輪

	Old Chinese
蜦	ruːls, run
綸	kruːn, ɡ·run
論	ruːn, ruːns, *run
崘	*ruːn
掄	ruːn, run
菕	*ruːn
惀	ruːnʔ, run
睔	ɡ·ruːnʔ, kuːns, *ɡuːnʔ
碖	ruːnʔ, ruːns
溣	*ruːns
倫	*run
淪	*run
輪	*run
侖	*run
陯	*run
鯩	*run
棆	*run
踚	*run
耣	*runʔ
錀	*pqʰlun

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *run) : semantic 車 (“carriage”) + phonetic 侖 (OC *run).

Etymology 1

trad.		輪
simp.		轮

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): lún (lun²)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄣˊ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nen²

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): лүн (lün, II)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): leon⁴ / leon^4-2

(Taishan, Wiktionary): lun³ / lun⁴
Gan (Wiktionary): liin⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): lîn / lìn / lin / lùn

(Meixian, Guangdong): lun²
Jin (Wiktionary): lung¹
Northern Min (KCR): lê̤ng
Eastern Min (BUC): lùng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): lûn

(Teochew, Peng'im): lung⁵
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶len
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): len²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lún
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lún
  - Wade–Giles: lun²
  - Yale: lwún
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luen
  - Palladius: лунь (lunʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lu̯ən³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (輪兒／轮儿)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lúnr
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄣˊㄦ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lúnr
  - Wade–Giles: lun²-ʼrh
  - Yale: lwúnr
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luel
  - Palladius: луньр (lunʹr)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lu̯əɻ³⁵/

Note: lúnr - (1) "wheel", (2) (classifier) "round", (3) "12 years".

- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: nen²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: len
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nən²¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: лүн (lün, II)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lyŋ⁵¹/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: leon⁴ / leon^4-2
  - Yale: lèuhn / léun
  - Cantonese Pinyin: loen⁴ / loen^4-2
  - Guangdong Romanization: lên⁴ / lên^4-2
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɵn²¹/, /lɵn²¹⁻³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: lun³ / lun⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lun²²/, /lun²¹/

Note: lun4 - classifier for round of talks, performances, etc..

Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: liin⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɨn³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lîn / lìn / lin / lùn
  - Hakka Romanization System: lin^ˊ / lin^ˇ / lin / lun^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lin¹ / lin² / lin⁴ / lun²
  - Sinological IPA: /lin²⁴/, /lin¹¹/, /lin⁵⁵/, /lun¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: lun²
  - Sinological IPA: /lun¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: lung¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /luŋ¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lê̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lœyŋ³³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: lùng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃uŋ⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lûn
  - Tâi-lô: lûn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: luun
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /lun²³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /lun²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /lun¹³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: lung⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lûng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /luŋ⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶len
  - MiniDict: len^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³len
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /lən²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: len²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lən¹³/

Middle Chinese: lwin

Rime
Character	輪
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	諄 (47)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	力迍切
Baxter	lwin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/liuɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/lʷin/
Shao Rongfen	/ljuen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lwin/
Li Rong	/liuĕn/
Wang Li	/lĭuĕn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/li̯uĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lún
Expected Cantonese Reflex	leon⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]u[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*run/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	輪
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lún
Middle Chinese	‹ lwin ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]u[n]/
English	wheel
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	輪
Reading #	1/1
No.	8663
Phonetic component	侖
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	淪
Old Chinese	/*run/

Definitions

輪

wheel
齒輪／齿轮 ― chǐlún ― gear

三輪車／三轮车 ― sānlúnchē ― tricycle
Short for 輪船／轮船 (lúnchuán, “steamer; motor ship”).
貨輪／货轮 ― huòlún ― cargo ship
edge; rim
to take turns
輪班／轮班 ― lúnbān ― to work in shifts

輪到你了。／轮到你了。 ― Lún dào nǐ le. ― It's your turn.

我等咗十幾分鐘都仲未輪到我，真係離晒譜。 [Cantonese, trad.]
我等咗十几分钟都仲未轮到我，真系离晒谱。 [Cantonese, simp.]
ngo⁵ dang² zo² sap⁶ gei² fan¹ zung¹ dou¹ zung⁶ mei⁶ leon⁴ dou³ ngo⁵, zan¹ hai⁶ lei⁴ saai³ pou². [Jyutping]
I've waited for over ten minutes now and it's still not my turn; this is ridiculous.
Classifier for the sun or the moon.
一輪明月／一轮明月 ― yī lún míngyuè ― a bright moon

一輪紅日／一轮红日 ― yī lún hóngrì ― a red sun
Classifier for rounds.
第二輪談判／第二轮谈判 ― dì èr lún tánpàn ― second round of talks
(comparing people's ages) a cycle of Chinese zodiac, twelve years
我比他大一輪。／我比他大一轮。 ― Wǒ bǐ tā dà yī lún. ― I'm 12 years older than him.
(slang) Short for 輪姦／轮奸 (lúnjiān, “to gang-rape”).
- 2013, “知情人曝李天一公安笔录：轮了打了都上了”, in 中国新闻周刊‎^[1], 搜狐新闻 republished edition:
  
