Neville Moray: Difference between revisions

Neville Moray (born May 27, 1935) is a British/Canadian academic and Professor Emeritus at the Department of Psychology of the University of Surrey,^[1] known from his 1959 research of the cocktail party effect.

Moray started studying medicine at Worcester College, Oxford in 1953.^[2] He received his BA in Philosophy, Psychology and Physiology in 1957, his MA in Psychology in 1959, and his D.Phil. in 1960 all from Oxford University in the United Kingdom.^[1]

Moray started his academic career as Assistant Lecturer in Psychology at the University of Hull in 1959. The next year he moved to the University of Sheffield and became lecturer in Psychology, and senior lecturer in 1966. In 1970 he moved to Canada where he became Associate Professor at the University of Toronto, and Professor of Psychology in 1972. In 1974 he moved back to Scotland to become Professor of Psychology at the University of Stirling and Chairman of Department of Psychology since 1977. In 1981 back at University of Toronto he was appointed Professor of Industrial Engineering, and member of its Institute of Nuclear Engineering since 1984. In 1988 he moved to the United States to the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he had a jointed appointment as Professor at the Departments of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; the Department of Psychology; and the Institute of Aviation, until his retirement in 1991.^[2]

Moray was elected Fellow of the Human Factors and ergonomics Society in 1991; Fellow of the Ergonomics Society in 1998; Fellow of the Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors; and Fellow of the International Ergonomics Association. The International Ergonomics Association awarded him the Ergonomics Development Award. and the President’s Award in 2000. In 2000 Stirling University inaugurated the annual prize for best Combined Honours Student, to be named the "Neville Moray Prize."^[2][1]

Moray became known for his scientific contributions to the cocktail party effect, which became his major research interest for about two decades.^[2] This effect concerns the phenomenon of being able to focus one's auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli. The effect was first defined and named "the cocktail party problem" by Colin Cherry in 1953.^[3] Cherry found that participants were able to detect their name from the unattended channel, the channel they were not shadowing.^[4] Moray build his research using Cherry's shadowing task. He was able to conclude that almost none of the rejected message is able to penetrate the block set up, except subjectively "important" messages.^[4]

Neville Moray used Cherry's shadowed dichotic listening task in his 1959 research and was able to conclude that almost none of the rejected message is able to penetrate the block set up, except subjectively "important" messages.^[5] Personal names, taboo language, and backward language are the "subjectively" important messages that have been found to date. Moray's 1959 study found a 33% detection rate for personal names, which revealed that participants sometimes notice their name in an ignored auditory channel.^[6] This ability to selectively attend to one's own name has been found in infants as young as five months of age and appears to be fully developed by thirteen months of age.

Rochelle S. Newman in a 2005 study found that five-month-old infants listened longer to their names when the target voice was 10dB, but not 5dB more intense than the background noise. Nine-month-olds also failed at 5dB, but thirteen-month-olds succeeded.^[7] This success in in recognizing one's own name in the unattended channel can be explained using Cherry's initial report on dichotic shadowing. Cherry found that the verbal content of the message in the unattended channel was completely blocked, so that the words were treated as merely sounds.^[8] This allows the subject to know that something has stimulated the ear whose message is rejected. It may be thought of as a general warning signal, that a sound has occurred to which the subject might need to respond.^[5]

• Neville Moray, Cybernetics: Machines with Intelligence, Burns Oates, London, 1963.
• Neville Moray, Attention: Selective processes in vision and hearing. New York: Academic Press, 1970.
• Neville Moray (ed.) Mental workload: Its theory and measurement. Vol. 8. Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1979.
• Neville Moray, Ergonomics: The history and scope of human factors, Routledge, 2005.

Articles, a selection:

• Moray, Neville. "Attention in dichotic listening: Affective cues and the influence of instructions." Quarterly journal of experimental psychology 11.1 (1959): 56-60.
• Stassen, Henk G., Gunnar Johannsen, and Neville Moray. "Internal representation, internal model, human performance model and mental workload." Automatica 26.4 (1990): 811-820.
• Lee, John, and Neville Moray. "Trust, control strategies and allocation of function in human-machine systems." Ergonomics 35.10 (1992): 1243-1270.

• Neville Moray homepage
• Neville Moray Fellow Profile at hfes.org