鄉

See also: 鄕, 乡, 郷, and 卿

鄉	U+9109, 鄉 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9109

← 鄈
[U+9108]

CJK Unified Ideographs

鄊 →
[U+910A]

Translingual

Traditional	鄉
Simplified	乡
Japanese	郷
Korean	鄕

Han character

鄉 (Kangxi radical 163, 邑+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 女竹戈戈中 (VHIIL), four-corner 2772₇, composition ⿰乡郎)

Derived characters

膷鱜䦳曏薌㗽蠁響饗嚮𣜼𤩬𧬰𨬽𬳧

References

Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 1275, character 2
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39498
Dae Jaweon: page 1775, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3786, character 4
Unihan data for U+9109

Chinese

trad.		鄉/鄕
simp.		乡
alternative forms		郷鄊𨞰 ancient 𭅼

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 鄉
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (鄉) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
曏	qʰjaŋʔ, qʰjaŋs, qʰaŋʔ, qʰaŋs
鄉	*qʰaŋ
薌	*qʰaŋ
膷	*qʰaŋ
響	*qʰaŋʔ
饗	*qʰaŋʔ
蠁	qʰaŋʔ, qʰaŋs
嚮	qʰaŋʔ, qʰaŋs
卿	*kʰraŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𠨍 (“two people facing each other”) + 皀 (“a round-mouthed food vessel”) – to feast; the original script of 饗 (OC *qʰaŋʔ). The sense "village" was a result of phonetic borrowing or semantic shifting.

In early writing, the character was virtually indistinguishable from 卿 (OC *kʰraŋ). Semantically, 卿 (OC *kʰraŋ, “elder; leader”) and 鄉 (OC *qʰaŋ, “community; district; village”), likely cognates too, were both represented by the event depicted in the ideogram – 饗 (OC *qʰaŋʔ, “ritual feasting”), which was central to the community life (Yang, 1965).

The right half is unrelated to 郎, as 良 in 鄉 was derived from 皀 during the formation of the clerical script.

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): xiāng (xiang¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄤ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xiang¹
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hoeng¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): hiang¹
Gan (Wiktionary): xiong¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): hiông

(Meixian, Guangdong): hiong¹
Jin (Wiktionary): xion¹
Northern Min (KCR): hióng
Eastern Min (BUC): hiŏng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hieo¹ / hiuⁿ¹ / hyong¹ / hyeng¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hiuⁿ / hioⁿ / hiong / hiang

(Teochew, Peng'im): hion¹ / hiên¹ / hiang¹
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹shian
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xian¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiāng
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siang
  - Wade–Giles: hsiang¹
  - Yale: syāng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiang
  - Palladius: сян (sjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: xiang¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xiang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕiaŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: hoeng¹
  - Yale: hēung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hoeng¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: hêng¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hœːŋ⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hiang¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hiaŋ³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: xiong¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕiɔŋ⁴²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiông
  - Hakka Romanization System: hiong^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hiong¹
  - Sinological IPA: /hi̯oŋ²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: hiong¹
  - Sinological IPA: /hiɔŋ⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: xion¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕiɒ̃¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hióng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xiɔŋ⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hiŏng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hyoŋ⁵⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hieo¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hieu⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hiuⁿ¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hĩũ⁵³³/
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hyong¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hyɒŋ⁵³³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hyeng¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hyøŋ⁵³³/

Note:

hieo1/hiuⁿ1 - vernacular;
hyong1/hyeng1 - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Taichung, Hsinchu, Lukang, Sanxia, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiuⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: hiunn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hviw
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Lukang): /hiũ³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Yilan, Kinmen): /hiũ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Tainan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hioⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: hionn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hvioy
  - IPA (Zhangzhou, Tainan): /hiɔ̃⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiong
  - Tâi-lô: hiong
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hiofng
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hiɔŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiang
  - Tâi-lô: hiang
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hiafng
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiaŋ⁴⁴/

Note:

hiuⁿ/hioⁿ - vernacular;
hiong/hiang - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: hion¹ / hiên¹ / hiang¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hioⁿ / hieⁿ / hiang
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /hĩõ³³/, /hĩẽ³³/, /hiaŋ³³/

Note:

hion1/hiên1 - vernacular (hiên1 - Chaozhou);
hiang1 - literary.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹shian
  - MiniDict: shian^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹xian
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕiã⁵³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: xian¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯æn³³/

Middle Chinese: xjang

Rime
Character	鄉
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	許良切
Baxter	xjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/hiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/xiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/xiaŋ/
Wang Li	/xĭaŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/xi̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoeng¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰaŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*qʰaŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鄉
Reading #	1/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiāng
Middle Chinese	‹ xjang ›
Old Chinese	/*qʰaŋ/
English	village; district
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鄉
Reading #	1/1
No.	13596
Phonetic component	鄉
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	香
Old Chinese	/*qʰaŋ/
Notes	甲金文象兩人對食，爲饗初文

Definitions

鄉

township
countryside; country; rural area
鄉村／乡村 ― xiāngcūn ― village

城鄉／城乡 ― chéngxiāng ― urban and rural areas
one's native place
回鄉／回乡 ― huíxiāng ― to return to one's native place
place
state; situation
夢鄉／梦乡 ― mèngxiāng ― dreamland
a surname

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xiàng (xiang⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄤˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hoeng³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siàng
  - Wade–Giles: hsiang⁴
  - Yale: syàng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shianq
  - Palladius: сян (sjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: hoeng³
  - Yale: heung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hoeng³
  - Guangdong Romanization: hêng³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hœːŋ³³/

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰaŋ-s/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鄉
Reading #	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiàng
Middle Chinese	‹ xjang^H ›
Old Chinese	/*qʰaŋ-s/
English	to face
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions

鄉

Alternative form of 嚮／向

Pronunciation 3

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xiǎng (xiang³)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄤˇ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiǎng
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siǎng
  - Wade–Giles: hsiang³
  - Yale: syǎng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sheang
  - Palladius: сян (sjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰaŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鄉
Reading #	2/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiǎng
Middle Chinese	‹ xjang^X ›
Old Chinese	/*qʰaŋʔ/
English	feast
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions

鄉

Alternative form of 饗／飨 (xiǎng)

Japanese

Kanji

鄉

(Hyōgai kanji)

(nonstandard) Alternative form of 郷

Readings

On (unclassified): きょう (kyō)、ごう (gō)
Kun: さと (sato)、ふるさと (furusato)、さきに (sakini)

Korean

Hanja

鄉 • (hyang) (hangeul 향, revised hyang, McCune–Reischauer hyang, Yale hyang)

alternative form of 鄕

Vietnamese

Han character

鄉: Hán Nôm readings: hương

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