steamer]] that was built in 1874 by the [[Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company]], [[Leamouth]], [[London]] for the English Channel Steamship Company. She was acquired by the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway]] (LCDR) in 1878 but had already been laid up by then and was not operated by the LCDR. In 1883, she was sold to the [[Metropolitan Asylums Board]] and converted to a [[hospital ship]]. She served until 1904 and was scrapped in 1905.

==Description==
''Castalia'' was a twin-hulled paddle steamer, comprising two half-hulls with a length of {{convert|295|ft|6|in|m|2}} and a beam of {{convert|60|ft|6|in|m|2}}.<ref name=Times051104>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Classified Advertisements |date=5 November 1904 |page=18 |issue=37544 |column=F }}</ref> The two half-hulls were {{convert|26|ft|m}} apart internally.<ref name=PSPG/> Her draught was {{convert|7|ft|2|in|m|2}}.<ref name=Times040875/> The ship was designed with bows forward and astern in order to avoid the need to turn round at [[Calais]], France.<ref name=Dover>{{cite web |url=http://www.dover-kent.co.uk/transport/castalia.htm |title=The Castalia |publisher=Dover, Kent |access-date=2 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927120640/http://www.dover-kent.co.uk/transport/castalia.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

She was propelled by two diagonal [[compound steam engine]]s,<ref name=PSPG/> of {{convert|140|hp|kW}} each.<ref name=Times040875>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Castalia |date=4 August 1874 |page=12 |issue=28385 |column=A-B }}</ref> driving a single paddle wheel.<ref name=PSPG/> The engines were built by J & A Blyth, London.<ref name=Times240981>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Castalia |date=24 September 1881 |page=8 |issue=30308 |column=B }}</ref> The two paddle wheels were placed side by side between the twin hulls.<ref name=Times080874>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The New Channel Steamships |date=8 August 1874 |page=10 |issue=28076 |column=D-E }}</ref> These could propel her at {{convert|11|kn|km/h}}.<ref name=PSPG>{{cite web |url=http://website.lineone.net/~tom_lee/castaliaimg.htm |title=PS Castalia |publisher=Paddle Steamer Picture Gallery |access-date=1 August 2011}}</ref> Following improvements in 1875, the boilers and paddle wheels were by [[Henry Maudslay|Maudslay, Sons, & Field]], [[Lambeth]], [[Surrey]].<ref name=Times210475>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Castalia |date=21 April 1875 |page=9 |issue=28295 |column=G }}</ref> She had capacity to carry 700 passengers.<ref name=Times070976>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Castalia |date=11 September 1876 |page=11 |issue=28728 |column=F }}</ref>

==History==

===Construction as an unconventional cross-Channel ferry===
''Castalia'' was built in 1874 by the [[Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company]], [[Leamouth]] for the English Channel Steamship Company.<ref name=PSPG/> Costing about £70,000 to build,<ref name=Times280583>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Metropolitan Asylums Board |date=28 May 1883 |page=9 |issue=30831 |column=B }}</ref> she was designed by a Captain Dicey, who thought that she should be more stable therefore leading to less [[seasickness]] for her passengers.<ref name=Dover/> ''Castalia'' was launched on 2 June.<ref name=MP030274>{{cite journal |title=The Twin-Ship Castalia |journal=The Morning Post |location=London |issue=  31801 |date=3 June 1874 |page=6}}</ref> She was named for [[Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville|Lady Granville]], who launched her.<ref name=Dover/>