  他问李某某：后来把那个女孩 (受害人 )怎么了：[sic] 李某某说：“轮了”，女孩不愿意还打了她，几个人都“上”了。 [MSC, simp.]
  他問李某某：後來把那個女孩 (受害人 )怎麼了：[sic] 李某某說：“輪了”，女孩不願意還打了她，幾個人都“上”了。 [MSC, trad.]
  Tā wèn Lǐ Mǒumǒu: hòulái bǎ nà ge nǚhái (shòuhàirén) zěnme le: [sic] Lǐ Mǒumǒu shuō: “Lún le”, nǚhái bù yuànyì hái dǎ le tā, jǐ ge rén dōu “shàng” le. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 輪子 (“wheel”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		輪, 轔
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		輪子
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	軲轆, 輪子
	Taiwan	輪子
	Singapore	輪子
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	軲輪兒, 軲輪子, 軲轆 suburbs
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	輪子
	Xi'an	軲轆, 輪子
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	軲轆
Lanyin Mandarin	Ürümqi	軲轆
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	輪子, 滾滾
Southwestern Mandarin	Wuhan	滾砣, 滾子
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	輪盤
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	軲轆子
Cantonese	Guangzhou	轆
	Hong Kong	轆
	Yangjiang	輪, 輪仔
	Singapore (Guangfu)	輪
Gan	Nanchang	砣, 輪子
Gan	Lichuan	輪子
Hakka	Meixian	輪仔
Hakka	Yudu	輪子
Jin	Taiyuan	軲轆子, 軲攏子, 輪子
Jin	Xinzhou	輪子, 軲溜子
Northern Min	Jian'ou	輪
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	輪輪
Southern Min	Xiamen	輦, 輪, 輪仔
	Quanzhou	輦
	Zhangzhou	輦
	Tainan	輦仔
	Singapore (Hokkien)	輦
	Manila (Hokkien)	輪
	Chaozhou	輪
	Puning	輦
	Singapore (Teochew)	輦
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	車輪
Wu	Shanghai	輪盤
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	輪盤
	Shanghai (Zhoupu, Pudong)	輪盤
	Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan)	輪盤, 輪子
	Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan)	輪盤
	Suzhou	輪盤
	Suzhou (Lili, Wujiang)	輪盤
	Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang)	輪盤
	Changshu	輪盤
	Kunshan	輪盤
	Jiaxing	輪盤
	Changzhou	輪盤
	Liyang	輪盤
	Changzhou (Jintan)	輪盤
	Yixing	輪盤
	Danyang	輪盤, 輪子
	Danyang (Tongjiaqiao)	輪盤
	Jingjiang	輪子, 輪盤, 盤子
	Jiangyin	輪盤
	Huzhou (Shuanglin)	輪盤
	Hangzhou	輪盤, 輪子
	Shaoxing	輪盤
	Zhuji (Wangjiajing)	輪盤
	Shengzhou (Chongren)	輪盤
	Shengzhou (Taiping)	輪盤
	Ningbo	輪盤, 擂盤 dated
	Yuyao	輪盤
	Taizhou (Huangyan)	輪盤
	Wenzhou	輪盤, 輪
	Quzhou	輪盤
	Jinhua	輪盤, 司機 euphemistic
	Yongkang	輪盤
Xiang	Changsha	輪盤, 滾盤, 車盤, 車輪子
Xiang	Shuangfeng	滾盤, 𱰥盤

Compounds

Etymology 2

Short for 窩輪／窝轮 (“warrant”), from English warrant.

Pronunciation

Cantonese (Jyutping): leon^4-2

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: leon^4-2
  - Yale: léun
  - Cantonese Pinyin: loen^4-2
  - Guangdong Romanization: lên^4-2
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɵn²¹⁻³⁵/

Noun

輪

(Cantonese, finance, in compounds) warrant

Compounds

References

“輪”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

輪

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

wheel; ring; loop; hoop; cycle

Readings

Go-on: りん (rin, Jōyō)
Kan-on: りん (rin, Jōyō)
Kun: わ (wa, 輪, Jōyō)
Nanori: なわ (nawa)、も (mo)

Compounds

浮(う)き輪(わ) (ukiwa)
内(うち)輪(わ) (uchiwa)
腕(うで)輪(わ) (udewa, “bracelet”)
光(こう)輪(りん) (kōrin, “Korin Halo, a Nimbus”)
五(ご)輪(りん) (gorin, “Olympics”)
車(しゃ)輪(りん) (sharin, “wheel”)
知(ち)恵(え)の輪(わ) (chie no wa)
花(はな)輪(わ) (hanawa, “a garland of flowers; a wreath”)
指(ゆび)輪(わ) (yubiwa)
輪(りん)郭(かく) (rinkaku)
輪(りん)番(ばん) (rinban)
輪(わ)切(ぎ)り (wagiri, “cross-sectional slice”)
輪(わ)ゴム (wagomu)
輪(りん)廻(ね) (rinne) (process returning to the beginning and then repeating itself in the same sequence)
二(に)輪(りん)車(しゃ) (nirinsha, “bicycle”)
三(さん)輪(りん)車(しゃ) (sanrinsha) (pedicab; tricycle, three-wheeler (any three-wheeled vehicle))
競(けい)輪(りん) (keirin, “keirin”)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
輪
りん Grade: 4
on'yomi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɾʲĩɴ]

Counter

輪(りん) • (-rin)

wheels
flowers
一(いち)輪(りん)の花(はな)が咲(さ)く
ichirin no hana ga saku
a single flower blooms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
輪
わ Grade: 4
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *wa.

Alternative forms

環

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) わ [wáꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [β̞a̠]

Noun

輪(わ) • (wa)

ring; circle
広(ひろ)い輪(わ)を描(か)いた。
Hiroi wa o kaita.
I drew a broad circle.
(by extension) linked network
被害者(ひがいしゃ)支援(しえん)の輪(わ)
higaisha shien no wa
network of support for victims

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

輪 (eumhun 바퀴 륜 (bakwi ryun), word-initial (South Korea) 바퀴 윤 (bakwi yun))

hanja form^? of 륜/윤 (“wheel”)

Vietnamese

Han character

輪: Hán Nôm readings: luân, lon, luôn

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[1]

[2]