====Underpowered and uneconomically slow====
[[File:An illustrated and descriptive guide to the great railways of England and their connections with the Continent (1885) (14737656296).jpg|thumb|Another view of ''Castalia'']]
Completed in October, trials soon showed that she was too slow. Castalia was returned to her makers for new boilers and paddles to be fitted.<ref name=Dover/> A [[debenture]] of [[pound Sterling|£16,000]] being sought by the English Channel Steamship Company to finance the improvements.<ref name=Times130375>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Money-Market and City Intelligence |date=13 March 1875 |page=10 |issue=28262 |column=A }}</ref> On her delivery voyage from [[Gravesend, Kent|Gravesend]], Kent to Dover on 15 September 1874, trouble was experienced with [[priming (steam engine)|priming]] of her boilers, necessitating a reduction to half-power, although a speed of {{convert|10|kn|km/h}} was attained. On arrival at Dover, large crowds came to see the novel ship.<ref name=Times180974>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Castalia, Capt. Dicey's twin-vessel |date=18 September 1874 |page=8 |issue=28111 |column=F }}</ref> ''Castalia'' made a trial run between [[Dover]] and Calais on 21 July 1875.<ref name=Times220775>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=News in Brief |date=22 July 1875 |page=5 |issue=28374 |column=C }}</ref> The voyage had begun at Gravesend with the intention that she would sail to Calais, but the [[Board of Trade]] inspector on board ordered her into Dover as she approached the [[North Foreland]]. A protruding bolt on the Admiralty Pier at Dover caused some minor damage, which was quickly repaired. Although her steering gear had failed, there was no difficulty in manoeuvering the ship, attributed to the fact that the engines drove each paddle wheel independently. ''Castalia'' then made the crossing to Calais.<ref name=Times230775>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Castalia |date=23 July 1875 |page=8 |issue=28375 |column=C }}</ref> She made a public trial crossing of the Channel on 2 August. ''[[The Times]]'' commented that she was underpowered, having {{convert|280|hp|kW}} for a [[gross register tonnage]] of 1,533. Mailboats then in service had {{convert|160|hp|kW}} for a tonnage of {{GRT|400|link=off}}.<ref name=Times040875/>

''Castalia'' entered into regular service on 5 August 1875. She departed from Dover at 09:35,<ref name=MP050875>{{cite journal |title=The Castalia |journal=The Morning Post |location=London |issue=  32168 |date=5 August 1875 |page=5 }}</ref> arriving in time for passengers to catch the 12:30 train to [[Gare du Nord|Paris]].<ref name=Times110875/> She departed from Calais at 13:20,<ref name=MP050875/> allowing passengers from the Continent to arrive at [[Charing Cross railway station|London]] that evening. She operated daily except Sundays. Fares were [[£sd|8s 6d]] first class, 6s 6d second class. Private cabins were available at £1 extra and refreshments were available on board.<ref name=Times110875>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The New Continental Service |date=11 August 1875 |page=2 |issue=28391 |column=A }}</ref> Her lack of speed meant that she could not operate in connection with mail trains and she was not a success financially.<ref name=Dover/> Only capable of {{convert|11|kn|km/h}}, she needed to be able to achieve at least {{convert|12|kn|km/h}} to be as fast as ships then in service on the cross-channel route,<ref name=Times080874/> and {{convert|13|kn|km/h}} to be able to provide the required service.<ref name=Times040875/> It had been hoped that ''Castalia'' would be able to achieve {{convert|14|kn|km/h}}.<ref name=Times011274>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Railway and Other Companies |date=1 December 1874 |page=6 |issue=28174 |column=E }}</ref>

====Illustrious passengers====
Following his unsuccessful attempt at swimming across the English Channel on 12 August 1875, [[Matthew Webb]] returned to the United Kingdom on board ''Castalia''.<ref name=DN140875>{{cite journal |title=The Attempt to Swim Across the Channel |journal=Daily News |location=London |issue=  9144 |date=14 August 1875 |page=2}}</ref> Following the successful swim across the Channel on 24 August, he again returned to the United Kingdom on board ''Castalia''.<ref name=Standard270875>{{cite journal |title=Arrival of Captain Webb in Dover |journal=The Standard |location=London |issue=  15939 |date=27 August 1875 |page=5}}</ref> Reaction from passengers who sailed on board ''Castiliâ'' was generally favourable. ''Castalia'' was reported to only roll by about 5° to port and starboard in heavy seas, whereas a conventional ship would roll by 15° or more. In identical conditions, {{SS|Foam||2}} was reported to have taken 1 hour 42 minutes for a crossing from Calais to Dover, pitching and rolling heavily, whereas ''Castalia'' took three hours, but with little pitching and rolling.<ref name=Times051075>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Castalia |date=5 October 1875 |page=8 |issue=28438 |column=G }}</ref> On 11 October,<ref name=Times111075>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Prince of Wales's Journey |date=11 October 1875 |page=10 |issue=28443 |column=B }}</ref> the [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Prince of Wales]] travelled on board ''Castalia'' as part of his journey from London to [[British India|India]].<ref name=BO041175>{{cite journal |title=The "Castalia" |journal=The Bradford Observer |location=Bradford |issue=  4010 |date=4 November 1875 |page=7 }}</ref>  The prince chose ''Castalia'' as he was prone to seasickness.<ref name=FJDCA071075>{{cite journal |title=London Gossip |journal=The Freeman's Journal and Daily Commercial Advertiser |location=Dublin |volume=CVIII |date=7 October 1875 |page=7}}</ref> He was accompanied from London to Calais by the [[Alexandra of Denmark|Princess of Wales]], who slept on board ''Castalia'' after arrival at Calais and returned to Dover the next day.<ref name=YH131075>{{cite journal |title=Return of the Princess of Wales |journal=York Herald |location=York |issue=  5828 |date=13 October 1875 |page=5}}</ref>

====An improved successor====
In January 1876, the board of the English Channel Steamship Company agreed to an issue of £150,000 of shares paying a dividend of 7% in order to finance an improved version of ''Castalia''. The new ship was to be capable of {{convert|14|kn|km/h}}.<ref name=Times220176/> The new ship was the {{PS|Express|1877|2}}, which was built by [[Hawthorn Leslie|Hawthorn, Leslie & Co Ltd]], [[Hebburn-on-Tyne]], [[Northumberland]].<ref name=Times190477>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Channel Steamers |date=19 April 1877 |page=10 |issue=28920 |column=F }}</ref> ''Express'' was renamed {{PS|Calais-Douvres|1877|2}} before entering service with the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|LCDR]].<ref name=Times070578>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Channel Passage |date=7 May 1878 |page=11 |issue=29248 |column=F }}</ref><ref>
[http://website.lineone.net/~tom_lee/calaisdouvres.htm PS Calais-Douvres].
</ref>

====Political manoeuvres====
It was reported that for each of the months from August to November, an increase of the average number of passengers carried per day was recorded, from 38 in August to 159 in November.<ref name=Times220176>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Money-market and City Intelligence |date=22 January 1876 |page=7 |issue=28532 |column=A-B }}</ref> In March, the South Eastern Railway Bill had its second reading in Parliament. [[Sir Charles Russell, 3rd Baronet|Sir Charles Russell]], MP stated that the [[South Eastern Railway, UK|South Eastern Railway]] (SER) had done everything in its power to obstruct the English Channel Steamship Company. Lord Elcho stated that if the railway was sincere in its desire to improve communication with the continent (the stated aim of the bill), then it would run its trains to suit ''Castalia'', rather than expecting the ship to run to suit its trains. After some discussion, the bill passed its second reading.<ref name=Times170376>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=House of Commons, Thursday 16 March |date=17 March 1876 |page=6 |issue=28679 |column=C-F }}</ref> Sir [[Edward Watkin]] was asked about this state of affairs at a shareholders meeting of the SER on 3 August. He replied that the railway could not run a special and regular service of trains to meet an irregular sailing schedule such as that operated by ''Castalia'', which did not run in the winter. The boats that connected with the SERs trains operated a regular, year-round service.<ref name=MP040876>{{cite journal |title=South Eastern Railway |journal=The Morning Post |location=London |issue=  32480 |date=4 August 1876 |page=7}}</ref>

====Modifications, further trials, and end of ferry career====
Having been withdrawn for further modifications and improvements, ''Castalia'' re-entered service on 3 June 1876.<ref name=Times020676>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Channel Passage |date=2 June 1876 |page=6 |issue=28645 |column=F }}</ref> The average number of passengers using ''Castalia'' increased from 1,741 in June to 2,933 in July and 5,388 in August.<ref name=Times010976>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Castalia |date=September 1876 |page=3 |issue=28723 |column=C }}</ref> In March 1877, ''Castalia'' was fitted with new paddle wheels. These only had twelve paddles against the 32 of the original wheels. Although her boilers were priming, an increase in speed of {{convert|2|kn|km/h}} was achieved compared against similar power settings for the old paddle wheels. Although the trial was declared a success,<ref name=MP120377>{{cite journal |title=Castalia |journal=The Morning Post |location=London |issue=  32668 |date=12 March 1877 |page=6}}</ref> ''Castalia'' was withdrawn from service.<ref name=Dover/> She was laid up on Galleons Reach on the [[River Thames]],<ref name=Lost>{{cite web |url=http://www.ezitis.myzen.co.uk/briefhistoryhospships.html |title=SMALLPOX HOSPITAL SHIPS |publisher=Lost Hospitals of London |access-date=2 August 2011}}</ref> at [[Erith]], Kent.<ref name=Times240981/>

The English Channel Steamship Company was wound up by order of the [[Court of Chancery]] following a petition from ''Castalia{{'}}s'' builders. The ship being the only asset owned by the company and it was [[mortgage]]d to her builders for £20,000.<ref name=Times181176>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=High Court of Justice, 17 November |date=18 November 1876 |page=11 |issue=28790 |column=A }}</ref> In 1878, the English Channel Steamship Company was acquired by the LCDR, and ''Castalia'' was one of the ships that LCDR acquired.<ref name=List>{{cite web |url=http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/feederswest.html#chatham |title=London, Chatham & Dover Railway Company |publisher=The Ships List |access-date=2 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616103216/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/feederswest.html#chatham |archive-date=16 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> A further four-hour trial run was made on 17 August 1878 when ''Castalia'' sailed from [[North Woolwich]], having been laid up for seventeen months. Speed was reduced due to her bottom being fouled and her steam engines not having been in use during that time.<ref name=DN200878>{{cite journal |title=The Castalia |journal=Daily News |location=London |issue=  10088 |date=20 August 1878 }}</ref> Following the {{SS|Princess Alice|1865|2}} disaster on 3 September 1878, the [[Board of Trade]] held an enquiry. One of the recommendations was that ships that were laid up, such as {{HMS|Atlas|1860|2}} and ''Castalia'' should be either moved to different locations or moored nearer the river bank, leaving a wider area of the river available for navigation.<ref name=RN101178>{{cite journal |title=The Loss of the Princess Alice – Board of Trade Enquiry |journal= Reynold's Journal |location=London |issue=  1474 |date=10 November 1878 |page=5}}</ref> On 24 October, ''Castalia'' rescued the captain of ''Ruth'', which had sunk in the River Thames during a [[squall]].<ref name=NE261078>{{Cite news |title=Shipping |newspaper=Northern Echo |location=Darlington |date=26 October 1878 |issue=2740 }}</ref>

===Reconstruction as an unconventional hospital ship===
[[File:Castalia hospital ship.jpg|thumb|''Castalia'' as converted to a hospital ship, with the stern of {{HMS|Endymion|1865|2}} at left]]
In September 1881, ''Castalia'' was advertised to be sold the following month on the instructions of the mortgagees, Messrs Bailey & Ridley.<ref name=Times240981/> The sale was advertised as taking place at the Captain's Room of the [[Royal Exchange, London]] on 20 October 1881.<ref name=Times181081>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Classified Advertising |date=18 October 1881 |page=1 |issue=30328 |column=B }}</ref> In May 1883, ''Castalia'' was sold to the [[Metropolitan Asylums Board]] for £5,500 and converted to a [[hospital ship]] with provision for 150 patients.<ref name=Times280583/> She was converted at a cost of between £30,000 and £35,000.<ref name=DN230684>{{cite journal |title=The Castalia Hospital Ship |journal=Daily News |location=London |issue=  11917 |date=22 June 1884 |page=5}}</ref> ''Castalia'' joined the board's two other ships, {{HMS|Atlas|1860|2}} and {{HMS|Endymion|1865|2}} at [[Long Reach, Kent|Long Reach]], near [[Dartford]]. Her engines and paddle wheels were removed and the void covered over to form a deck,<ref name=Lost/> The machinery that was removed was advertised for sale in July 1883.<ref name=Times070783>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Classified Advertising |date=7 July 1883 |page=4 |issue=30866 |column=A }}</ref> Five ward blocks were built at an oblique angle on her twin hulls. This was to ensure a flow of air through the wards. Male patients were housed on board ''Atlas'' and female patients on board ''Castalia''; with ''Endymion'' serving as an administration and stores ship.<ref name=Lost/> Ventilation was by a number of Boyle's self-acting ventilators,<ref name=Times261183>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Metropolitan Asylums Board |date=26 November 1883 |page=7 |issue=30987 |column=G }}</ref> which removed {{convert|1200|cuft|m3}} of air per minute from the ship. A pump provided an artificial draught in times of calm. The ventilators could change the air in the wards nine times per hour.<ref name=Workhouse/> ''Castalia'' entered service as a hospital ship in June 1884.<ref name=Times090684>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Smallpox in London |date=9 June 1884 |page=9 |issue=31135 |column=F }}</ref> In 1885, it was reported that a child born on board the ship had been named Castalia.<ref name=LE260585>{{cite journal |title=Smallpox Hospital ships |journal=Liverpool Echo |location=Liverpool |issue=  11661 |date=26 May 1885 |page=8}}</ref>
[[File:The old smallpox hospital ships. Wellcome L0006809EB.jpg|thumb|The old smallpox hospital ships; ''Atlas'', ''Endymion'' and ''Castalia'']]
On 9 December 1898,<ref name=LWN181298>{{cite news |title=Metropolitan Asylums Board |newspaper=Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper |location=London |issue=  2926 |date=19 December 1989 |page=23}}</ref>  {{SS|Barrowmore}} was in collision with ''Castalia''. Some of the patients jumped overboard.<ref name=Lost/> ''Castalia'' had to be [[dry dock]]ed for repairs.<ref name=LWN181298/> The three ships served until 1904, when the new [[Joyce Green Hospital]] opened at [[Dartford]], Kent.<ref name=Times110104>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Metropolitan Asylums Board |date=11 January 1904 |page=11 |issue=32787 |column=E}}</ref> In December 1904,<ref name=Times131204>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Metropolitan Asylums Board |page=4 |issue=37576 |column=C }}</ref> she was sold by auction at the Bull Hotel, [[Dartford]], Kent, for breaking.<ref name=Times051104/> ''Castalia'' sold for £1,120.<ref name=Workhouse>{{cite web |url=http://www.workhouses.org.uk/MAB-HospitalShips/ |title=The MAB Hospital Ships, Long Reach, Dartford |publisher=Workhouses |access-date=2 August 2011}}</ref> Along with ''Atlas'' and ''Endymion'', a total of £8,045 was realised.<ref name="Times131204"/> The ships were to be removed within two months or a rental of £25 per week would then be payable.<ref name=Workhouse/>

==See also==
* [[List of multihulls]]

==Notes==
# {{note|a}} The ship's name was sometimes spelled "Castaliâ", but most sources spelled it "Castalia".

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Castalia (ship, 1874)}}

{{LCDR Ships}}
{{1898 shipwrecks}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Castalia}}
[[Category:1874 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Thames]]
[[Category:Paddle steamers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Individual catamarans]]
[[Category:Ferries of England]]
[[Category:Experimental ships]]
[[Category:Hospital ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1898]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Kent]]

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